Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University,

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2019-2020

History
THE ROLE OF MODERATES AND EXTREMIST IN INC

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. Vandana Singh Sadhna Diwakar

Assistant Professor 190101121

RMLNLU, LUCKNOW BA.LLB (2nd Semester)

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 Acknowledgment
I would like to convey my gratitude to a lot many people who have helped and support in making
this project.

I would like to thank my family and friends who have always been supporting endeavors

Words are inadequate in offering a deep sense of gratitude to my professor, Dr. Vandana Singh
for her precious guidance. From assigning me this topic to instruct me on how I should move
forward with my work, her enthusiasm and knowledge has always been of utmost Importance.

I would also like to thank the librarians of Dr. Madhu Limaye Library who extended their
assistance to me by helping me out consult the relevant books, and the best speed internet of
University that help me to look out for the concern material i.e. secondary data very easily and
smoothly.

I know that despite my efforts some discrepancies might have crept in which I believe my
humble Professor would forgive.

Thanking you all…

  - Sadhna Diwakar

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INTRODUCTION

The early years (1885- 1905) saw the evolution of Indian National Congress. During this period
the Congress was dominated by moderate leaders. Gradually a section emerged which did not
agree with the moderate policies and believed in aggressive action. Due to their aggressive
posture this group was called the extremists. Both the groups believed in different political
methods to oppose the British rule. Their differences led to the split in Congress in 1907. In this
unit we will study these developments in the Congress and how they affected the national
movement.

Beginning with its first session at Bombay in 1885, the congress became by 1886 (second
session at Calcutta) 'the whole country's Congress'. In 1885, only 72 delegates had, attended the
Congress session, whereas at Calcutta (1886) there were 434 delegates elected by different local
organizations and bodies. Here it was decided that the Congress would meet henceforth annually
in different parts of the country.

FIRST PHASE (1885-1905)

THE MODERATES

The Congress programme during the first phase (1885-1905) was very modest. It demanded
moderate constitutional reforms, economic relief, administrative reorganization and defence of
civil rights.

The Congress expressed opinions on all the important measures of the Government and protested
against the unpopular ones. These demands were repeated year after year, although there was
hardly any response from the Government. During the first twenty years (1885- 1905) there was
practically no change in the Congress programme. The major demands were practically the same
as those formulated at the first three or four sessions. This phase of the Congress is known as the
Moderate phase. During this period the leaders were cautious in their demands. They did not
want to annoy the government and incur the risk of suppression of their activities.

1.Who were support the moderate phase?

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During the early years (1885-1905) the Indian National Congress, henceforth referred to as INC,
provided a common stage for the leaders from diverse parts of the country. Though the Congress
represented the entire nation, members of some classes, castes, occupations and provinces were
more conspicuous than others. The members of the educated middle class were predominant in
numbers. The members of the Brahmin caste were comparatively higher to those of other castes.
While several journalists, doctors and teachers were also members, it was the lawyers who
dominated in the occupations. The members from Bombay, Bengal and Madras presidencies
were more in number compared to members from other parts of the country. The masses and the
landed class were conspicuous by their absence. In short, the Congress was by and large a middle
class affair, and it was but natural that majority of the members of the INC belonged to the
middle class during the early years since it was this class that took to modern education and
played a pioneering role in its foundation. The Congress, since its establishment, was under the
influence of Moderate leaders, most of whom were first generation English educated Indians.
The moderate leaders were influenced by Western political ideas and practices, especially by the
political philosophy of liberalism. The liberal philosophy of moderate Congress leaders gave
emphasis on: 1) dignity of the individual 2) Individual’s right to freedom c) Equality of all
irrespective of caste, creed or sex. This liberal philosophy guided the moderate leaders of the
Congress in opposing the autocratic attitude of the British government, demanding rule of law
and equality before law, and advocating secularism. Some of the prominent moderate leaders
who became presidents of the Congress in its early years were Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin
Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, P. Ananda Charlu, Surendranath Banerjee, Romesh Chandra Dutt,
Ananda Mohan Bose and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Some other moderate leaders were Mahadev
Ranade, Madan Mohan Malaviya, G. Subramaniya Iyer and Dinshaw E. Wacha.

From 1885 to 1892, their main demand continued to be expansion

 Reform of the Legislative Councils, the membership of the Councils for elected
representatives of the people and also an increase in the powers of these Councils.
 simultaneous examination for the I.C.S. in India and England,
 the abolition or reconstitution of the Indian Council, 
 the separation of the Judiciary from the executive,
 the repeal of the Arms Act, 

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  the appointment of Indians to the commissioned ranks in the Army,
 the reduction of military expenditure,

Economic Drain of India

A strong point made by the nationalists during this phase was about the economic drain of India.
Dadabhai described the British rule as 'an everlasting and every day increasing foreign invasion'
that was gradually destroying the country. In the nationalist opinion, the British were
responsible for the destruction of India's indigenous industries. The remedy for the removal of
India's poverty was the development of modern industries. The Government could promote it
through tariff protection and direct government aid. However, after seeing the failure of the
Government in this regard the nationalists popularized the idea of Swadeshi or use of Indian
goods and boycott of British goods as a means of promoting Indian industries. They demanded :
end of India's economic drain, the reduction of land revenue in order to lighten the burden of
taxation on the peasants, improvement in the conditions of work of the plantation labourers,
abolition of the salt tax, and the reduction in the high military expenditure of the Government of
India. They also fully recognized the value of the freedom of the press and speech and
condemned all attempts at their curtailment. In fact, the struggle for the removal of restrictions
on press became the integral part of the nationalist struggle for freedom.

Evaluation of Work - Whatever may be the drawback in the demands put forward by the
Congress, it was a national body in true sense of the term. There was nothing in its programmed
to which any class might take exception. Its doors were open to all classes and communities. Its
programmed was broad enough to accommodate all interests. It may be said that it was not a
party, but a movement. It must be said to the credit of the nationalist leaders that though they
belonged to the urban educated middle class, they were too broad-minded and free from narrow
and sectional class interests. They kept in mind the larger interests of the people in general. Their
economic policies were not influenced by the short-sighted vision of a job-hungry middle class.
This challenging critique of the financial foundations of the Raj was a unique service that the
early Congress leadership rendered to the nation. The British Hostility The political tone of the
Indian National Congress might have been mild but from the fourth session of the Congress
onwards, the government adopted a hostile attitude towards it. Time passed and nothing
substantial was conceded to the Congress.

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The British Hostility

The political tone of the Indian National Congress might have been mild but from the fourth
session of the Congress onwards, the government adopted a hostile attitude towards it. Time
passed and nothing substantial was conceded to the Congress. Elements hostile to the Aligarh
movement against the Congress. As the century was drawing to its close, the British attitude
became more hostile to the Congress under Lord Curzon. His greatest ambition was to assist the
Congress to a peaceful demise. However, he took certain steps which only fanned the nationalist
discontent. In an autocratic manner he tried to control the university education and decreed the
partition of Bengal. This led to a strong national awakening.

During this period general impression grew that they (the Moderates) were political mendicants,
only petitioning and praying to the British Government for petty concessions. the Moderates had
played an important role at a critical period in the history of Indian nationalism.

If fact, the flowering of the Moderate thought was the culmination of a tradition which can be
traced back to Raja Rammohan Roy, who stood for the rational, liberal tradition of contemporary
Europe. His ideas of reforms ultimately provided the basis for the demands put forward by the
early Congress. As with Rammohan, so with the early Congress leaders, the presence of the
British administration was important for continued political progress. Quite understandably, their
language was cautious and their expectation moderate. But with changing times, the Moderates
also began to alter their position. By 1905 Gokhale had started speaking of self-rule as the goal
and in 1906 it was Dadabhai Naoroji who mentioned the word Swaraj as the goal of the
Congress. Even so, the Moderates found themselves in a tight corner with the emergence of
extremist leadership within the congress. The British authorities also doubted their bonafides.
The extremists were attracting youthful section among the political activists. The well-meaning,
loyal, but patriotic, Moderates could no longer cut ice before the manoeuvring of the British
bureaucracy. In the changed situation Extremists came to the center stage of the Congress.

SECOND PHASE (1905-1919)

EXTREMIST PHASE

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 The closing decade of the 19 th century and early years of the 20 th century witnessed the
emergence of a new and younger group within the Indian National Congress that was sharply
critical of the ideology and method of the old leadership. These ‘angry young man’ advocated
the adoption of Swaraj as the goal of the Congress to be achieved by more self – reliant and
independent methods. The new group came to be called the Extremist Party in contrast to the
older one that began to be referred as the Moderate Party.

The process of split in the Congress Party began when Lokmanya Tilak clashed with the
Moderates over the question of Social Reform. In July 1895, Tilak and his group ousted Ranade
and Gokhale from the control of Poorna Sarvjanik Sabha. Gokhale organized a separate political
association called ‘The Deccan Sabha’. There was no love lost between Tilak and Gokhle. Tilak
outmaneuvered Gokhle from national politics over the ‘apology affair’ and Gokhle was labeled a
Kacha reed i.e. spineless fellow who could be brow – beaten by the Government.

Tilak was made of a different stuff than most of the Congress leaders. He was forthright in his
criticism of the Government and its policies and was prepared to make sacrifices to get wrong
redressed. He was the first Congress leader to suffer several terms of imprisonment for the sake
of the country. As early as 1882, for criticizing in strong language the treatment meted out to the
Maharaja of Kolhapur, the Government tried and sentenced Tilak to four months’ imprisonment.
Again, in 1897, Tilak was charged with ‘exciting feelings of disaffection to the British
Government’ and sent to jail for 18 months’ R.I. At the Congress session at Amraoti (Dec.1897)
the supporters of Tilak made an attempt to push a resolution demanding the release of Tilak. The
Moderate leaders who controlled the Congress did not permit it. Similarly, the moderates foiled
the attempt of martyrdom at the Congress session at Madras (Dec. 1898). At the Lucknow
seesion of the Congress (Dec. 1899), Tilak’s attempt to move a resolution condemning Governor
Sandhurst’s administration of Bombay was also blocked by the Moderates on the plea that the
matter was of provincial interest and could not be discussed at the National Congress. It was
because of ideological differences with Tilak and his group that the Moderate leaders were
determined to keep Tilak and Congressmen of his line of thinking out of all positions of power
and responsibility in the Congress and never gave him a chance to become the Congress
President.

Causes for the rise of Extremism

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The dissatisfaction with the working of the Congress had been expressed by Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee when he described the Congressmen as “place hunting politicians”. Aurbindo Ghosh
wrote a series of articles during 1893-94 entitled ‘New Lamps for Old’ wherein he described the
Congress as being out of contact with the ‘proletariat’, its character as ‘unnational’ and its work
as ‘failure’ and added: “Yet more appalling was the general timidity of the Congress, its glossing
of hard names, its disinclinations to tell the direct truth, its fear of too deeply displeasing our
masters”. He thought that the Congress was “dying of consumption”.

Among the causes and circumstances that helped in the growth of Extremism the following
deserve special mention :

1. Recognition of the true nature of British Rule

The efforts of the early nationalist leaders paved the way for the development of the next stage of
nationalist movement. By their painstaking studies and writings, the early nationalist leaders had
exposed the true nature of British rule in India. They conclusively proved by elaborate statistical
data that British rule and its policies were responsible for the economic ruin of India and her
deepening poverty. Dadabhai Naoroji, for example, exposed the exploitative nature of British
rule in India and proved that Britain was ‘bleeding India white’ and the constant ‘drain of
wealth’ from India was directly responsible for India’s economic miseries. He characterized
British rule in India as ‘a constant and continuous’ plunder. Nationalist leaders like Anand
Charlu, R.N. Mudholkar, G.K. Gokhle, Wacha, Madan Mohan Malviya too exposed the
exploitative nature of British rule in India.

The second session of the Congress (Calcutta 1886) brought a resolution on increasing poverty
of India and this resolution was affirmed year after year at subsequent Congress sessions. The
‘poverty verging on starvation’ of fifty millions of the population was described by the Congress
as due to the most extravagant civil and military administration, mounting Home Charges,
discriminating tariff policy (evident from the frequent changes in the Cotton Duties, Sugar
Duties etc.), shortsighted land revenue policy, indifference to technical and industrial
development of India and exclusion of the sons of the soil from a share in the Higher and Minor
services. Scholarly writings of nationalist leaders like Ranade’s Essays in Indian Economics
(1898), Dadabhai Naoroji’s Indian Poverty and un-British Rule in India (1901), R.C. Dutt’s
Economic History of India (1901) were the arsenals from which the new leaders shot their

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arrows at the British rule in India. Thus the Extremist ideology was a natural and logical next
step in the development of Indian political thinking.

2. Reaction to increasing westernization

The new leadership felt the stranglehold of excessive Westernization in Indian life, thought and
politics – Western Civilization was eroding the values of Indian culture and civilization and the
merger of Indian national identity in the British Empire was being attempted. The intellectual
and emotional inspiration of the new leadership was Indian. They drew inspiration from Indian
spiritual heritage, they appealed to heroes of Indian history and hoped to revive the glories of
ancient India. The writings of Bankim, Vivekananda and Swami Dayanand appealed to their
imaginations. Though Bankim, in the beginning, had written in the Bengali and on Bengal
(Anandpath, published in 1880), by 1886 he had emerged an Indian and dreamed of a united
India under the leadership of a superman like Lord Krishna. He saw in Lord Krishna a
Karamyogin i.e. a man of action who fought evil and stood for righteousness. He saw in Lord
Krishna a good soldier, a clever strategist and a successful empire builder. At Kurukshetra war
Lord Krishna deliberately worked for the destruction of the petty states and for the emergence of
dharmaraja. Bankim’s main mantra was ‘Service to the motherland’. Vivekanand, a great
vedantist, gave a new confidence to the Indians in India’s past heritage, exhorted his compatriots
to realize the value of their rich cultural heritage, gave a feeling of self confidence to the youth
and gave them a mission to conquer the West with India’s spirituality. Swami Dayanand
exploded the myth of Western superiority. By referring to India’s rich civilization in Vedic ages,
when Europe was steeped in ignorance, Dayanand gave a ‘new confidence’ to the Hindus and
undermined the current belief in the superiority of the White races over the Black. His political
message was ‘India for the Indians’.

3. Dissatisfaction with the achievement of the Congress

The younger elements within the Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the
Congress during the first 15-20 years and were disgusted with the cold and reactionary attitude
of the Government. They had lost all faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay. They were
strongly critical of the methods of peaceful and constitutional agitation, popularly nicknamed of
3Ps – Petition, Prayer and Protests – and described these methods as ‘political mendicancy’.
They became impatient with the slow, almost negligible achievements during the first fifteen

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years and advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods to meet European
imperialism.

On his return from England in 1905, Lala Lajpat Rai told his countrymen that the democracy was
too busy with its own affairs to do anything worthwhile for India, that the British press was not
likely to champion their aspirations and that it was very difficult to get a hearing in England. He
exhorted the people that if they really cared for their country, “they would have to strike a blow
for freedom themselves, and they should be prepared to give unmistakable proof of their
earnestness.”

The younger generation of Congressmen (also called Nationalist or Extremists) had nothing but
disgust for the Old Guard. According to them the only ‘political religion’ of the Congress was –
loyalty to the Crown; their only ‘political aim’ was – to improve their chances of getting seats in
the central/provincial legislatures or judicial services or acquiring titles etc.; their only ‘political
activity’ was – excessive speechifying and attending Congress session towards December-end
every year.

Moderate leaders were accused of limiting the membership of the Congress to the middle class –
for fear of losing their leadership if the masses joined the movement. Thus, the Moderates were
alleged of ‘trading in the name of patriotism’. Tilak described the Congress as ‘Congress of
flatters’ and Congress session ‘a holiday recreation’ while Lajpat Rai dubbed Congress meeting
‘the annual national festival of educated Indians’. Both Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai believed that
the Congress had no constructive activity. Tilak affirmed: “We will not achieve any success in
our labors if we croak once a year like a frog”

4. Deteriorating economic condition of India – Famine and Plague

The economic miseries of the closing years of the 20th century provided a congenial
environment for the growth of extremism in Indian National activities. The terrible famines of
1896-97 and 1899-1900 coupled with the bubonic plague, which broke out in Maharashtra, took
a heavy toll of life. The government relief machinery was inadequate, slow moving and badly
organized. Tilak criticized the callous and overbearing Govt. Plague Commissioners who caused
more harm than good. He thundered that fear and anxiety was the cause of the disease and that
“plague is less cruel to us than the official measures”. Riots broke out in the Deccan and the

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Government tried to stifle public opinion and suppress lawlessness. These events revealed to the
Indians their plight of utter helplessness. Even recurring famines were attributed to the
antinational policy followed by the Government.

In his presidential speech in 1903 Lal Mohan Ghose referred to the Durbar of 1903 and said that
“Nothing could seem more heartless than the spectacle of a great Government imposing the
heaviest taxation upon the poorest population in the world, and then lavishly spending the money
so obtained over fire-works amd pompous pageants, while millions of the poor were dying of
starvation”.

5. Contemporary International Influences

Events outside India exercised a powerful influence on the younger generation. The humiliating
treatment meted out to Indians in British colonies created anti-British feelings. Further,
nationalist movements in Egypt, Persia, Turkey and Russia gave Indians new hopes and new
aspirations. Indian nationalists gained more confidence and drew inspiration from Abyssinia’s
repulsion of the Italian army (1896) and Japan’s thumping victory over Russia (1905). If Japan
could become a great power on its own, what – but for the British grip – was holding India back.
The spell of European invincibility was broken.

6. Curzon’s reactionary policies

Curzon’s seven-year rule in India, which was full of ‘missions, omissions and commissions’
created a sharp reaction in the Indian mind. Curzon refused to recognize that India was a ‘nation’
and characterized their activity as the ‘letting off of gas’. He insulted Indian Intelligentsia and
talked very low of Indian character; at the Calcutta University Convocation, Curzon said,
“Undoubtedly truth took a high place in the codes of the West before it had been similarly
honoured in the East, where craftiness and diplomatic wile have always been held in high
repute.” The Calcutta Corporation Act, the official Secrets Act and the Indian Universities Act
created great resentment in India. The Delhi Durbar held in 1903, coming at a time when India
had not fully recovered from devastating effects of the famine 1899-1900 was interpreted as ‘a
pompous pageant to a starving population’.

7. The Partition of Bengal

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The worst and most hated aspect of Curzon’s administration was the partition of Bengal into two
provinces of Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905. The reactionary measures of Lord
Curzon had already irritated the people. The partition of Bengal in 1905 added fuel to fire. The
people of Bengal felt they have been ‘humiliated, insulted and tricked’. The partition of Bengal
was considered as a subtle attack on the growing solidarity of Bengal Nationalism. It was a
Machiavellian devise to divide the people on the basis of religion and to put the Muslims against
the Hindus.

The partition forced in teeth of Bengali opposition and protests from the Indian National
Congress showed the contemptuous disregard Curzon and the home authorities had for Indian
public opinion. 16th October 1905 was declared as a day of protest throughout the country. The
tying of Rakhis, observation of fasts, boycott of foreign good, hurtals were important measures
observed by Extremists. Tilak declared from the stage of the Congress ‘Swaraj is my birth right;
I will have it. Our motto is self reliance and not mendicancy’. The utter disregard Curzon showed
for public opinion gave ample evidence, if any evidence was still needed, that the Moderates’
policy of 3Ps was barren of results.

8. Dissatisfaction with the India Councils Act of 1892

The new Act of 1892 did not satisfy even the moderates. It did not give anything substantial to
the Indians. The people now increasingly felt that the policy of appeals and prayers had yielded
nothing.

The Objectives and Methods of Extremist Group

The extremist group was organized under the leadership of the trio- Lal, Bal and Pal (Lala Lajpat
Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal). Tilak gave the slogan of the new group. It was
explained by Gokhle when he said, “we are not beggars and our policy is not mendicancy”. “We
are ambassadors of our people at a foreign court to watch and guard the interests of our country
and get as much for her as we can.”

The new leadership sought to create in the people a passionate love for liberty accompanied by a
spirit of sacrifice and a readiness to suffer for the cause of the country. They strove to root out
from the people minds the omnipotence of the ruler and instead give them self-reliance and
confidence in their own strength. B.C. Pal explained: “untrained in the crooks ways of civilized

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diplomacy they had believed what their rulers had said, either of themselves or on their subjects
as gospel truth. They had been told that people were weak and the government was strong. They
had been told India stood on a lower plane of humanity and England’s mission was to civilize the
semi barbarous natives. The Nationalist school took it upon themselves to expose hollowness of
these pretensions. They commenced to make what are called counter-passes in hypnotism and at
once woke the people to a sense of their own strength and an appreciation of their own culture.”
The extremist advocated boycott of foreign goods, Swadeshi and National Education. The
Swadeshi Movement was designed to encourage house industry and provide the people with
more opportunities for work and employment. Soon it was discovered that economic boycott
might prove a powerful weapon against economic exploitations by the foreigners. It proved a
most effective weapon for injuring British interests in India. It was believed the newly rising
Indian manufacturing class would liberally provide funds for the Congress and thus strengthen it.
Lala Lajpat Rai summed up: “we desire to turn our faces away from Government House and turn
then to huts of the people. This is the psychology; this is the ethics and this is the spiritual
significance of the boycott movement.”

A National Scheme of Education was to replace the boycott of Government Controlled

Significance of the Extremists

There was a fundamental change in the nature of Indian nationalism under extremist leadership
due to their forceful articulation of the demand for ‘Swaraj’ and use of more radical methods
than those of the moderates. Their concept of nationalism was emotionally charged and based on
rich interpretation of Indian religious traditions. The Extremist leaders tried to reorient Indian
religious traditions to worldly life and link them with the national liberation struggle. Aurobindo
Ghose reinterpreted Vedanta philosophy, which advocated unity of man and God and based his
concept of nationalism on it. To him national work was the work of God, which should be done
in the spirit of Karma Yoga because the true nationalist was an ideal Karma Yogi, who
performed his functions in the spirit of disinterestedness. The service of the millions of Indians

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was service of God because God was present in them. The extremists conceived the nation as
‘Mother India’, which represented united power or Shakti of millions of her children. Tilak
reinterpreted the message of the Gita in his famous book Gita Rahasya. To Tilak, the Gita gave a
message of disinterested action with full self-knowledge rather than that of Bhakti or Sanyasa.
National work done for general welfare was a type of disinterested action. The new nationalism
of the extremists was an “attempt to create a nation in India by reviving the spirit and action of
the ancient Indian character.” They vehemently opposed foreign rule. According to them, a good
or just government was not a substitute for self-government and freedom was an inalienable right
of all human beings. The extremists emphasized the mobilization of people against foreign rule
by launching political movements. If the nation was not ready to undertake political movement,
then it was the duty of the leaders to prepare the people for it. The extremists were ready to
suffer imprisonment, deportation and other physical suffering for the sake of mobilizing the
masses for struggle against foreign rule. They saw struggle against foreign rule as a full-time
activity and devoted their whole life for it. The demonstrations, processions undertaken by the
extremists brought about an involvement of the common people in agitations against British rule.
They also made use of popular symbols like Shivaji, and religious symbols like God Ganapati
and Goddess Kali for mobilising the people. Thus, under the Extremist leadership, the Indian
National Movement gradually began to acquire a mass character. However, the extremists could
not fully exploit the potential of mobilised people or of their radical methods like boycott and
passive resistance. They were successful in arousing the urban middle and lower classes, apart
from mobilising the peasants and workers.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WEBSITES

1.1 www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/inc.htm - 16k

1.2 www.aicc.org.in/role_of_press_in_india’s_struggle_for_freedom.php-44k

1.3 www.wikipedia.org/Indian_National_Congress

1.4 http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/19421/1/Unit-13.pdf

1.5 https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50903/10/10_chapter%206.pdf

2. BOOKS

2.1 A New Look at Modern Indian History, S. Chand (S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi 2006)

2.2 History of Modern India, J.K. Tomar (Mahaveer & Sons, New Delhi 2007)

2.3 Textbook Of History, NCERT, Class X

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