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Individuals and Societies –

Integrated Humanities
Notes for MYP 4 & 5
By Amina Haider

2018
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Contents
Syllabus........................................................................................................................................................4
Trade, Aid and Exchange..............................................................................................................................6
Globalizaon............................................................................................................................................6
Trade, aid & exchange..............................................................................................................................7
Industrializaon and Technological Developments....................................................................................10
Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy........................................................................12
Over consumpon.................................................................................................................................18
Demographics and Human movements.....................................................................................................19
Demographics and Human Movements - Glossary................................................................................21
Measurements and Trends........................................................................................................................23
Infecous Diseases................................................................................................................................23
Superpowers, empires, & supra-naonal alliances & organizaons..........................................................26
Balance of Power...................................................................................................................................27
Holy Roman Empire...............................................................................................................................28
World War I (1914-1918).......................................................................................................................28
World War II (1939-1945)......................................................................................................................30
Rights & Social Protests.............................................................................................................................34
What are Human Rights?.......................................................................................................................36
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS.......................................................................................................38
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.....................................................................................38
Women Su?rage Movement..................................................................................................................39
Arab Springs (Brief)................................................................................................................................41
Maori Protest Movement......................................................................................................................42
Indian Caste System...............................................................................................................................43
Small Examples of Protests....................................................................................................................44
Se@lements and Urban Morphology.........................................................................................................47
Poverty..................................................................................................................................................54
TYPES OF WASTE....................................................................................................................................55
Warfare & Peacekeeping...........................................................................................................................56
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Phases of a revoluon...........................................................................................................................56
Russian Revoluon (1917).....................................................................................................................58
Urban Revoluon...................................................................................................................................59
Digital Revoluon..................................................................................................................................59
Pink Tide................................................................................................................................................60
What is war?..........................................................................................................................................60
Arab springs...........................................................................................................................................61
Cold War................................................................................................................................................64
Communism in China.............................................................................................................................65
Colonialism and Power in Congo...........................................................................................................66
Resource Management..............................................................................................................................68
Five Sectors of Economy........................................................................................................................68
Types of Industries.................................................................................................................................69
How are Metals mined? (Example of Extracon of a Resource)............................................................69
Sustainable energy................................................................................................................................71
Ecological Relaonships.............................................................................................................................72
What’s a biome?....................................................................................................................................76
Biome vs. Ecosystem..............................................................................................................................77
SigniDcant Individuals................................................................................................................................78
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821).........................................................................................................78
Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943).....................................................................................................................80
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948)........................................................................................82
Marn Luther King Jr. (1929 – 1968)......................................................................................................86
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Syllabus
 Demographics and Human Movements
 Water demands
 Food security
 Settlements and Urban Morphology
 Defining poverty
 Causes and strategies for addressing poverty
 Waste management
 Superpowers, empires and supra-national alliances and
organizations
 League of Nations
 First World War Alliances
 Holy Roman Empire
 Significant individuals
 Warfare and peacekeeping
 War on terror
 Communist China
 Colonialism and Power in Congo
 Cold War
 Rights and Social Protest
 Arab Springs
 New Zealand Maori
 Women Suffrage
 Indian Caste system
 Pink tide
 Trade, aid and exchange
 Trade and Equity
 Peace and trade
 Benefits and problems of trade
 International Aid
 Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy:
consumers, producers, governments, banks
 Entrepreneurship, environments, culture
 Measurements and Trends
 Infectious Diseases
 Urbanization
 Ecological Relationships
 Saving Ecuador’s rainforests
 Biomes
 Climate change
 Industrialization and technological developments
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 Digital Revolution
 Scientific discoveries of longitude, planets, time
 Geographical discoveries of the new world
 Technological discoveries
 Social network and the media
 Resource management
 Environmental ethics
 Resources and economic systems
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Trade, Aid and Exchange

Globalization
Globalization – The process of interaction and
integration among people, companies and governments of
different nations resulting in the exchange of
knowledge, transformation of the world, and cultural
diffusion “The world is becoming a ‘global
village’ because of globalization”
*action – process of

*integration – coming together

TRADE Trade Technology

GLOBALIZATIO Transport Producon

N TECHNOLOG
Y

Efficiency of trade depends on the efficiency of technology and

vice versa. Trade and technology are DIRECTLY PROPRTIONATE.

Socialization has changed because of the availability of

technology through globalization
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Social
Pros Cons
-> Greater awareness of -> Cultural conflicts (e.g.
international affairs Racism)
-> Better communication -> De-socialization/laziness
-> Ideas shared, new inventions -> Loss of own cultural
-> Social media connects people traditions
from around the world -> Dangerous ideas spread
-> Cultural diversity/exchange faster
-> Diseases spread faster
Political
Pros Cons
-> World affairs known to all -> Powerful countries gain
-> Leads to improved relations power
-> Create awareness about
political issues
Political coordination and diplomacy???
Wars + weaponry???
Economic
Pros Cons
-> Urbanization -> Economies suffer if they
-> rural development import more than they export
-> Increased employment -> Intellectual property rights
-> Remittances in developing -> Brain drain
countries
Multi-national Corporations (MNCs)???

Trade, aid & exchange

Imports – money
Exchange of goods
Giving & leaves
& services for
Receiving
barter or money Help/suppor Exports – money
t
Barte Trade, Aid & Exchange
r
Intellectual Purchasin Cultural
property g & ideas
Goods
rights – tangible Selling

Services – Provision of certain actions

Total investment Net export (export – import)
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C + I + G + (x-m) = TOTAL GDP

Total consumpon Total government spending
Trade – Buying and selling of goods and/or services through
barter1 and money.

Aid – Taking/providing help (only one, not both).

Exchange – Not through buying and selling; incorporates mostly

ideas.

Trade Barriers intended for the protection of domestic

industries:

 Tariffs – Tax on each product; as much as required

 Quota – Quantity allowed to be traded
 Sanction – Forbidding certain import of good/service
 Subsidy – Financial aid given to locals

Free Trade Zones – a geographical area where goods may be

landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured, and re-
exported under specific customs regulation and generally not
subject to customs duty (e.g. European Union).

Benefits of Trade

 Brings in raw material

 Reduce conflicts
 Countries become interdependent
 Profit through export

Bilateral Trade – Two parties

e.g. CPEC – China Pakistan Economic Corridor

Multilateral Trade – More than two parties

E.g. EU – European Union

ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations

NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement

WTO – World Trade Organization

Machinery -> Demand -> Maximizing Profit -> Export -> GDP
1 Exchange of goods and services for other goods and service without the use of money
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Aid

 Support/help
 Debt (unless forgiven, in form of a grant2)
 Service
 Assistance

Tied – Foreign aid that must be spent in the country providing

the aid or in a group of selected countries. Decide where aid is
to be spent by donor.

Untied aid – Given to developing countries which can be used to

purchase goods and services in virtually all countries – Decide
where aid is to be spent by donee.

Forms of aid

- Technological – Machinery
- Relief – For natural disasters
- Humanitarian - For humans

Why take aid?

*Develop Industries

*Budget deficit

*War

*Natural disasters

*Economic Stability

CPEC – It is a massive bilateral project to improve

infrastructure within Pakistan for better trade with China and
to further integrate the countries of the region. The goal is to
o transform Pakistan’s economy and to connect the deep-sea
Pakistani ports of Gwadar and Karachi to China’s Xingjiang
province and by overland routes.

2 Non-repayable funds or products disbursed or giHed by one party to another.

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EU – Organization of European countries dedicated to increasing

economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its
members. Main members include – Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

ASEAN – A regional intergovernmental organization comprising of

ten Southeast Asian countries which promote Pan-Asianism3 and
intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic,
political, security, military, educational, and socio-cultural
integration amongst its members and other Asian countries, and
globally.

NAFTA – An agreement signed by Canada, USA and Mexico in 1994,

creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.

WTO – An intergovernmental organization that regulates

international trade.

Industrialization and Technological Developments

Industrialization – The process of mechanization of production
from artisanal labor/crafts to mass mechanized production due to
increased technological development.

- Began in Britain in the 1750s and spread across Europe and

North America.
- Change in the way goods are manufactured
- Revolutions in agriculture

Important Discoveries:

 Coal -> Steam Engines -> Railways

 Spinning Jenny
 Contraceptives
 Light Bulb -> Electricity
 Penicillin
 Weaponry & gun powder
 Microchips
 Artificial Intelligence

3 An ideology that promotes the unity of Asian peoples

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Cons Pros
Social Media has decreased Connected many people – work
social interaction together for solutions to
problems
Improved weaponry influenced Better weaponry leads to less
destruction death
Unemployment Skilled labor employment.
Increased literacy rate.
Pollution Problems caused by
industrialization can be fixed
by industrialization
Affects health Improved medicine
Negative ideas spread Positive ideas spread
Puppets of government. No You chose your own privacy
privacy setting, what you give out over
the internet
Hierarchy based on wealth Stigmas broken – more open-
minded
Economic recession Economic growth
***Industrialization is equally good and bad. Each problem has a
solution and each solution has a problem. Discuss

Why did it happen in Europe?

1. Cultural Superiority
2. Culture of Science and Invention
3. Freer Political Institutions encouraged innovations and
strong property rights created incentives for inventors
4. Small Populations of Europe required labor-saving
inventions
5. Large supplies of coal near the surface
6. High wages in Britain
7. Economically efficient for manufacturers to depend on
machinery for production instead of expensive labor

**Though Britain, China and India were about at the same

industrial pace before 1750s, Britain was more likely to have
the industrial revolution due to two reasons – coal and high
wages. All other above mentioned ideologies are European
centric, and the fact of the matter is Britain ‘got lucky’.
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The country has a vast supply of coal near the surface, making
it easier to obtain and use, but a frequent problem in coal
mining was that the mines kept getting flooded. To stop this
problem, the steam engine was created, and ran on an efficient
and cheap source of fuel – coal. This way, coal could be
produced on a large scale and kept cheap.

The second reason high wages in the country simply meant that
producers looked towards cheaper alternatives from high wages,
which was during that time mechanization. With this attitude
towards welcoming mechanization in production and a large and
uninterrupted supply of fuel, industrialization just happened to
take place in Britain first.

Another factor that helped was the fact that Britain had
colonized almost 25% of the world at the point, resulting in
easy access to cheap resources.
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Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy

What are economic agents?

Any entity or being that can make a decision, manipulate or

change the economy.

- ‘Big businessman’
- People who contribute to the economy
- Companies
- People who can manipulate the economy

Groups of entities

 Consumers
 Producers
 Governments
 Banks

Consumers

*Buy goods and services in exchange for money/barter

*People, companies, factories etc.

*THEY decide which good is produced. They are the DEMAND.

Types of Consumers

- LOYAL CONSUMERS: Valuable, stays loyal and promotes

favorite brands. 70% of sales.
- DISCOUNT CONSUMERS: Tendency to visit favorite brands.
Discounts! Deals!
- IMPULSIVE CONSUMERS: Vast majority of consumers, buy based
on emotions; whenever, wherever
- NEED-BASED CONSUMERS: Full-fill basic/man-made/artificial
needs4.

Barter System: Exchange of goods and Services

Goods: Tangible Products

4 ArDcial needs are created when basic needs are fulDlled (shelter, warmth, food)
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Services: Actions that an economic agent may conduct in exchange

of payment

Factors influencing individual consumer choice:

Ability
 Income
Price
DEMAND
 Willingnes
 Price of substitutes + s
 Price of complements
+
 Preference/taste SUPPLY
 Advertising
 Quality and Quantity
 Need

Capitalism – The ideology of maximizing profit

Efficiency; maximum usage

$ 40
$ 20

‘faster, better, cheaper’

Consumerism – Belief of creating a need to consume constantly

Materialism – Emphasis on goods and services

Producers

Any economic entity/agent that supplies goods and services to

consumers

 Primary -> Raw materials/Agriculture

 Secondary -> Processed; manufactured goods
 Tertiary -> Services
 Quaternary -> Knowledge based industries

Interest of Producers:

- Maximizing profit
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- Creating a need
- Monopolizing the economy for that good

Role of Producers:

- Manipulate consumers and governments

- Provide goods
- Produce goods
- Easy access to goods (transport)
- Provide employment – decrease poverty
- Stimulate economic growth
- Negative impact: Adversely affects environment (maximizing
profit)

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

1. Land (rent)
2. Labor (wages) CELL
3. Capital (interest)
4. Entrepreneurship (profit)

Governments

Elected and appointed officials, whose role is to make

decisions/rules for the country.

Levels of Government

i. Municipal - City
ii. Provincial/State – Province
iii. National – Country

Role of a government:

- Taxation
- Law and order
 Implementation
 Accountability
- Funding infrastructure/ public spending
- Provide services
- Stabilize the economy
- Investment
- Redistribution of wealth
- Introduce immigration policies
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- Participate in trade – global and domestic

- Representation of national interests
- Alliances and diplomacy (relationships with other
countries)
- Bureaucracy5
- Policies

Interests of a government:

 Smooth running of a country

 Stability
 Internationally competitive
 Power
 Military
 Sustainable use of natural resources

Banks

Central Bank – Amount of money and credit in an economy.

Role of bank

- Lend money
- Used to store money
- Central Bank controls
Recession
interest rates
&
- Creation and distribution
InKaon
of money amongst
producers and consumers
- Currency exchange
- Secure storage of money
- Provides capital
Long and short term debt cycles
- Credit cards!

Interest: Principal + Extra

Principal: Amount borrowed

Credit: Debt

Deal: Promise to repay credit

5 A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state oJcials rather than by
elected representaves
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Credit worthy: Ability to repay

Spender: Collateral

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS
GOVERNEMENT

BANKS
Economy
Economic suffering
Transacons
Transactions
Buyer Seller
 Productivity growth
 Short term debt cycles Goods & services
 Long term debt cycle

Economy is made up of transactions – market

Total spending makes economy

SPENDING SPENDING
INCOME INCOME

PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY

Prices/interest rise – Inflation

Prices/interest decrease – Deflation

***Because of borrowing (controlled by banks) there are cycles

Spending  hope  recession

Results in long term debt cycles

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Credit – Settlement between two or more people with liability6

and assets7

Debt Burden – Debt = Income

Market – Sum of total buyers and sellers in an area or a region

under consideration

Reserve – Wealth of a country

Economy – An entire network of producers, distributors, and

consumers of goods and services in a local, regional or national
community.

Consists of multiple smaller markets

Function: Exchange of different markets

(Globalization & Technology)

Market: Where demand and supply operate, consumers and producers

interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade a group
of goods and services for money or barter.

Role of a market:

- Determine prices
- Communicating prices
- Facilitating deals/prices/transactions
- Effecting distribution

Economy: Large set of inter-related production and consumption

activities that aid in determining how resources are distributed
amongst a city/country/continent etc.

6 Debt for consumer

7 Credit for person giving loan
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Over consumption
Over consumption – The excessive demand and supply, and purchase
of goods and services within a society

Obsoletion – Perceived and actual

 Perceived – When a customer is convinced that s/he

needs an updated product, even though his/her existing
product is working well.
 Actual – When a customer actually requires an updated
product, and his/her existing product does not work up
to par.

Consumerism – Ideology
which drives the
capitalist structure
creating the need to
consume more

Capitalism – Maximizing
profit by efficiency in
production

***Demand and supply

are cyclical; for
sustainable development
equilibrium needs to be
found between the two.
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Demographics and Human movements

Demographic – Statistical data relating to the population and

particular groups within it. Includes the following:

- Age
- Sex
- Education level/literacy rate
- Income level
- Marital status Socioeconomic
- Occupation characteristics of a
- Religion population
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Average family size

Socioeconomic – Relating to the interaction of social and

economic factors

Economic Growth – An increase in the capacity of an economy to

produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to
another.

Economic Development – The process where low income national

economies are transformed into modern industrial economies

DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL

Economic
Growth
leads to
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economic development and economic development leads to economic

growth.

STAGE Economic Development Population

1 Low Stagnant
2 Increase Increases rapidly
3 Increase Increase slows down
4 Increase Stable increase
5 Increase Slow decrease

Economic Development includes:

- Infrastructure
- Education
- Political stability
- Environment
- Safety
- Healthcare

TECHNOLOGY + INNOVATION  AGRICULTURE

Factors affecting Water demand:

 Size of the city

 Climatic condition
 Cost of water
 Distribution system
 Supply System
 Industry
 Quality of water
 Standard of living

***Water consumption has tripled in the last 50 years

**70% of water is used in agriculture

- WASTE OF FOOD RESULTS IN INCREASE IN CLIMATE CHANGE

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- WE HAVE ENOUGH FOOD; WE JUST NEED TO TRANSPORT/MAKE IT

ACCESSIBLE TO OTHER PEOPLE (ALSO HELPS SLOW GLOBAL
WARMING).

Demographics and Human Movements - Glossary

Population Density – A measurement of population per unit area

Birth rate – The number of live births per 1,000 population in a

given year

Death rate – The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a

given year

Growth rate – The number of people added (or subtracted from) a

population in a year due to natural increase and net migration
expressed a percentage of the population of the population at
the beginning of the time period.

Natural Increase/Decrease – The surplus (or deficit) of births

in a population in a given time period.

Migration – The movement of people from one place to another

with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a
new location

Refugee – A displaced person who has been forced to cross

national boundaries and who cannot return home safely

Brain Drain – The emigration of a significant proportion of a

country’s highly skilled, highly educated professional
population, usually to other countries offering better economic
and social opportunity.

Emigration – The number of emigrants departing an area of origin

per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a given year

Infant Mortality Rate – The number of deaths of infants under

age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

Immigration – The process of entering one country from another

to take up permanent or semi-permanent residence

Gross National Income (GNI) [formerly GNP] – The sum of value

added by all residents producers plus any product taxes (less
subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net
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receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and

property income) from abroad8.

Cohort – A group of people sharing a common temporal demographic

experience who are observed through time

Age-Dependency Ration – The ratio of persons in the ages defined

as dependent (less than 15 years and over 64 years) to persons
in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in
a population.

Age-Sex structure – It is the composition of a population as

determined by the number or proportion of males and females in
each category. The age-sex structure of a population is the
cumulative result of past trends in fertility, mortality, and
migration.

Population Pyramid – It is a vertically arranged bar chart that

shows the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Push-Pull Hypothesis – A migration theory that suggests that

circumstances at the place of origin repel or push people out of
that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or
pull.

Least Developed Countries – 50 countries according to the UN’s

definition, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cape
Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal,
Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.

Less Developed Countries – Countries in Africa, Asia (except

Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (except
Australia and New Zealand).

More Developed Countries – Industrialized countries (or regions)

that include Europe (all of Russia), the United States, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, and
Japan.

MENA Countries – The Middle

East and North Africa (MENA) is
an economically diverse region

8 Basically all money generated inside and outside the country by country’s cizens.
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that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and

countries that are resource-scarce in relation to the
population. The region’s economies have been influenced by two
factors – the price of oil and the legacy of economic policies
and structures that emphasized a leading role for the state.
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Smallpox, TB, syphilis,

Measurements and Trends
cholera, plague
Infectious Diseases
 A disease caused by an infectious agent
 Viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi
 A global problem – Used to be leading cause of death

MASS REDUCTION IN SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:

KILLERS OF TODAY:
- Advances in nutrition
-Lower Respiratory
- Antibiotics Tract Infections
- Immunization
- Food Safety -HIV/AIDS
- Housing and Sanitation
-Diarrheal diseases

-Malaria & TB

-Ebola & MERS-Col V

Infectious Period – Time period where person who has the disease
can spread it

Case fatality – Proportion of people who die from disease; how

severe it is

60%

Basic Reproductive Rate – Average number of secondary cases that

result of one infected individual; how infectious the disease is

***Secondary Attack Rate (in percentage)

TYPES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1. Zoonotic Diseases – Animal -> Human (60% of human diseases)

2. Emerging Infectious Diseases – 1st time, spreading quickly
3. Neglected Tropical Diseases – Affect poorest countries,
ignored
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4. Vector-Borne diseases – Transmitted from the bite of

infected animal/human (70% of human diseases, e.g. malaria;
dengue)

TOP 10 WORST EPIDEMICS IN HISTROY

1. Third Cholera Pandemic (Water)

2. Asian Flu Pandemic of 1957 (Duck + human gene)
3. World War I Typhus Epidemic (Bacteria)
4. Cocolitzli (like Ebola, in Aztec community)
5. Plague of Justinian (Byzantine empire by rats, brought from
Greek)
6. Antonine Plague (Roman Empire, smallpox & measles combo)
7. Third Plague pandemic (bubonic plague, entire country from
far east to entire world)
8. HIV/AIDS (Primate to humans, first in Congo, lot of process
in vaccines)
9. 1918 Flu Pandemic (50 million people) AKA Influenza
10. Black death (Europe, 75-200 million people, bubonic plague
by rats)

Endemic – A disease that exists permanently in a particular

region or population. E.g. Malaria is a constant worry in parts
of Africa.

Epidemic – An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at

about the same time and may spread through one or several
communities.

Pandemic – When an epidemic spreads throughout the world, notice

‘pan’ comes from the word panic.

MERS-CoV EPIDEMIC (EXAMPLE)

- Became known to the world in 2012

- Named ‘Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
(Reflecting geographical area afflicted)
- Source of infection not confirmed; likely through contact
with dromedary camels
- Globally more than 2,000 cases have been confirmed
- 1/3 of those affected died
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- All cases have been linked back to Middle East (people with
the virus might have residents, travellers, globalization &
air fare makes viruses spreading very easy)
- Cases reported outside the middle east were called imported
cases
- Secondary cases report much milder symptoms than primary
ones, not confirmed if the transfer is ‘human to human’ but
preventative measures were taken

2009-2010 ‘Swine Flu’ PANDEMIC (EXAMPLE)

- Later termed pandemic (H1N1) 2009

- The first pandemic of the 21st century spanned April 2009
through August 2010
- Despite being markedly severe in some pregnant women, this
virus predominantly caused illness similar to ‘regular’ flu
and was considered mild even as it infected people
worldwide in out-of-season outbreaks
- A form of this virus still circulates as seasonal flu.
- After early outbreaks in North America, the new influenza
spread rapidly around the world
- By the time WHO declared it a pandemic, it had infected 74
countries and territories
- Most deaths occurred in generally healthy, younger people
(people above the age of 65 seemed to be immune to it)
- At least 16,000 deaths
- Creation of vaccines and medication, as well as proper
preventative measures, the effects of pandemics are limited
compared to those before industrialization
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Superpowers, empires, & supra-national alliances & organizations

Colonialism – The practice of acquiring full/partial control

over another country, occupying it with settlers and
economically exploiting it

Imperialism – A policy of extending a country’s power through

colonization, use of military force or other means

Power – The capacity/ability to direct or influence the

behaviors of others or the course of events

Balance of power – A state of stability between competing

forces, alliances formed to prevent any one entity from becoming
too strong

Mercantilism – Belief in the benefits of profitable trading

COLONIALISM IMPERIALISM
One nation assumes control over Political or economic control,
the other formally or informally
A practice An idea driving the practice
A nation conquers and rules Creating an empire, expanding
other regions, exploits the into neighboring regions and
resources of conquered region expanding its dominance far
for benefit of conqueror
Can alter social, physical and Foreign government governs a
economic structure of colonized territory without significant
region; usually traits of settlement
conqueror are inherited by
conquered
Greater movement of people to Exercising power over conquered
new settlements; living as regions either through
permanent settlers sovereignty9
India, Australia, North American domination of Puerto
America, Algeria, New Zealand, Rico and the Philippines
and Brazil (by European Powers)
*Imperialism has longer history than colonialism

9 Supreme power or authority

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Balance of Power
- The posture and policy of a nation or group of nations
protecting itself against another nation or group of
nations by meeting its power against the power of the other
side
- States can pursue a policy of balance of power:
 Increasing their own power (armaments race or
competitive acquisition of territory)
 Policy of alliances (currently applied, trade and
globalization more important)
- Term used to denote the power relationships in the European
state system from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to World
War I
 In European Balance of Power, Great Britain played the
role of ‘balancer’ or ‘holder of balance’. It was not
permanently identified with the policies of any
European nation, and it would throw its weight at one
time on one side, at another time on one side, guided
largely by one consideration – maintenance of balance
itself10
- Balance of power from the early 20th century onward
underwent drastic changes and destroyed the European power
structure as it existed since the end of the Middle Ages.
Prior, the political world was composed of many separate
and independent balance of power systems, e.g., European,
American, Chinese and Indian. WWI and its political
alignments triggered a process that eventually culminated
in the integration of most of the world’s nations into a
single balance of power system.
- Bipolar balance of power – Democratic West vs. Communist
East
Mother
Manufactured Raw country
Material
Goods $$$
Mercantilism (1500s-1700s) $$$

 Favorable balance of trade (import < export)

Colony
$ Colony $

10 Great Britain could play this role because it had naval supremacy and was virtually immune from foreign
invasion (vast colonialism throughout the world & geographical posion)
 Page 30 of 97

 Colonies would help mother countries11 in mercantilism

o Raw materials and manufactured goods
 European countries viewed wealth as being ‘zero-sum’
o ZERO-SUM – Old ideology: must lose the equal amount
gained
o POSITIVE-SUM – New ideology: Both sides can gain and
trade
 Government has control over foreign trade
 Mercantilism was eventually replaced by capitalism

Holy Roman Empire

- The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western
Europe (800 AD – 1806 AD)
- Initially known as Empire of the West
- Holy Roman Empire title was adopted in the 13th century
 Fredrik-I coined the term HRE
- Principal area was always that of German states (over time
the borders shifted greatly)
- All German States had individual kings but looked to the
‘Holy Roman King’
- After collapse in 1806 AD, Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria,
as well as other empires were formed
- Feudalism formed a hierarchy
 Emperor <- King <- Duke <- Count <- Baron <- Knight
- Charlemagne -> Otto
- People were not loyal to the king, but to their own feudal
lords
 These lords got more power, and started becoming more
like countries
 These lords decided to vote for the HRE leader
 Due to CORRUPTION family of Hapsburg kept winning
- 30 year war was ended by Treaty of Westphalia, HRE ended,
and countries are formed (area by different feudal lords;
mentioned earlier)
- Church vs. State
- Essentially Church was ruling HRE (the Holy Roman Church)
- Bishop of Rome crowned himself Pope (Got immense power)
 Monopolized literature (changes to the bible)

11 Those that colonized

 Page 31 of 97

By doing this, any power given to the people


would give more power to the Pope
 Charlemagne + Pope (military + social power) State +
Church
- Legal System invented
- Catholicism became very important during this time period

World War I (1914-1918)

Dates from 1879-1914

 1879 – Dual Alliance (Germany + Austro Hungary)

 1881 – Austro-Serbian Alliance (Didn’t want Russia to take
control of Serbia)
 1882 – Triple Alliance (Germany + Austro Hungary + Italy)
 1907 – Triple Entente (Britain + France + Russia) (no peace
treaty)
 1908 – Austro Hungary forcefully takes over Bosniq
 July 29th, 1914 - Garvilo Princip of the Black Hand (Serbian
militant group) kills Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro
Hungary
o Hungary gives Serbia 24 hours to surrender Princip
(and publicly execute him) or claim that they have
caused the assassination. Threatens to declare war on
Serbia
o Serbia does nothing
o Garvilo Princip is not hanged, given life sentence
 Austro-Hungary at war with Serbia
 Russia supports Serbia, at war with Austro-Hungary AND
Germany (since Germany was an ally)
o This leads to Germany declaring war on France (Ally of
Russia)
o UK sides with France (alliance) COUSINS RULE THE WORLD
o Ottoman Empire joins Germany
Tsar Nicholas II – Russia
CAUSES OF WWI
Wilhelm II – Germany
 Nationalism (After French Revolution)
George V – Britain (controlled 25% of
 Economic Rivalry (France/Germany/Britain)
the world)
 Military Expansion

Central Alliance Allied Forces

Germany Russia
 Page 32 of 97

Austro-Hungary Serbia
Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Iraq, France
Saudi Arabia) Britain
Japan
US (Joined in 1917)
Italy (Originally part of
central alliance, betrayed
Germany and joined the Allied
Forces because they offered
more compensation)
A FEW FACTORS IN WWI

Imperialism – Africa and South Asia

Militarism – Military Centric (Britain and Germany had a DAMNED

GOOD navy, part of the economy)

Nationalism – Bosnians wanted to be part of Serbia, not Austro-

Hungary

*Machine Gun BRITAIN

*Trench Warfare
GERMANY
*Chlorine/phosgene gas BELGIUM
*Tanks

*Radios and telephone

*Planes AUSTRO-HUNGARY RUSSIA

FRANCE
*U-boats

*Zeppelin airships SERBIA

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
USA

ITALY - Controlled by Germany

War on :
Purple – Central
1918 – Ceasefire agreement (Allied Force + Germany) Red - Allied
 Page 33 of 97

World War II (1939-1945)

Whats happening in the World RN?

 continuation of WWI
 Axis and Allies
 Locarno Pact
 Kellog Briand Pact For peace; Britain, France,
USA
o 60 powers for peace
 So much peace, not well prepared for WWII
 Easier for Hitler

Asia for Asiatics

 Aim: Remove colonial powers

o But Japan wants to colonize these areas (Already in
mainland China)

USA – Neutrality Acts, Land lease, stop spread of communism

Britain & France – Let Hitler expand, 1939 declare WWII

Nazi-Soviet Pact – Territory Pact with Germany and USSR

 This shocked allies (No ally on East of Germany???, oh

shit)
 Russian Revolution 1917
 Communist Stalin, received US Aid and eventually joined
Allies

GERMANY?? – POST WW1

Treaty of Versailles (TOV) led to hyperinflation (printing more

money than they have)

Weimar Period – First free elections in Germany

*** Increased gap in classes (Lower, Middle, Rich)

1933 – Chancellor of Germany -> Adolf Hitler

*By going against TOV, Hitler builds self-esteem of Germany

- Militarism
 Page 34 of 97

- Land grabbing
- Stop paying money to League of Nations

Useless League of Nations:

- Precursor of the United Nations

- Britain, France, Italy & Japan
o All imperial powers, competing against each other
anyway (don’t exactly have time to listen to other
problems)
- Trying to avoid WWII, that’s why not doing anything against
Hitler when he does things against the TOV
- Dealing with various independence wars over the world
- In debt from WWI already, need Germany to pay that money,
so that they can pay back the USA
- Does not have an army (peace and other bullshit)

3 MAIN & SIMILAR IDEOLOGIES

Nazism (Germany) – Idea of authoritarianism rule (racism +

nationalism)

Fascism (Italy) – Radical authoritarianism nationalism,

characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of
opposition and control of industry and commerce

Militarism (Japan) – The belief that a country should maintain a

strong military capability and be prepared to use it
aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Axis Powers Allies

Germany Britain & colonies
Italy France
Japan USA
Soviet Union
China

- Resulted in deaths of 40-50 million people

- World power shifts from Western Europe to USA & Soviet
Union
- Soviet Union grasps control over large areas in Eastern
Europe
- China becomes communist
 Page 35 of 97

- 1920 – Adolf Hitler leader of Nationalist Socialist Party

(Nazi Party)
- Hyperinflation in Germany in 1930s due to New York Stock
Market Exchange Crash in 1929
- 1933 – Hitler becomes German Chancellor (dictator)
- Hitler orders Germany to begin a large program of arms
production
- Sept 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland
- Sept 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany
- Hitler wanted to get back what Germany had lost, and create
a larger ‘Greater Germany’ with living space. He wanted
control of fertile lands of Ukraine, allowing Germany to be
an economic and military power
- Slavic people (subhuman according to Hitler) occupied lands
in the Eastern Soviet Union (under communist rule of
Dictator Stalin). Hitler wanted his Aryan master race to
control this land
- Hitler blamed the Jews for defeat in WWI and later economic
problems in Germany
- Persecution of Jews in 1930s
- Concentration camps for some religious groups, gypsies and
mentally ill, where many died from disease, starvation,
overwork, being gassed or shot
- 1940 May – Germany invades France with great speed
- 1941 – German U-Boats sink supply ships from USA to Britain
in ‘Battle of the Atlantic’
- 1941 December – Japan attacks American Pearl Harbor, USA
declares war on Japan; Germany and Italy declare war on USA
- 1942 February – Japanese capture Singapore
- 1942 May – Allies begin large scale air attacks on Germany
- 1942 June – Germany invades Soviet Union
- 1942 November – Soviet Union attacks Germany
- 1943 February – Soviet Union forces German army to
surrender at Stalingrad
- 1944 June – ‘D-Day’, allies invade France, Paris taken by
Germans
- 1945 February – Allies invade Germany
- 1945 May – Germany surrenders, Hitler commits suicide
- 1945 August – Atomic bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forces
Japan to surrender
 Page 36 of 97

***It’s literally a game of ‘HOW FUCKING DARE YOU?!’

***For more info on WWI & WWII watch the videos by

Oversimplified on Youtube. It’s a good explanation, seriously.
 Page 37 of 97

Rights & Social Protests

Social Protest – It is a form of political expression that seeks

to bring about social or political change by influencing the
knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of the public or the policies
of an organization or institution.

Knowledge + Understanding -> Bring about a greater change -> Political or

Social

Forms of Protest

 Public Display
o Self-immolation12
o Flash mobs
o Signage
o Sit-ins
 Demonstrations
o Shouting
o Silence and stillness
o Marches
 Civil Disobedience
o Hunger strikes
o Sabotage (right or wrong? Morally?)
 Boycotts
 Lobbying
 Online activities
o Humor COVERT ACTIVITIES
o Propaganda
(Not openly acknowledged
 Petitions
or displayed)
Internet Activism – The use of electronic communication
technologies such as social media, e-mail and podcasts for
various forms of activism to enable faster and more effective
communication by citizen movements

Internet activism is AKA - “Digital Activism Campaign”

12 SeNng Dre to oneself as a Dnal act of protest

 Page 38 of 97

Benefits of Internet Activism:

1. Fast
2. Well-coordinated
3. Reaches large masses of people

Internet Activism used for?

- Fundraising – Gathering voluntary contributions of

resources
- Community building – Creating a sense of community amongst
individuals with common interest
- Lobbying – Influence legislators and officials to influence
decision making
- Organizing – Proper organization of tasks, activities,
resources to achieve goals

***Protests usually represent the collective interest and issues

of activist groups, social movements or coalitions that
challenge mainstream institutions (e.g. the government)

Communication is a central element in the success of a protest

group as it facilitates the following:

 Information Exchange
Importance of media, bringing
 Mobilization
light to the protest (and its
 Coordination
events)… But media usually fails
 Integration
to portray the precursor and
 Identity formation
consequence of a protest.
 Essential functions

Activism is necessary for change (It allows the disapproval of

the people to be heard)

“He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he

who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without
protesting against it is really cooperating with it” ~ Martin
Luther King Jr.13

I Have a Dream – Speech by Martin Luther King Jr.

13 An American Bapst minister and acvist who became the most visible spokesperson of the civil rights
movement in America (1929-1968)
 Page 39 of 97

 28th August, 1963 @ Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC

 24 million people for a ‘March for Jobs and Freedom’ to
urge congress and President John F. Kennedy to pass a
national civil rights bill
 International cooperation + social equality
 Most memorable speech in US history
 Rhetoric and repetition (important literary devices used)

King was inspired by:

- Mahatma Gandhi
- Henry David Thoreau
- Bayard Rustin
- Leo Tolstoy
- Hosea Williams
- Benjamin Mays
- Howard Thurman
- Theodore Parker

STEPS TO A SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL PROTEST

1. Define the change you want to see – Identify the problem

and propose a solution to it; revolution begins with a
clear vision
2. Shift the spectrum of allies – (Core -> Neutral ->
Opposition) To win, you need to persuade them to join your
cause, to show that you’re better than the opposition
3. Identify the pillars of power – Allies which can help
implement your change; Police, media, education system,
government etc.
4. Seek to attract, not to overpower – Anger + Hope -> Power;
Keep your support happy (Gandhi & the salt march for salt
tax laws)
5. Have a plan to survive victory – Get your victory; work
hard to implement the change you saw; MOST IMPORTANT

What are Human Rights?

“Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever
our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, color, religion, language or any other status”

 All UN countries agree on adhering to these rights

 Page 40 of 97

 Human rights must be fulfilled by all nations, regions and

states
 Human rights can be guaranteed by implementing laws
 These rights are indivisible and may be political or civil
rights
 Fundamental discipline of non-discrimination
 Basically:
o Right to life
o Equality before law
o Freedom of Expression
o Economic rights
o Social rights
o Cultural rights

Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948)

 UN General Assembly in Paris

 10th December 1948
 Palestine, Taiwan, and Kosovo not part of UN
 30 articles (Human Rights)

Vienna World Conference on Human Rights (1993)

 14-25th June, 1993

 171 states recognized and acted on agreement of this
conference
 A plan for the international community for strengthening
human rights around the world
 Constructed on the basis of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights

How have Human rights changed today’s world?

- Developed countries take stand for human rights

- Children are given rights (education, labor, marriage)
- Provided citizens basic necessities of life
- Consequences for violation of rights
- Women’s rights (work, vote identity

‘In less developed countries, human rights violations are

common’

Examples:
 Page 41 of 97

 Oppression of women
 Kashmir Issue
 Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar
 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (USA – refer to war on terror)
 Child labor/torture

How does awareness of rights change lives?

1. Taking a stand against issues

2. Creating awareness
3. Imposition of sanctions
4. International pressure

Article 11 ‘Rights to protest and freedom of association’ ->

Peaceful protests should be conducted

o Protests in Kashmir
o Aung San Sukyi to international court of justice
o Civil Rights movement, USA
o Nelson Mandela and Apartheid movement

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

1. Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty
2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

1. Equality
2. Freedom from discriminaon
3. Life, liberty and personal security
4. Freedom from slavery
5. Freedom from torture and degrading treatment
6. Right to recognion as a person before law
7. Equality before law
8. Remedy by competent tribunal
9. Freedom from arbitrary arrest/exile
 Page 42 of 97

10. Fair public hearing

11. Considered innocent unl proven guilty
12. Freedom from interference with privacy, family, homes, correspondence
13. Free movement in/out of country
14. Asylum in other countries from persecuon
15. Naonality, freedom to change it
16. Marriage and family
17. Ownership of property
18. Freedom of belief and opinion
19. Freedom of opinion and associaon
20. Peaceful assembly and associaon
21. Parcipate in government and free elecons
22. Social security
23. Desirable work and joining of trade unions
24. Rest and Leisure
25. Adequate living standard
26. Educaon
27. Parcipate in cultural life of community
28. Social order
29. Community dues essenal to free and full development
30. Freedom from state or personal interference in above rights

Women Suffrage Movement VIEWS ON WOMEN

Aim:
 Less educated
*Right to vote  Too emoonal
 Weak
*Right to stand for public office  Easily inKuenced
A constitution to be formed where ‘women get equal rights14’

2 Movements for Women Suffrage

1. 19th century, Suffragettes, non-violent (strong opposition,

unpopular)
a. What they wanted:
i. Better treatment
ii. Representation in government
iii. Right to vote
iv. Better education

14 Sll a problem today

 Page 43 of 97

2. 20th century, WSPU15, Pankhurst, violent

a. 1903 – Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) & daughters
established WSPU
b. New policy of boldness and action, breaking law to get
attention

Ways of Protest of WSPU

 Painting slogans
 Breaking windows
 Disrupting political meetings
 Chained outside Parliament House and Prime Minister’s House
 Set fire to buildings
 Cutting telephone wires
Further violence under Christabel
 Planting bombs
Pankhurst (1912)
*As time passes, public opinion about women suffrage changes

*1914 – WWI -> Men at war, jobs left unattended

*Government didn’t want to let women do men’s jobs; ‘The Right

to Serve’ procession in 1915 (60,000 women) forced government to
allow

1916 – 180,000 women making guns & weapons

16,000 women’s land army (agriculture or forestry)

3 million women working (nurses, ambulances, cleaning, coal
delivery)

***Suffragettes campaign to help war effort made them popular

1918 – British government gave some women right to vote16

1928 – Voting age lower to 21 (political equality with men)

***In later years/decades, women became members of parliament

1979 – First Female British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher

15 Women’s Social and Polical Union

16 If they were:
1. Women householders
2. Householder’s wives
3. Graduates (university) above 30
 Page 44 of 97

1980s – Women almost everywhere could vote except some Muslim

countries

Rights Given to Women

- New Zealand – 1893 Australia – 1902 Soviet Union –

1917
- Italy/Japan – 1946 Pakistan – 1947 China – 1947
- India – 1949 Switzerland - 1977

Arab Springs (Brief)

What was it?

A series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed

rebellions that spread across the Middle East in early 2011

*Successful uprisings in Tunisia against formed leader Zine El

Abidine Ben Ali. Motivated similar anti-government protests in
most arab countries

EGYPT Uncertain SYRIA

CIVIL CONFLICT
transion
TUNISIA period
LIBIYA

YEMEN *Wealthy monarchies in Persian Gulf remained

unshaken

‘Arab Springs’ was a reference to turmoil in Eastern Europe in

1989

o Dictatorial regimes fell due to mass popular protest

o Termed by Western Media in early 2011

Aim of Arab Springs

- At core, an expression of resentment at the aging Arab

Dictatorships, brutality of the security, unemployment,
rising prices, corruption, privatization of state assets
- No consensus on political and economic model that existing
system should be replaced with
o Protests in Jordan/Moroccan monarchies – reform in
system under current rulers
o Egypt/Tunisia wanted to overthrow President and free
elections
 Page 45 of 97

o Leftist groups and unions: higher wages and reverse

dodgy privatization deals
o Liberal reform, private sector
o Hardline Islamists: Enforcing strict religious norms

*Everyone wanted reform of some sort or another, but different

groups had different ideas of reform

Success or Failure?

- Failure if it was expected that decades of authoritarian

rule could be easily reversed and replaced with stable
democratic systems across the region
- Some expected removal of corrupt rulers would
instantaneously improve living standards
- Chronic instability in countries going through political
transition put strain on local economies
- Deep divisions between Islamists and secular Arabs
- Catalyst for long term change
o Outcome yet to be seem

Impact

- Protests removed17 many Arab dictators18; ‘people power’ not

done before
- Explosion of political activity
- Instability – Islamist/Secular divide
- Conflict and civil war
- Sunni/Shiite tension reinforced
- Economic uncertainty
- Syrian war

Maori Protest Movement

A broad indigenous rights movement in New Zealand, it has
existed since Europeans first colonized New Zealand.

17 Governments forced into reform

18 Only through foreign intervenon or militaries coups
 Page 46 of 97

**Maori Protest movement is part of a broader Maori Renaissance

Maori Affairs Amendment Act of 1967

“Maori land ‘economic’ by encouraging transfer to a Pakeha19

system of land ownership; this generally allowed greater
interference in Maori landholding, seen widely as Pakeha land
grab; strong opposition, yet the amendment was passed.

o This Act was a catalyst for the Maori Protest movement

o Wider civil rights movement globally in 1960s

Modern form of the movement emerged in the 1970s. Focused on:

 Treaty of Waitangi
 Maori land rights
 Maori language and culture
 Racism

Successes of the movement:

- Waitangi Tribunal establishment

- Return of some Maori land
- Maori made an official language of New Zealand

By fighting, protesting, court cases, deputations to British

monarchs and British/New Zealand governments, passive
resistance, and boycotts, the Maori tried to achieve a
separate Maori political system.

Maori Women’s Welfare League

New Zealand Maori Council

Indian Caste System

- Brahmins (Priests
- Kshatriyas (Warriors and rulers)
- Vaisyas (Skilled craftsmen)

19 Maori were indigenous New Zealanders, Pakeha are the European se@lers
 Page 47 of 97

- Sudras (Unskilled workers)

- Pariahs (Untouchables)

1932 – Gandhi went on a fast to protest against the segregation

of the untouchables in the electoral arrangement planned for the
new Indian constitution20

 There was a spontaneous upsurge of feelings after this act,

leading to temples, wells and public places being open to
all untouchables

A number of Hindu leaders met with representatives of

untouchables, and an electoral alternative arrangement was
agreed upon and approved by the British government.

HARIJAN SEKH SANGH – Combat ‘untouchability’ (organization)

Started a newspaper ‘HARIJAN’

1933 (9 months) – Gandhi went on a country wide tour which

covered 12,500 miles, to help break down barriers between
untouchables and the rest of the Hindu community.

1938 – Removal of civil Disabilities Act (Passed by Madras

Legislature, it provided that no Harijan21 would be disabled from
any social or public amenity)

GOOD EDUCATION FOR HARIJANS22 -> YOUTH CAN SOLVE PROBLEMS

REGARDING IT

Caste is a social custom; all great preachers have tried to

break it.

Small Examples of Protests

Tank Man in China (1989)

- An individual stepped in front of a

tank in china on June 5th, 1989
- He became a symbol of civil
disobedience

20 Crics described this as a form of coercion, polical blackmail

21 Harijan – Children of God (name of Pariahs by Gandhi)
22 Lead to investment in schooling
 Page 48 of 97

- Occurred after the 1989 killings of Tiananmen Square (where

public protested against the Communist rule in China)
- Symbolized courage and peaceful protest

Black power salute in Mexico (1968)

- Tommie Smith and John Carlos (1st and 3rd

positions in Olympics sprint)
- During US Anthem, raised black gloves to
symbolize empowerment of blacks in USA
- A protest against apartheid
- Took off their shoes to symbolize black
poverty
- Symbolic display

Self-Immolation of Thic Quang Duc ‘Burning Monk’

- A Vietnamese monk, opposed the

Catholic rule of President Ngo Dinh
Diem
- Vietnamese being 90% Buddhist,
President favored Catholics
- Set himself on fire to prove a
point
- He wanted religious equality

Guernica, painting by Pablo Picasso (1937)

- Sheds light on the causal bombing

of the village by Fascist Party
during Spanish Civil War
- Dove in background symbolizes
broken peace
- Information Distribution

Salt March by Gandhi (1930)

- Protest against the high taxes placed by

British on Indian salt
- Act of civil disobedience
- All the way from Sabarmati Ahsram to town
of Dandi

Flower Power Movement (1967)

 Page 49 of 97

- Late 1960s to early 1970s

- Anti-war movement (especially against Vietnamese war)
- People gave each other flowers as sign of peace

Montgomery Bus boycott (1955)

- During civil war movement

- Started when Rosa Parks (black) refused to
give her bus seat to a white man
- Blacks started boycotting US bus service,
racial segregation
- Major driver of civil war in USA
- Successful, caused economic loss and
eventually, rights were granted to blacks

Amritsar Massacre (1919)

- Killing of several hundred people

who came to protest peacefully
(against tyrannical rule of British)
- General Dyer ordered troops to fire
- Dyer hero to British, monster to
Indians

Storming of Bastille: French Revolution (1789)

- Bastille was a fort, arms

deposition and jail, housing 7
prisoners
- Revolutionaries started a violent
riot against King XIV - > who lead
to France’s bankruptcy
- Rebels wanted France free of his
rule, they took all guns and
ammunition from Bastille
- Start of French revolution
 Page 50 of 97

Settlements and Urban Morphology

Settlement – a place where people live
Con Decrease in frequency
- Dispersed settlements Increase in size of
urb
- Temporary camps of selement, higher ao
hunters/herders populaon and more n
services. >1
- Permanent settlements City > 100 K
mil
- Large urban agglomerations Large Town 20 k - 100 k

Conurbation/ metropolitan Area – A Small Town 1k-20k

super-city consisting of multiple
Village 100-1000
cities and towns; Population is
usually several million Hamlet > 100

Large city – A city with a large Isolated Dwelling 10-25

population (1 million ppl) and

many services provided

City – Having abundant services, population of over 100, 000

people

Large town – A population of 20,000 to 100, 000; urban area with

a particular administration/legal/historical status

Town – a population of 1000 to 20,000 people

Village – Generally doesn’t have many services, population of

100 to 1000; clustered human settlements/community

Hamlet – Tiny population (> 100) and very few services and
buildings

Isolated Dwelling – Only 1-2 buildings or families, negligible

services

***A conurbation is an urban area comprising of a number of

metropolitan areas23 that are connected with one another and are
usually interdependent with one another economically and
socially. Merged after continual population growth and physical
expansion to form a continuous urban and industrially developed
area

23 Consisng of many neighborhoods and areas

 Page 51 of 97

Site – Actual piece of ground on which settlement is built; the

settlement’s exact location

SITE FACTORS:

 Water Supply – Clean supply of water for consumption and

domestic usage
 Relief – Area needs to be high enough to be safe from
flooding, low enough to be sheltered from strong winds
 Defense – Protection from attackers (natural e.g. hilltop,
inside of a river meander)
 Transport – A site at crossroads, rivers or coast gives
easier access to other settlements
 Soil – Deep fertile soil made farming and animal rearing
easier
 Resources – Sources required for building, heating, fuel
etcetera (timber, rock wood)

Situation – Refers to location of the settlement in relation to

surrounding areas

*If a settlement has food access to natural resources and other

settlements, it grows in size. Many settlements with a good site
and situation have grown into large cities.

EXAMPLE CITY – PARIS

 Capital of France, largest city in Europe, population of 10

million
 Began in 3 BC
 Sited on a small island in river Siene
 Site good for defense and a good crossing point across the
river
 Fertile soil of Siene was excellent for farming
 Under Roman rule, Paris grew and became the center of a
network of roads across Europe
 Center of many
international air
routes, railways and
roads (based on site)
 Page 52 of 97

Settlement Patterns

Dispersed – Far apart from each other

Linear – Long and narrow settlements

Nucleated – Clustered settlements

*Dispersed settlements are usually farms (field land) or in

mountainous regions (hard to live in areas)

*Linear settlements follow feature of land (roads, shape,

railways, rivers etc.)

*Buildings clustered around a central point (crossroad, church,

water supply, market etc.) in a nucleated settlement

*Planned settlements have a regular pattern

City Layout – The easy a city’s streets and buildings are

distributed

TYPES:

- Irregular: Unplanned urban growth, no particular order,

narrow and winding streets, few open spaces
(medieval/Muslim towns)
- Grid Plan: Streets run at right angles to each other,
typical of North American cities
- Radio-centric: Streets radiate out from a central point

FUNCTIONS OF A SETTLEMENT

***Activities that take place inside a settlement

- Farming Technology has made it less

- Markets and inns important for a city to be planned
- Industrial at a site in regards to its di#erent
factors. Water can be piped,
- Residential
sewage and drainage systems can
- Administrative
be created, and transport is no
- Commercial
longer an issue.
- Services (schools, libraries, hospitals)
- Tourism

RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT

 Page 53 of 97

Population 100-1000 people 1000 - > 1 million

Density
Dominant Fishing, lumbering, Commercial,
Functions farming, mining residential,
port/trade,
manufacturing
Amenities Unsafe water, Safe tap water, good
Provided transport on foot, transport, import
grow own food, poor food, many services
public facilities available
Way of Life Low standard of High standard of
living, simple life living, stressful life
Problems of Urban Growth

1. Housing – Lack of housing, affordability of proper housing;

leads to development of squatter settlements
i. Provide high rise flats (e.g. Singapore & Hong
Kong)
ii. Low cost housing to relocate slum dwellers
iii. Improve living conditions of squatter settlements
(piped water and sanitation)
iv. Reduce rural-urban migration by improving rural
services/opportunities
2. Water Supply – Shortage of water and poor piping system
i. Build water reservoirs
ii. More treatment plants, remove and replace
deteriorating pipes
iii. Awareness of water conservation
3. Transport – Too many cars, poor public transport system
i. Extensive framework of roads and railways
ii. Build expressways and wider roads for traffic
flow
iii. Encourage and develop public transport
4. Pollution – Domestic and industrial waste contribution to
land pollution
i. Impose heavy fines
ii. Collect waste 3x a day
iii. Increase sewage pipelines
iv. Piling work to be done in daylight
v. More tree plantation
vi. Awareness of health, hygiene and pollution
 Page 54 of 97

Rural settlements are changing in both LEDCs and MEDCs due to

the following:

- Migration (rural -> urban & urban -> rural)

- Urban growth
- Technological change
- Rural planning policies
- Government finding

CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS IN LEDCs

Positive Negative
*Rural population declines, *Public and private services
reducing pressure on resources closed as population declines
*Reduction of unemployment in *Mainly aging population,
area young have migrated
*Remittance from people who *Reduction in agricultural
migrated is major income production; insufficient
source labor
*Development schemes based on
urban areas, rural ones
forgotten
*Natural resources present
exploited by MNCs and
government as people have few
rights

CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS OF MEDCs

*Rural population has changed in character (gentrification24)

Counter urbanization

1. The economy is no longer dominated by agriculture and

employment in agriculture (mechanized farming)
2. Farm diversification (changing use of area)
3. Higher house prices and lack R-U
EIZ
N
A
B
T
S
O
C
of affordable housing
24 The process of renovang and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle class taste
 Page 55 of 97

4. Formation of metropolitan villages

5. Rural depopulation
6. Decline of rural services and public transport (everyone
has cars)

Urbanization – The growth in the population of people living in

towns or cities.

- Urban regeneration: Improve an urban area in decline with a

mix of urban redevelopment and renewal
- Urban redevelopment: complete change of existing site
infrastructure/buildings and construction of new buildings
from scratch
- Urban renewal: Keeping best elements of existing urban
environments and adapting them to new usage

1 – BURGESS – CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL 2 – HOYT – SECTOR MODEL

3 – ALONSO’s THEORY OF BIDRENT

***Land expensive towards center, so

high, middle, low respectively

Benefits of Urbanization

 Economic Growth
 Social mobilization
 Empowerment of women
 Greater access to education and
health services
(contraceptives!)
 Helps decrease population
growth
 Page 56 of 97

 Enormous opportunity for sustainable urban living in Africa

and Asia

Disadvantages of Urbanization

 Increasing separation of wealthy and poor

 Urban sprawl results in inefficient usage of land and slum
development
 Risky and unhealthy living conditions in slums (pollution!)
 Increase in slum dwellers (1990 – 650 million to 2012 – 863
million)
 Global urbanization is an inevitable trend, slum growth due
to bad decisions
 Violence & unemployment
 Pressure on resources and infrastructure

***Favelas in Rio Olympics

***Most cities are built around coastal areas (trade and

transport) and are more susceptible to climate change, yet more
rural-urban migration

TOP 10 ISSUES CITIES FACE/ MUST OVERCOME

1. Economic Development
2. Infrastructure
3. Public Safety
4. Budgets
5. Education
6. Housing
7. Data technology
8. Environment/energy
9. Demographics
10. Healthcare

***Centripetal & Centrifugal Movements

Brownfield site – Derelict or underused industrial building and

land that have potential for re-development

Counter-urbanization – A process involving the movement of

population away from urban areas to a new town/estate/village
 Page 57 of 97

Re-urbanization – The development of activities to increase

population densities within the existing built-up area of a
city; may include redevelopment of brownfield sites or new
business enterprises

Suburb – A residential area within or outside the boundaries of

a city

Suburbanization – The outward growth of towns and cities to

villages and rural areas

Urban sprawl – Uncontrolled and unplanned physical expansion of

an urban area into countryside

Residential segregation – The physical separation of population

by culture, income, or other criteria

Poverty
Absolute Poverty – Measures poverty in relation to the amount of
money necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and
shelter (not concerned with quality of life issues or inequality
in society)

Relative Poverty – In relation to the economic status of other

members of the society, people are poor of they fall below
prevailing standards of living in a given societal context

o Lack of basic capability to function

o Lack of provision by a community of the basic social
services required
o An income below the country’s poverty line
- HOUSING POOR
- HEALTH POOR
- TIME POOR

Sustainable Development Goals (Created in 2016 to be done by

2030)

1. NO POVERTY

2. ZERO HUNGER

6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

 Page 58 of 97

8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Causes of Poverty

1. Lack of education
2. Lack of resources
3. History
4. War and political instability
5. National debt
6. Discrimination and social inequality
7. Vulnerability to natural disasters
8. Dysfunctional families and bad parenting

How to Fight Poverty?

 The affected need to be willing to change

 Issues must be identified
 Be aware, generate awareness
 Donate and volunteer
 Create jobs
 Raise minimum wage
 Resource and services accessible to citizens
 Pay equity
 Education
 Medical insurance
 Reform criminal justice system
 Self-help programs and projects

TYPES OF WASTE
1. Liquid THE THREE R’s:
2. Solid
- RECYCLE
3. Organic
- REDUCE
4. Recyclable
- REUSE
5. Hazardous

Waste Management

- Landfill (Burying waste in land, developing countries)

- Incineration/Combustion
- Recovery and Recycling
- Plasma Gasification (convert trash to renewable energy)
- Composting (organic material to fertilizer)
- Waste to energy (heating and other purposes)
 Page 59 of 97

- Avoidance/waste minimization
- Disposal in ocean/sea
 Page 60 of 97

Warfare & Peacekeeping

What is a revolution?

 A transformative event which attempts to change a nation,

region, society or sometimes the world
 Different revolutions have different aims and motives
o American Revolution (overthrow and replace political
power)
o Russian and Chinese revolutions (radical social and
economic change; regime of communism)
 Revolutions are fast moving
 Driven by people/groups inspired by hope; idealism and
dreams of a better society
 Each revolution is unique to its time, location and
condition

***Confrontation, conflict, disruption and division – can lead

to war, violence, and human suffering

Phases of a revolution
1. Long term conditions of revolutions
a. Political, economic, or social grievances and
dissatisfaction
b. Dissatisfaction amongst masses
c. Revolutionary ideas start circulating
2. Short term causes of revolutions
a. Every revolution is triggered by a short term cause
b. This event/crisis highlights existing
grievances/conditions/sufferings
c. Leads to more urgent demand for reform/action
d. E.g. disastrous military wars/defeats, passing
unpopular laws, government showing resistance to
reform, rapidly deteriorating economic conditions, act
of violence against people
3. Ideology
a. Developed, adapted and articulated by important
thinkers and writers
b. Promote revolution, explain objectives and justify
actions
 Page 61 of 97

4. Flashpoints
a. Critical moments where there is direct confrontation
of revolutionaries and forces of old regime
b. Challenge power and authority, acceleration in pace of
revolution
5. Armed Struggle
a. By nature revolutions are violent
b. Revolutionaries prepare militias or armies for own
protection/overthrowing opposition
c. Old regimes mobilize armies to defend themselves
d. Eventually forces will clash
6. Grab for Power
a. How easy/difficult the success of a revolution is
depends on the political and military power of the old
regime
7. Consolidation and confrontation
a. After new regime is in power, it must fight off the
existing threat
b. Must rebuild society
c. Earn the support of people
d. Solutions for the things that caused the revolution to
begin with
8. Division
a. New regime might become divided over aims and methods
of rebuilding society
b. Revolutions are better at destruction than
construction
9. Radicalization
a. Radical political leadership saying revolution fails
to meet objectives (to stop dangers like civil war,
counter-revolutionaries, or foreign threats)
b. Extreme measures might be taken (war, terror, price
control)
10. Moderation
a. When radical phase ends, new regime becomes more
moderate
b. Radical methods/policies are abandoned
c. Restoration of control, order, stability and
prosperity
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“Inevitable, human driven events that are necessary for society

to develop, progress and abundance” – Some historian about
revolutions

Autocracy – A system of governance

by one person with absolute power

Plutocracy – A state or society

governed by the wealthy

Why does civil resistance work?

- Civil and non-violent

resistance prevents fewer
obstacles to moral and physical involvement and commitment
- Higher levels of participation contributes to enhanced
resilience
- Leads to more peaceful democracies which are less likely to
lead to civil war

6 Forms of Revolution – by Mark Katz

1. Rural revolution
2. Urban Revolution
3. Coup d’etat (e.g. Egypt 1952)
4. Revolution from above (Mao’s great leap forward of 1958)
5. Revolution from without (allied invasions of Italy 1944,
and Germany 1945)
6. Revolution by Osmosis (Gradual Islamization of several
countries)

Russian Revolution (1917)

 Violent revolution marked the end of the Romonov dynasty
and imperial rule in Russia
 The Bolsheviks, led by leftist25 Vladmir Lenin, seized power
and destroyed the traditional czarist rule’
 Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union

25 LeH-wing polics supports social equality and egalitarianism, oHen in opposion to social hierarchy
 Page 63 of 97

 In the early 1900s, Russia was a very impoverished country

in Europe, with enormous peasantry and growing minority of
poor industrial workers
 Russia practiced serfdom26
 When Russia went through the industrial revolution in the
late nineteenth century, it brought about great social and
political change
 Population boom + harsh growing seasons + series of costly
wars – led to frequent food shortages
 Bloody Sunday Massacre of 1905 led to Russian Revolution of
1905
 WWI (1914) caused disastrous effects on Russia, economy was
disrupted
 The February Revolution overthrew Nicholas II and put the
Durma in power; formed liberal programs of rights
 In November, Bolsheviks performed a bloodless coup d’etat
against Durma’s provisional government
 Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist
state
 After the Russian Civil war in 1923, Lenin’s Red Army
created the Soviet Union/USSR27

Urban Revolution
***Due to cumulative growth of technology and increasing
availability of food surplus as capital

In anthropology and archaeology, the processes by which

agricultural village societies developed into socially,
economically and politically complex urban societies

10 formal criteria to indicate development

 Increased settlement size

 Concentration of wealth
 Large scale public works
 Writing
 Representational art
 Knowledge of science and engineering
 Foreign trade
 Full time specialists in non-subsistence activities
26 A form of feudalism in which landless peasants were forced to serve land owning nobility
27 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 Page 64 of 97

 Class-stratified society
 Political organization based on residence

Digital Revolution
 Advancements of technology from analog electronic and
mechanical devices to digital technology available today
 Started during 1980s and is ongoing
 The development and advancement of digital technologies
started with the fundamental idea of the Internet
 Changed the ways in which humans communicate
 19477 invention of transistor; starting point for digital
technology to come
 Made globalization possible

Pink Tide
(Turn towards left wing in Latin America for two decades)

- Late 1990s and 2000s in Latin America

- Self-proclaimed socialist came to power (e.g. Nicaragua,
Venezuela, Uruguay)
- Implemented radically progressive political agendas
o Increased social spending
o Nationalization of important industries
o Renegotiate trade deals
o Rewriting of constitutions
- Many leftist governments by 2010
- In 2012, President Fernando Lugo (leftist) of Paraguay was
impeached28, replaced by right-wing Partido Colorado
- In 2015, Mauricio Macri (right wing) was elected
democratically as President of Argentina
- In 2016 President of Brazil was impeached and succeeded by
a conservative
- Leftist in Venezuela holds very little power as President
- Return of conservative rule in Brazil and Argentina have
has widespread effects across the region (being the largest
economies of Latin America)

What is war?
It is a contention carried on by force of arms between sovereign
states or communities having in this regard the right of states

28 The process by which a legislave body formally levels and charges against a high oJcial of government
 Page 65 of 97

Types of war:

- Hegemonic: Global war, over control of the entire world

- Total: Waged by one state to conquer
and occupy another
- Limited: Includes military actions to
gain some objective short of surrender
and occupation
- Civil: Between factions within a state
trying to create or prevent a new
government
- Guerilla: Tactics and sabotage to
indirectly harass and punish the enemy
army

What makes war and terrorism different?

- Proper authority and public declaration

- Causes and intentions
- Probability of success
- Proportionality
- Last resort
- War is governed by laws

Peace – The absence of war and violence whilst having the

ability to manage conflict constructively, as an important
opportunity for change and increased understanding

Arab springs
Tunisia

- Started in 2011 after vegetable cart owner committed self-

immolation
- No ideology behind it
- Police was corrupt
- Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and regime were told to step down
- President fled after a month of protests
- Momentum set off uprising across the Middle East

Egypt

- Government overthrown on Feb 11th 2011

 Page 66 of 97

- President Hosni Mubarak steps down, faces charges of

killing unarmed protester
- Elections held in November 2011
- Protests continue in Tahrir Square
- Mubarak was put in power by America, since 1980s, key ally
of the West
- Military did not intervene (didn’t suppress revolts in
Cairo)

Libya

- Anti-government protests begin in Feb 2011

- Leads to civil war between opposition forces and Gadhafi
loyalists
- People started protesting against Gadhafi (was in power for
an extremely long time) after resignation of Mubarak
(Egypt)
- Gadhafi was murder in the same year
- Tripoli was captured, government overthrown in August
- Rebel terrorist broke down the government
- Led to weak government (currently weak government)

Syria

- Protests on going since January 2011

- Continuing clashes between army and protesters
- Bashor al Assad (alawi) President; father was also ruler
previously [extremely repressive rule],
- Syria holds key geo-politcal situation
- Civil war

Yemen

- Inspired by Tunisia
- Clash between police and government vs. people
- Army was split into 2 camps (Al Qaida took advantage and
occupied areas in South Yemen)
- Saudi Arabia intervened, stopped civil war in Yemen
- President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed power transfer
agreement giving his power to vice President al-Hadi

Bahrain
 Page 67 of 97

- People were inspired after Egypt29

- Ruling Sunni minority and mass Shia population
- Intolerance towards Shiites (re-energized sectarianism)
- Saudi-Arabia intervened but failed to do much
- Tension between both sects still remains

*Algeria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Morocco and Oman also part of

Arab Springs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuVRwDBiKws

War on terrorism

- Also known as the Global war (military campaign launched by

Bush Administration)
- American led global counter-terrorism campaign launched in
response to 9/11
- Comparable to the cold war (in terms of scope, expenditure,
and international relations)
- Intended to represent a new phase in global politics
relations
- Important consequences for security, human rights,
international law, cooperation and governance
- Major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, covert operations in
Yemen and elsewhere
- Major increase in military spending and large scale
military assistance programs for cooperative regimes
- Increased funding of American intelligence agencies
o Capturing terrorist suspects
o Trading and intercepting terrorist finance
- Public diplomacy campaign to counter anti-Americanism in
the Middle East
o New anti-terrorism legislation in the US
o New security institutions
o Preventative detainment of suspects
o Surveillance and intelligence gathering programs
o Strengthening of emergency response procedures
o Increased security measures generally

Success? Failure?

29 Egypt’s such a role model! (sarcasm intended)

 Page 68 of 97

Arrest of hundreds of terrorist Scattered al-Qaeda network,

suspects worldwide making it harder to counteract
Prevention of further large- Anti-Americanism in Muslim
scale terrorist attacks in USA world (attack on
Afghanistan/Iraq)
Toppling of Taliban’s regime Amplifying message of militant
and subsequent closure of Islam (uniting disparate groups
terrorist training camps in in a common cause)
Afghanistan
Capture/elimination of many of Smokescreen for a larger US
al-Qaeda’s senior members ‘geopolitical’ agenda
- Global oil reserves
- Military presence
- Defense system
Increased levels of
international cooperation in
global counter-terrorism
efforts
 Negative impacts were far more than any positive impacts
 Osama Bin Laden killed
 By time of George W. Bush’s re-election in 2004
o In Iraq, US forces overthrew Saddam Hussein’s
government in 2003
 Underestimated difficulties of building a
functioning government from scratch
 Neglected to consider the sectarian tensions
o By late 2004, it was apparent Iraq was sinking into
chaos and civil war
 In 2006, US faced full blown insurgency in Afghanistan led
by a reconstituted Taliban
 Bush administration was criticized for actions considered
immoral and illegal
o Detention of accused enemy combatants without trial at
Guantanamo Bay
o Use of torture against detainees to extract
intelligence
o Unmanned combat drones to kill enemies in areas far
from Afghanistan or Iraq
 By the end of Bush’s presidency, an extremely negative
opinion of him was formed
o Helped Barack Obama win election of 2008
 Under him, both wars were gradually wound down
 Page 69 of 97

Cold War (stopping spread of communist ideologies globally)

- After WWII, USA and the Soviet Union (USSR) were the
world’s superpowers
- They held different ideologies about economies and
government (communism vs. capitalism)
- Fought a war of ideas (UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE)
- Post-war expansion of USSR into Eastern Europe fueled
American fears of Russia ruling the world
- American’s believed best defense against USSR was
‘containment’ (containment of Russian expansive tendencies)
o Arms Race in 1950s (acquire atomic weaponry)
 H-bomb/atom bomb testing caused radioactive
elements in the atmosphere
o Race to Space
 Sputnik in 1957 was the world’s first artificial
satellite (Russia)
 Creation of NASA (USA)
 First man in space in 1961 (Russia)
 Neil Armstrong on the moon (USA)
o The red scare in America – 1947 onwards (a promotion
of wide spread fear by a society or state about a
potential rise of communism, anarchism or radical
leftism)
- First military action: USSR backed North Korea (communist)
invaded South Korea (capitalist) [1950-1953]
o America supported South Korea, eventually stalemate;
ended in 1953
- Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis 1961 (real communist
threat lay in unstable postcolonial ‘third world’ countries
according to USA)
- 10 years of military action by USA in Vietnam against
communist regime
- Nixon was diplomatic, tried to fix relationships with
Russia
- Reagan believed communism was a threat, but at that point
the USSR was already disintegrating causing the power in
Eastern Europe to finish.
- The end of the cold war was marked by the falling of the
Berlin War in 1981
 Page 70 of 97

- USSR ended in 1991

Communism in China (People’s Republic of China)

*Aftermath of civil war between Communist Party of China (CPC)

and the Nationalist Party of China immediately after WWII

- CPC was formed in 1921, Mao Zedong in control of CPC in

1927
- Mao led a revolution in China and communist party obtained
control in 1947.
- Followed example of Soviet Model of development through
heavy industry with surpluses extracted from peasants
- In the 1950s, Mao split from traditional ‘Marxism-Leninism’
and developed Maoism (Chinese interpretation of communism)
o Mao was upset with the ‘cold war’ situation and
capitalism vs. communism
- Great Leap forward (social and economic 5 year plan
targeting industry and agriculture)
o Considered a failure, many people starved to death
- Cultural Revolution (reassert authority over government,
preserve ‘true’ communist ideology [socio0political
movement])
o Mao overthrew enemies and millions were killed or
prosecuted
- Deng Xiaoping shifted ideals of China to form ‘market
socialism’
o Changes in economic system, developing Chinese
socialism
o ‘Four modernizations’ – Agriculture, industry, science
and technology, military
o Deng turned China into the economic world power that
it is today
o Opened China to outside world and industrialized
successfully
- Tiananmen Square Massacre, military force against civilians
(1989)
o Students protesting for individual freedoms
o Deng officially resigned in 1989, after international
condemnation for his government
- Current Constitution created in 1982, continually revised
 Page 71 of 97

o Civil rights
o Free to speech, press
o Free worship
o Right to trial
o Right to own private property
- Computer usage exploded in China
o Ethics of technology has become increasingly prominent
 Privacy, censorship, public ownership and work
ethic – serious ethical issues

Colonialism and Power in Congo

- Imperialized by Belgium (King Leopold II) in 1884
o King Leopold II was disappointed with inheritance of
Belgium (small country)(He believed overseas colonies
were key to a country’s greatness)
o Congo was rich in resources; minerals, copper, ivory,
rubber, network of waterways
o 400 treaties signed by African chiefs giving land away
to King Leopold
o Officially placed under Leopold at Berlin conference
of 1884
 Leopold was given Congo under the agreement that
he would being the people there into the modern
world; Leopold ignored this and brutally governed
Congo
- Personal fortune off of Congo’s ivory
- Forced labor by locals
- Huge profit from rubber for projects in Belgium
- Paid off Belgian debt by Congo’s forced labor
- Some money was used to build schools, hospitals, railroads
in Congo
- Belgian’s Roman Catholic Church tried to take over the
people of Congo’s religious views and teachings
- Leopold’s mistreating of Africans led to critical human
rights movements
- Belgian government eventually had to take Congo away from
Leopold
o Millions of deaths caused by Leopold resulted in his
loss of power
 Page 72 of 97

 Mistreatment of Africans after ‘rubber boom’

(forced labor)
 Women and children held captive until rubber made
 Unrealistic expectations of rubber quotas, if not
met, limbs would be cut off
 Leopold forced to give Congo to Belgian State in
1908 (renamed Belgian Congo)
 Belgian government was better than Leopold
but was harsh at times
- In 1950s people of Congo fought for independence (Set up
political parties, demanded self-rule)
- On June 30th, 1960 Congo gained independence and became a
free nation
- Now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo
- A LOT OF INSTABILITY AFTER INDEPENDENCE
o UN helped govern the state for 2 years after failure
of government

There’s a really great Crash course video on Power in Congo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uArRzwKHvE
 Page 73 of 97

Resource Management
Resource – An economic or productive factor required to
accomplish an activity, or as a means to undertake an enterprise
and achieve a desired outcome

1. Human resources - People who are the workforce of business

sector
2. Human-made resources – Infrastructure, technology, and
machinery
3. Natural resources – Classified according to development,
origin and availability
a. Actual and Potential
b. Abiotic and biotic
c. Renewable and non-renewable

Resource management – Effective use and allocation of valuable

resources in the economy (physical resources and labor)

Natural resource management – Putting resources to their best

use for human purposes in addition to preserving natural systems

Sustainable development –

“Meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”
Industry  Market  Economy

Five Sectors of Economy

PRIMARY – Extraction/Growing of raw material

SECONDARY – Manufacturing and processing

TERTIARY – Service

QUATERNARY – Knowledge based

QUINARY – Government

***Five sectors of economy are made up of the various industries

mentioned below
 Page 74 of 97

Industry – a field of production of certain goods or services

Factory – The place where the manufacturing/processing actually

takes place

Types of Industries
o Primary – Based on producing natural resources (logging)
o Generic – Reproduction of certain species for sale
(agriculture, cattle rearing etc.)
o Extractive – Extraction of resources from soil, water and
air (e.g. mining)
o Manufacturing – Transformation of raw materials into
finished products
o Construction – Building up infrastructure
o Service – Based on human resources, services provided by
humans (E.g. transport, education, call-centers)

How are Metals mined? (Example of Extraction of a Resource)

Ways of Extraction:

Blasting – To remove hard, waste rock that is attached to

valuable minerals

Surface extraction – The process of extraction of resources that

are near the surface of the earth

Underground extraction – The process of extraction of resources

that are far below the surface of the earth
 Page 75 of 97

1. Blasting (breaking rocks into smaller pieces through

explosives)
2. Hauling (moving ore from site to mill – large trucks or
conveyer belts)
3. Processing of ore in the mill
i. Ball mill – Steel balls grind ore to a powder
ii. Ground ore + water = slurry – Slurry pumped to
flotation cells
iii. Flotation cells – Slurry + reagents; agitated in cells
to make bubbles, valuable minerals attach to bubbles
and float of the cells
iv. Autoclave – Oxidization of ore with high pressure
steam
v. Metals + Chemical solutions (separation with carbon in
large tanks later)
vi. Electrical processes (electrolysis) to precipitate
gold in chemical solution
vii. Gold is poured into molds

How is water used in mines?

- Mineral processing and metal recovery

- Controlling dust
 Page 76 of 97

- Meeting needs of workers on site

Contaminated water problems due to mining

- Surface water quality

- Ground water quality
- Aquatic ecosystems (species lost, mortality, health,
reproduction of species)
- Human health (irrigation, drinking and industrial
application)

Look into El Salvador and the ban of mining (many case-studies

on Oceana gold, will make good examples)

How does consumerism and capitalism affect resource management?

Consumerism is the theory and/or belief that the greater the

amount of consumption, the more the economy benefits (an
insatiable need for more). Capitalism on the other hand refers
to the system through which most of the trade and production is
managed privately instead of the government doing so (maximizing
profit). Consumerism makes people want to buy more, hence the
supply needs to be met in the same way; and due to this more
resources are being used than is actually required to fill
artificial needs. Capitalism makes companies resort to mass
production to maximize profit and sell their products at a lower
price than competitors, leading to the inefficient use of
resources on an extremely large scale. Capitalism and
consumerism result in more waste and usage of resources, leading
to an overall misbalance of
resources.

***Unequal distribution of
resources has led to the
unequal development of areas
around the world. 1st world
countries have had more
access to resources since the
 Page 77 of 97

very start; they colonized areas and seized their resources for
usage too. This means:

RESOURCES = POWER

Sustainable energy
o Hydroelectric Power – Created by water used to power a
turbine
o Solar Power – solar panels
that use photovoltaic cells
to capture the sun’s energy
and change it into electrical
energy
o Wind power – Generated by
wind turbines
o Tidal power – By waves
o Nuclear power – Fission of
radioactive elements like
Uranium

Non-renewable energy sources include gas, coal, oil etc.

Ecological Relationships
Ecosystem – An environment which consists of the interactions
between biotic and abiotic things

Biotic – Living things

Abiotic – Non-living things

Food chains – shows the interconnectedness or interdependence

between different species in an environment

Producers – Use sunlight to create food (autotrophs)

Consumers – Eat other consumers or producers for energy

(heterotrophs)

10% 10%
‘Prey and predator’

Producer  herbivore/omnivore  Omnivore/carnivore

*Energy is lost during the transfer in between the food web

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*Usually only 10% of the energy is passed down from

producer/consumer to consumer along the food chain

E.g. 100 J (producer)  10 J (omnivore)  1 J (carnivore)

Global warming effects on the planet:

o Deforestation
o Viruses/insect manifestation
o Floods and droughts Greenhouse
o Climate change effect
Sun
o Rising levels of toxicity in soils
o Acid rain
Atmosphere
o Air, soil, and water pollution
o Smog
o Effects on animals
o Species endangered/extinct Earth
o Food chains broken
o Habitat loss

Sea levels rise Flooding

Natural barrier for area
Ferle breeding ground
Soil erosion Mangroves Salty water Polar ice caps melng

Polar bears endangered

Deforestaon Climate Change
Water

Soil erosion

Burning fossil fuels Greenhouse e9ect

Corals -> Temp change ‘bleaching’
- Endangerment
- Exncon
- Food chain
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Flora and fauna – plants and animals

Soil erosion – Process of which particles of soil move away due

to factors of weathering
Factors a9ecng soil erosion
For less soil erosion
- Soil treatment
- More plants o Plant
- Less rain o Trench
- Less steep (hills e.g.) o None
- Trenches work moderately on lower land - Amount of water
- Sand/silt mixture - Incline
- Soil type

Air/water/land pollution 
acid rain  climate change

Local  regional
 global

*Environmental problems can be solved by solving democratic

crisis

Democracies in crisis (read on):

http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/democracy-and-
democracies-crisis

Some solutions

 Put a price on carbon (tax companies whenever they pollute

the environment)
o Give each company a carbon credit
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o MNCs didn’t allow that to work well (bribery, buy more

etc.)
 Buying from eco-friendly companies
 Afforestation
 Taking carbon out of the atmosphere (buildings can do that
now)

Sustainable Development

Economic Growth

Economic Development

Exploitation of natural resources Human Development

Based on available technology Increase in standard

of life

Material assets of a country

(Measured by GDP, GNP, per capita income)

Human Development

 Peace prosperity and social development

o Free health care
o Free education
o Free housing
Welfare states have more
o High literacy rate social bene"ts
o Political freedom
o Public transport
 Fast pace of economic growth (industrialization)
o More exploitation of natural resources
 CONSEQUENCES:
 Resources are not replenished properly
 Increase in consumerism

*There must be a balance between economy and ecology

1
Ecology =
economy

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGREDATION
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o Land
LICs – Low Income Countries  Loss of biodiversity
 Trees
MICs – Middle Income Countries o Water
 Rising sea levels
o Air
 Ozone layer depletion
 Global warming
 Climate Change

Pillars of sustainable development:

LEDCs – Less economically developed countries
- Social
MEDCs – More economically developed countries
- Economic
- Environmental

Urban systems – Areas where daily commuting takes place

Human ecology – Human relations with natural/social/economic

environment

Examples of Urban Stress

 Congestion
 Air/land/noise/water pollution
 Overuse of fossil fuels
 Crimes and inequality (social problems)
 Mental health

Satellite Towns – Emerge on the edge of cities

Abiotic Biotic Factors

Factors
Rain Animals
Wind Plants
Temperature Micro-organisms
Altitude Detritus (dead
organisms)
Soil *living
Pollution organisms that
Nutrients affect each
pH other in an
Sunlight ecosystem
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What’s a biome?
A very large ecological area on the earth’s surface, with fauna
and flora adapting to their environment; it is defined by
abiotic factors; not an ecosystem

Five major biomes

 Desert
o Hot and dry
o Semi-arid
o Coastal
o Cold
 Aquatic
o Freshwater
o Marine
 Grassland
o Savanna
o Temperate
 Tundra
o Arctic
o Alpine
 Forest
o Tropical
o Temperate
o Boreal
o Rainforest

Biome vs. Ecosystem

Biome Ecosystem
Large naturally occurring All biotic and abiotic factors
community of flora and fauna of a particular environment
occupying a major habitat that interact with each other
Consists of many ecosystems Small geographical area
that share similar climatic
conditions
Large geographical areas Multiple ecosystems can fit in
one biome
5 Major Biomes E.g. coral reefs, ponds
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The 4 vital functions of an environment are (SOURCE, SINK,

SERVICE, SPIRITUAL):

i. Supplies natural resources (renewable/non-renewable)

ii. Assimilates waste
iii. Sustenance of life by providing biological and genetic
diversity
iv. Aesthetic purposes

*The environment can perform all its functions as long as

nothing alters its balance and things are within its carrying
capacity

**Rate of regeneration of resources > rate of extraction of

resources (Sustainability)
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Significant Individuals
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Also known as Napoleon I, he was a French
military leader and emperor who conquered
much of Europe in the early 19th century. He
was born on the island of Corsica, and
rapidly rose through ranks of the military
during the French revolution (1789-1799).
He was the second son of eight surviving
children, and though his parents were
members of the minor Corsican nobility,
they were not wealthy.

After seizing political power in France in

a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself
emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious, and a
skilled military strategist, he successfully waged war against
various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire.
He worked to restore stability to post-revolutionary France by
centralizing the government, instituting reforms in areas like
banking and education, supporting science and the arts, and
improving relations with the pope and his regime.

One significant accomplishment was the Napoleonic Code, which

restructured the French legal system and continues to form the
foundation of French civil law to this day.

From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a

series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European
nations. In 1803, partly as a means to raise funds for future
wars, Napoleon sold France’s Louisiana Territory in North
America to the newly independent United States for $15 million,
a transaction that later became known as the Louisiana Purchase.

In October 1805, the British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet at

the Battle of Trafalgar. However, in December of that same year,
Napoleon achieved what is considered to be one of his greatest
victories at the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army
defeated the Austrians and Russians. The victory resulted in the
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dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the

Confederation of the Rhine.

Beginning in 1806, Napoleon sought to wage large-scale economic

warfare against Britain with the establishment of the so-called
Continental System of European port blockades against British
trade. In 1807, following Napoleon’s defeat of the Russians at
Friedland in Prussia, Alexander I (1777-1825) was forced to sign
a peace settlement, the Treaty of Tilsit. In 1809, the French
defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in
further gains for Napoleon.

During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy

(eliminated in the French Revolution) and began handing out
titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire
continued to expand across much of western and central
continental Europe.

In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814),

a stylish widow six years his senior who had two teenage
children. More than a decade later, in 1809, after Napoleon had
no offspring of his own with Josephine, he had their marriage
annulled so he could find a new wife and produce an heir. In
1810, he wed Marie Louise (1791-1847), the daughter of the
emperor of Austria. The following year, she gave birth to their
son, Napoleon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811-1832), who
became known as Napoleon II and was given the title king of
Rome. In addition to his son with Marie Louise, Napoleon had
several illegitimate children.

After a disastrous French invasion of Russia 1812, Napoleon

abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the
island of Elba. He briefly returned to power during his 100 Days
campaign in 1815. After a defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he
again abdicated the throne and was exiled to the island of Saint
Helena. Here he died at the age of 51.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVZ4R4L_t2U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aq_gRfmjgY
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Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)

Serbian-American engineer and
physicist, he made dozens of
breakthroughs in the production,
transmission and application of
electric power. He invented the first
alternating current (AC) motor and
developed AC transmission and
generation technology. He is known to
be one of the most underappreciated and
unknown geniuses in history. Unlike Edison, he was unable to
make his inventions and discoveries into financial success for
himself.

Nikola Tesla was born in 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia, then part of

the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was a priest in the
Serbian Orthodox church and his mother managed the family’s
farm. In 1863 Tesla’s brother Daniel was killed in a riding
accident. The shock of the loss unsettled the 7-year-old Tesla,
who reported seeing visions—the first signs of his lifelong
mental illnesses.

Tesla arrived in New York in 1884 and was hired as an engineer

at Thomas Edison’s Manhattan headquarters. He worked there for a
year, impressing Edison with his diligence and ingenuity. At one
point Edison told Tesla he would pay $50,000 for an improved
design for his DC dynamos. After months of experimentation,
Tesla presented a solution and asked for the money. Edison
demurred, saying, “Tesla, you don’t understand our American
humor.” Tesla quit soon after.

After an unsuccessful attempt to start his own Tesla Electric

Light Company and a stint digging ditches for $2 a day, Tesla
found backers to support his research into alternating current.
In 1887 and 1888 he was granted more than 30 patents for his
 Page 87 of 97

inventions and invited to address the American Institute of

Electrical Engineers on his work. His lecture caught the
attention of George Westinghouse, the inventor who had launched
the first AC power system near Boston and was Edison’s major
competitor in the “Battle of the Currents.”

Westinghouse hired Tesla, licensed the patents for his AC motor

and gave him his own lab. In 1889 Edison arranged for a
convicted New York murderer to be put to death in an AC-powered
electric chair—a stunt designed to show how dangerous the
Westinghouse standard could be.

Buoyed by Westinghouse’s royalties, Tesla struck out on his own

again. But Westinghouse was soon forced by his backers to
renegotiate their contract, with Tesla relinquishing his royalty
rights.

In the 1890s Tesla invented electric oscillators, meters,

improved lights and the high-voltage transformer known as the
Tesla coil. He also experimented with X-rays, gave short-range
demonstrations of radio communication two years before Guglielmo
Marconi and piloted a radio-controlled boat around a pool in
Madison Square Garden. Together, Tesla and Westinghouse lit the
1891 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago and partnered with
General Electric to install AC generators at Niagara Falls,
creating the first modern power station.

Tesla lived his last decades in a New York hotel, working on new
inventions even as his energy and mental health faded. His
obsession with the number three and fastidious washing were
dismissed as the eccentricities of genius. He spent his final
years feeding—and, he claimed, communicating with—the city’s
pigeons.
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Tesla died in his room on January 7, 1943. Later that year the
U.S. Supreme Court voided four of Marconi’s key patents,
belatedly acknowledging Tesla’s innovations in radio. The AC
system he championed and improved remains the global standard
for power transmission.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948)

Revered the world over for his
nonviolent philosophy of passive
resistance, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
was known to his many followers as
Mahatma, or “the great-souled one.” He
began his activism as an Indian
immigrant in South Africa in the early
1900s, and in the years following
World War I became the leading figure
in India’s struggle to gain
independence from Great Britain. Known
for his ascetic lifestyle–he often
dressed only in a loincloth and shawl–
and devout Hindu faith, Gandhi was
imprisoned several times during his
pursuit of non-cooperation, and undertook a number of hunger
strikes to protest the oppression of India’s poorest classes,
among other injustices. After Partition in 1947, he continued to
work toward peace between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot to
death in Delhi in January 1948 by a Hindu fundamentalist.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, at

Porbandar, in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat. At the
age of 19, Mohandas left home to study law in London at the
Inner Temple, one of the city’s four law colleges. Upon
returning to India in mid-1891, he set up a law practice in
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Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position

with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa.
Along with his wife, Kasturbai, and their children, Gandhi
remained in South Africa for nearly 20 years.

Gandhi was appalled by the discrimination he experienced as an

Indian immigrant in South Africa. On a train voyage to Pretoria,
he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and
beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up
his seat for a European passenger. That train journey served as
a turning point for Gandhi, and he soon began developing and
teaching the concept of satyagraha (“truth and firmness”), or
passive resistance, as a way of non-cooperation with
authorities.

In 1906, after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance

regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led
a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next
eight years. During its final phase in 1913, hundreds of Indians
living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and
thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and
even shot. Finally, under pressure from the British and Indian
governments, the government of South Africa accepted a
compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts,
which included important concessions such as the recognition of
Indian marriages and the abolition of the existing poll tax for
Indians.

In July 1914, Gandhi left South Africa to return to India. He

supported the British war effort in World War I but remained
critical of colonial authorities for measures he felt were
unjust. In 1919, Gandhi launched an organized campaign of
passive resistance in response to Parliament’s passage of the
Rowlatt Acts, which gave colonial authorities emergency powers
to suppress subversive activities. He backed off after violence
broke out–including the massacre by British-led soldiers of some
 Page 90 of 97

400 Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar–but only

temporarily, and by 1920 he was the most visible figure in the
movement for Indian independence.

As part of his nonviolent non-cooperation campaign for home

rule, Gandhi stressed the importance of economic independence
for India. He particularly advocated the manufacture of khaddar,
or homespun cloth, in order to replace imported textiles from
Britain. Gandhi’s eloquence and embrace of an ascetic lifestyle
based on prayer, fasting and meditation earned him the reverence
of his followers, who called him Mahatma (Sanskrit for “the
great-souled one”). Invested with all the authority of the
Indian National Congress (INC or Congress Party), Gandhi turned
the independence movement into a massive organization, leading
boycotts of British manufacturers and institutions representing
British influence in India, including legislatures and schools.

After sporadic violence broke out, Gandhi announced the end of

the resistance movement, to the dismay of his followers. British
authorities arrested Gandhi in March 1922 and tried him for
sedition; he was sentenced to six years in prison but was
released in 1924 after undergoing an operation for appendicitis.
He refrained from active participation in politics for the next
several years, but in 1930 launched a new civil disobedience
campaign against the colonial government’s tax on salt, which
greatly affected Indian’s poorest citizens.

In 1931, after British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi

again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent
the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London.
Meanwhile, some of his party colleagues–particularly Mohammed
Ali Jinnah, a leading voice for India’s Muslim minority–grew
frustrated with Gandhi’s methods, and what they saw as a lack of
 Page 91 of 97

concrete gains. Arrested upon his return by a newly aggressive

colonial government, Gandhi began a series of hunger strikes in
protest of the treatment of India’s so-called “untouchables”
(the poorer classes), whom he renamed Harijans, or “children of
God.” The fasting caused an uproar among his followers and
resulted in swift reforms by the Hindu community and the
government.

In 1934, Gandhi announced his retirement from politics in, as

well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to
concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities.
Drawn back into the political fray by the outbreak of World War
II, Gandhi again took control of the INC, demanding a British
withdrawal from India in return for Indian cooperation with the
war effort. Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire
Congress leadership, bringing Anglo-Indian relations to a new
low point.

Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes

that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace
internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition,
Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and
undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased.

In January 1948, Gandhi carried out yet another fast, this time
to bring about peace in the city of Delhi. On January 30, 12
days after that fast ended, Gandhi was on his way to an evening
prayer meeting in Delhi when he was shot to death by Nathuram
Godse, a Hindu fanatic enraged by Mahatma’s efforts to negotiate
with Jinnah and other Muslims.
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Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 – 1968)

Martin Luther King, Jr.
was a social activist
and Baptist minister
who played a key role
in the American civil
rights movement from
the mid-1950s until his
assassination in 1968.
King sought equality
and human rights for
African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and all
victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the
driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus
Boycott and the 1963 March on Washington, which helped bring
about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act and the
Voting Rights Act. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
 Page 93 of 97

1964 and is remembered each year on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day,
a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.

A gifted student, King attended segregated public schools and at

the age of 15 was admitted to Morehouse College, the alma mater
of both his father and maternal grandfather, where he studied
medicine and law.

Although he had not intended to follow in his father’s footsteps

by joining the ministry, he changed his mind under the
mentorship of Morehouse’s president, Dr. Benjamin Mays, an
influential theologian and outspoken advocate for racial
equality. After graduating in 1948, King entered Crozer
Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor
of Divinity degree, won a prestigious fellowship and was elected
president of his predominantly white senior class.

King then enrolled in a graduate program at Boston University,

completing his coursework in 1953 and earning a doctorate in
systematic theology two years later. While in Boston he met
Coretta Scott, a young singer from Alabama who was studying at
the New England Conservatory of Music. The couple wed in 1953
and settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where King became pastor of
the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

They had four children: Yolanda Denise King, Martin Luther King
III, Dexter Scott King and Bernice Albertine King.

The King family had been living in Montgomery for less than a
year when the highly segregated city became the epicenter of the
burgeoning struggle for civil rights in America, galvanized by
the landmark Brown v. Board of Educationdecision of 1954.
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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter

of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), refused to give up her seat to a white passenger
on a Montgomery bus and was arrested. Activists coordinated a
bus boycott that would continue for 381 days, placing a severe
economic strain on the public transit system and downtown
business owners. They chose Martin Luther King, Jr. as the
protest’s leader and official spokesman.

By the time the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public

buses unconstitutional in November 1956, King—heavily influenced
by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin—had entered the
national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized,
nonviolent resistance.

King had also become a target for white supremacists, who

firebombed his family home that January.

In 1960 King and his family moved to Atlanta, his native city,
where he joined his father as co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist
Church. This new position did not stop King and his SCLC
colleagues from becoming key players in many of the most
significant civil rights battles of the 1960s.

Their philosophy of nonviolence was put to a particularly severe

test during the Birmingham campaign of 1963, in which activists
used a boycott, sit-ins and marches to protest segregation,
unfair hiring practices and other injustices in one of America’s
most racially divided cities.

Arrested for his involvement on April 12, King penned the civil
rights manifesto known as the “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” an
eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of
white clergymen who had criticized his tactics.
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Later that year, Martin Luther King, Jr. worked with a number of
civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on
Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a peaceful political rally
designed to shed light on the injustices African Americans
continued to face across the country.

Held on August 28 and attended by some 200,000 to 300,000

participants, the event is widely regarded as a watershed moment
in the history of the American civil rights movement and a
factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The March on Washington culminated in King’s most famous

address, known as the “I Have a Dream” speech, a spirited call
for peace and equality that many consider a masterpiece of
rhetoric.

Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial—a monument to the

president who a century earlier had brought down the institution
of slavery in the United States—he shared his vision of a future
in which “this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning
of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal.'”

The speech and march cemented King’s reputation at home and

abroad; later that year he was named “Man of the Year” by TIME
magazine and in 1964 became the youngest person ever awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize.

In the spring of 1965, King’s elevated profile drew

international attention to the violence that erupted between
white segregationists and peaceful demonstrators in Selma,
Alabama, where the SCLC and Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC) had organized a voter registration campaign.
 Page 96 of 97

Captured on television, the brutal scene outraged many Americans

and inspired supporters from across the country to gather in
Alabama and take part in the Selma to Montgomery march led by
King and supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who sent in
federal troops to keep the peace.

That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which

guaranteed the right to vote—first awarded by the 15th Amendment
—to all African Americans.

The events in Selma deepened a growing rift between Martin

Luther King, Jr. and young radicals who repudiated his
nonviolent methods and commitment to working within the
established political framework.

As more militant black leaders such as Stokely Carmichael rose

to prominence, King broadened the scope of his activism to
address issues such as the Vietnam War and poverty among
Americans of all races. In 1967, King and the SCLC embarked on
an ambitious program known as the Poor People’s Campaign, which
was to include a massive march on the capital.

On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was

assassinated. He was fatally shot while standing on the balcony
of a motel in Memphis, where King had traveled to support a
sanitation workers’ strike. In the wake of his death, a wave of
riots swept major cities across the country, while President
Johnson declared a national day of mourning.

James Earl Ray, an escaped convict and known racist, pleaded

guilty to the murder and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He
later recanted his confession and gained some unlikely
advocates, including members of the King family, before his
death in 1998.
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