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    The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History PDF

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    Kamera Litrato
    The document discusses the role and significance of Chinese mestizos in Philippine history between 1741 and 1898. Some key points: - Chinese mestizos, not Spanish mestizos, rose to prominence during this period, primarily as landholders and middlemen in trade. Their success implies greater social change under Spanish rule than previously acknowledged. - Their influence was strongest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. As Chinese immigration increased in the late 19th century, mestizos lost opportunities to mestizos lost opportunities to become a native middle class. - Chinese mestizos had a unique blend of cultural traits, embracing Spanish Catholicism but also retaining financial

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    The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History PDF

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    Kamera Litrato
    38 views4 pages
    The document discusses the role and significance of Chinese mestizos in Philippine history between 1741 and 1898. Some key points: - Chinese mestizos, not Spanish mestizos, rose to prominence during this period, primarily as landholders and middlemen in trade. Their success implies greater social change under Spanish rule than previously acknowledged. - Their influence was strongest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. As Chinese immigration increased in the late 19th century, mestizos lost opportunities to mestizos lost opportunities to become a native middle class. - Chinese mestizos had a unique blend of cultural traits, embracing Spanish Catholicism but also retaining financial

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    The document discusses the role and significance of Chinese mestizos in Philippine history between 1741 and 1898. Some key points: - Chinese mestizos, not Spanish mestizos, rose to prominence during this period, primarily as landholders and middlemen in trade. Their success implies greater social change under Spanish rule than previously acknowledged. - Their influence was strongest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. As Chinese immigration increased in the late 19th century, mestizos lost opportunities to mestizos lost opportunities to become a native middle class. - Chinese mestizos had a unique blend of cultural traits, embracing Spanish Catholicism but also retaining financial

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views4 pages

    The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History PDF

    Uploaded by

    Kamera Litrato
    The document discusses the role and significance of Chinese mestizos in Philippine history between 1741 and 1898. Some key points: - Chinese mestizos, not Spanish mestizos, rose to prominence during this period, primarily as landholders and middlemen in trade. Their success implies greater social change under Spanish rule than previously acknowledged. - Their influence was strongest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. As Chinese immigration increased in the late 19th century, mestizos lost opportunities to mestizos lost opportunities to become a native middle class. - Chinese mestizos had a unique blend of cultural traits, embracing Spanish Catholicism but also retaining financial

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    The Chinese Mestizo in

    Philippine History
    MAIN POINTS
    (EXTRACT)

    • Our knowledge is still insuf cient to allow us to assess the overall signi cance of the mestizo in Philippine history.
    But on the basis of what we now know we can make some generalizations and some hypotheses for future study. It
    is clear, in the rst place, that the activities I have described are those of Chinese mestizos – not Spanish mestizos.
    While the Chinese mestizo population in the Philippines exceeded 200,000 by the late nineteenth century, the
    Spanish mestizo population was probably never more than 35,000. Furthermore, those who commented at all on the
    Spanish mestizo noted that he was interested in military matters or the “practical arts” – never in commerce. The
    aptitudes and attitudes of the Chinese mestizo were in sharp contrast to this.

    • Secondly, the Chinese mestizo rose to prominence between 1741 and 1898, primarily as a landholder and a
    middleman wholesaler of local produce and foreign imports, although there were also mestizos in the professions.
    The rise of the mestizos implies the existence of social change during the Spanish period, a condition that has been
    ignored or implicitly denied by many who have written about the Philippines. It needs to be emphasized that the
    mestizo impact was greatest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. We cannot as yet generalize about other areas.

    • Third, the renewal of Chinese immigration to the Philippines resulted in diversion of mestizo energies away from
    commerce, so that the mestizos lost their change to become a native middle class, a position then taken over by the
    Chinese.
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    • Fourth, the Chinese mestizos in the Philippines possessed a unique combination of cultural characteristics. Lovers of
    ostentation, ardent devotees of Spanish Catholicism – they seemed almost more Spanish than the Spanish, more
    Catholic than the Catholics. Yet with those characteristics they combined a nancial acumen that seemed out of place.
    Rejecters of their Chinese heritage, they were not completely at home with their indio heritage. The nearest approximation
    to them was the urbanized, heavily-hispanized indio. Only when hispanization had reached a high level in the nineteenth
    century urban areas could the mestizo nd a basis of rapport with the indio. Thus, during the late nineteenth century,
    because of cultural, economic, and social changes, the mestizos increasingly identi ed themselves with the indios. in a
    new kind of “Filipino” cultural and national consensus.

    Those are my conclusions. Here are some hypotheses, which I hope will stimulate further study:
    1. That today's Filipino elite is made up mostly of the descendants of indios and mestizos who rose to prominence on the basis
    of commercial agriculture in the lattetf part of the Spanish period. That in some respects the latter part of the Spanish period
    was a time of greater social change, in terms of the formation of contemporary Philippine society, than the period since 1898
    has been.
    2. That in the process of social change late in the Spanish period it was the mestizo, as a marginal element, not closely tied to a
    village or town, who acted as a kind of catalytic agent. In this would be included the penetration of money economy into parts of
    the Philippines. There were areas where the only persons with money were the provincial governors and the mestizos.

    3. That the Chinese mestizo was an active agent of hispanization and the leading force in creating a Filipino culture
    characteristic now of Manila and the larger towns.
    4. That much of the background explanation of the Philippine Revolution may be found by investigating the relationships
    between landowning religious orders, mestizo inquilinos, and indio kasamahan laborers.
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