By Prof.

Alan Aguirre-Soto

Diffusional Transport Processes

Fall 2021
Problem Set 2

Due date: Sunday, October 10th, 2021 before the end of the day (11:59 pm) uploaded to CANVAS.
Format: Individual.
Suggested resources: Slide sets 1-9 & the sections from the textbook as marked in the slide sets.

1. (35 points) Flow inside a pipeline. You are in a chemical plant working as a process
engineer. The plant is dedicated to the production of a low-molecular weight derivative
from petroleum (after refining and all of that). Your first assignment is to analyze the effect
of the viscosity of the liquid product in the pumping costs of the main pipe that sends the
product from their production facility to their storage facility. The electricity, natural gas,
and oil costs are getting expensive. So, they want to save as much as possible, including in
their pumping expenses. This section of the pipe is positioned perfectly horizontally
between the two facilities (goes underground). For this, they give you about 1 h to provide
an initial approximation of how much the volumetric flow rate is affected by the dynamic
viscosity of the fluid. The liquid product is known to behave as a Newtonian fluid. The pipe
is always at a constant 20˚C. At ambient conditions, the fluid can be considered
incompressible. The pipe has an inner diameter D 0 and a length L. The company runs this
pipe continuously at steady-state and the fluid flow can be considered fully developed
(entrance effects neglected in this section). The Reynolds number for this flow system is
known to be lower than 2100, where the viscosity 𝜇 is known to be constant and the
friction force imposed by the pipe’s inner wall is suspected to be giving flow rates different
from the previously expected values.

From PS #1 (You can use exactly what you answered before or update/improve it)

a) (1 points) Draw a 2D and a 3D sketch of the system described in this problem

(could be from different angles).
b) (5 points) Mark the following things on at least one of your sketches,
i. (0.5 points) what is the source, the medium and the sink?
ii. (0.5 points) position of your origin and names of your axes
iii. (1 points) control volume and its limits based on your axes
iv. (1 points) what velocity vector component dominates according to your
axes? This means in what direction is the motion mainly occurring.
v. (1 points) where do you think we have vmax and vmin?
vi. (1 points) what do you think is the direction of the steady-state momentum
flux? Use a vector arrow to indicate the direction and label it with a viscous
stress Tau (𝜏𝑖𝑗 ) with its appropriate subindices according to your axes?
c) (3 points) Draw one microvolume for every term force term from the Equation of
Motion that you need for this problems. For example, one to do a microbalance of
the viscous forces(with the components of the stress tensor that are appropriate
according to your axes). The end result must be a partial differential equation

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containing mechanical pressure and viscous stress terms for the system at steady-
state with no convective terms.
d) (1 points) Explain how you can use the conditions mentioned in the problem
statement to cancel out some terms from your partial differential equation in order
to make it solvable (on paper) within an hour. Explain the cancellation and write
down the final ordinary differential equation that you plan to integrate to model this
flow.

New part of the problem

e) (6 points) Establish appropriate boundary conditions according to your GDE.

f) (8 points) Obtain a 1D model for the shear stress inside your control volume.
g) (8 points) Obtain a 1D model for the velocity as a function of position inside your
control volume.
h) (3 points) Establish an equation for the mass flow rate.

2. (35 points) Heat exchanger for high-performance computing. I built (assembled) a

“gaming” computer that I want to use to run Transport simulations. These computers come
with an advanced cooling system because the processor and electronics will warm up a lot
during operation. The cooling system is crucial for optimum performance of the computer.
The system consists of a tube that runs through the main computer body, housing, (it is a
desktop computer) and that contains a liquid as a refrigerant. I now want to have an initial
steady-state heat transfer model that helps me find the best material for the tube
considering the local heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant to optimize the cooling of
the computer. So, I need an equation that gives me the amount of heat flowing through the
wall of the tube from the inside of the computer housing to the refrigerant in the main
section of the tube. Note: the air inside the computer housing is constantly warmed up
when the electronics are running. The tube is positioned horizontally and has a length L.
The model needs to have the thermal conductivity of the wall of the tube and the local heat
transfer coefficient of the refrigerant. The tubing has an inner radius of R 0 and an outer
radius of R1 (small radius compared to its length). I want to test tubes of different materials
but all of them have constant k. The inner fluid has a local heat transfer coefficient of ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖 .
The air outside the tube (inside the computer housing) is known to be at an average
temperature 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 far away from the tube and higher than the temperature of the
refrigerant Trefri. The local heat transfer coefficient of the air is the typical ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 . The
temperature at the surface of the tube will be known because I have a thermocouple placed
at the outer wall (R1) of the tube (Tout). I can’t put a thermocouple inside the tube. There is
no heat generation inside the tube. The refrigerant can be considered an incompressible
pure Newtonian liquid.

From PS #1 (You can use exactly what you answered before or update/improve it)

a) (1 points) Draw a 2D and a 3D sketch of the system described in this problem

(could be from different angles).
b) (5 points) Mark the following things on at least one of your sketches,

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 By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto

i.(0.5 points) what is the source, the medium and the sink?
ii.(0.5 points) position of your origin and names of your axes
iii.(1 points) control volume and its limits based on the axes
iv. (1 points) what component of the heat flux vector is dominant?
v. (1 points) where are the maximum and minimum temperatures are located
within your control volume?
vi. (1 points) what do you think is the direction of the steady-state heat flux
with its appropriate subindices?
c) (3 points) Draw the appropriate microvolume and do a microbalance for the
transfer of thermal energy by conduction in 3D to obtain a partial differential
equation (PDE) for heat conduction at steady-state considering a heat generation
term, which may be cancelled later on if needed.
d) (1 points) Explain how you can use the some of the information mentioned in the
problem statement to cancel out terms in your PDE in order to simplify it to an ODE.
Explain the cancellation and write down your governing differential equation (GDE)
for heat transfer by conduction through the wall of tube, which is the equation that
you propose solving for an initial simplified model.

New part of the problem

e) (6 points) Establish appropriate boundary conditions.

f) (8 points) Obtain a 1D model for the appropriate vector component of the heat flux.
g) (8 points) Obtain a 1D model for that describes the temperature variations inside
your control volume.
h) (3 points) Obtain an equation for the heat flow through the control volume.

3. (30 points) Diffusion of a pigment through a polymer capsule. I want to do a visual

experiment for the DTP course to show Fickian diffusion of a fluorescent pigment (F)
through a polymer (P). For that, I filled up a hollow spherical capsule, made from a
polymer, with a solution of the fluorescent pigment at a really high known concentration.
The polymer capsule loaded with the pigment solution ends up having the same density as
water, so I can suspend it inside a 2L Erlenmeyer flask filled with water. The water outside
the capsule has no pigment at the beginning of the experiment. So, the capsule will be fixed
in the middle of the flask during the experiment (using some wires to keep it stationary)
and surrounded by pure water. There is a magnetic stir bar at the bottom of the flask so
that I can have proper mixing of the water to make the pigment move quickly by convection
away from the capsule once it exists. Students will be able to see how the fluorescent
pigment moves away from the capsule by looking at the fluorescent streamlines formed
and maybe even visualize the gradients in pigment as a function of radius. The hollow
polymer sphere has an inner radius r0 and outer radius r1. During the experiment, the
capsule will slowly release a steady dose of the pigment due to the difference in molar
concentrations of the pigment from the inside and the outside of the capsule. The molar
concentration at the outer surface of the capsule can be assumed to remain at zero due to
the very effective convective transport provided by the stirring (agitation). The flask is
relatively very large compared to the capsule. The polymer wall of the capsule is permeable
to the pigment and the water is not significantly diffusion into the capsule. The

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concentration of the pigment inside the capsule remains constant during the experiment
because it is a relatively slow diffusion process. The diffusion coefficient of the pigment
through the polymer 𝔒𝐹𝑃 is constant. The experimental is conducted under isothermal
conditions. No chemical reaction occurs during the experiment.

From PS #1 (You can use exactly what you answered before or update/improve it)

a. (6 points) Draw a 2D and a 3D sketch(es) of the system in your problem. (1 points)

Note, they may look similar for certain geometries. Include details of the complete
experimental set-up, these may be useful for the next points.
i. (1 points) What is the source of the species that is diffusing? What is the
sink of the species that is diffusing? Explain your answer.
ii. (1 points) On at least one of your sketches, add the coordinate system that
you will use to model the system. Think about where to place the origin and
what are the appropriate axes.
iii. (1 points) What is your control volume? Describe with words indicating to
what area of space it corresponds in your drawing.
iv. (1 points) What is the range of space occupied by your control volume?
v. (1 points) Based on what we discussed in class; gradients are responsible
for creating diffusional transfer processes. In this case, based on your
previous answers, add to your drawing a vector arrow that indicates the
direction of the diffusional mass transport (flux).
b. (2 points) Propose a general partial differential equation (PDE) using a version of
the 3-dimensional form of the Continuity Equation in terms of moles containing all
possible terms for a real-life system. Explain how this comes from a mass
microbalance.
c. (1 points) Explain how you can use the experiment conditions mentioned in the
problem statement to cancel out terms from the general PDE (from b) to simplify it
to an ODE that you can integrate. Explain the cancellation and indicate your final
GDE.

New part of the problem

d. (5 points) Define appropriate boundary conditions based on the problem

statement.
e. (7 points) Obtain a profile for the molar flux inside your control volume.
f. (7 points) Obtain a profile that describes how the molar concentration varies inside
your control volume.
g. (2 points) Provide an equation to estimate the molar flow rate of F through P.

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 By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto

Diffusional Transport Processes

Fall 2021
Formulaire

𝜕𝑣𝑗
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = −𝜇 ( )
𝜕𝑖

𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑖 = −𝑘 ( )
𝜕𝑖

𝜕𝐶𝛼
𝐽𝛼,𝑖 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( )
𝜕𝑖

𝑚̇[=]𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑛[=]𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝑀̇[=]𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁[=]𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝜔[=]𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑥[=]𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣𝑖 = 𝜔𝛼 𝑣𝛼,𝑖 + 𝜔𝛽 𝑣𝛽,𝑖

𝑛 =𝜌∙𝑣

𝑗𝛼,𝑖 = 𝜌𝜔𝛼 (𝑣𝛼,𝑖 − 𝑣𝑖 )

𝑛𝛼 = 𝑗𝛼 + 𝜔𝛼 ∙ 𝑛 𝑇

𝜕𝜌 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑥 )

= −( + + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝜌𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑛𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑛𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑛𝑧 )

= −( + + ) = −( + + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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 By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto

𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
= −( (𝜌𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑧 )) = − ( (𝑛𝑟 ) + (𝑛𝜃 ) + (𝑛𝑧 ))
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
= − ( 2 (𝑟 2 ∗ 𝜌𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + (𝜌𝑣𝜙 ))
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
= − ( 2 (𝑟 2 ∗ 𝑛𝑟 ) + (𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + (𝑛 ))
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜙

𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝑁𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝑁𝐴𝑧

= −( + + ) + 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐶𝐴 1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
= −( (𝑟 ∙ 𝑁𝑟 ) + (𝑁𝜃 ) + (𝑁𝑧 )) + 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐶𝐴
= 𝒟𝐴𝐵 𝛻 2 𝐶𝐴
𝜕𝑡

𝐶𝐴 = 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃𝐴

𝑁𝛼 = −𝐾𝐿 ∙ Δ𝐶𝛼

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝒯𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝒯𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝒯𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑃𝑥

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = − [ + + ]− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝒯𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝒯𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝒯𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝑃𝑦

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = − [ + + ]− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝒯𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝒯𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝒯𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝑃𝑧

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = − [ + + ]− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑃𝑥

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = 𝜇 [ 2 + 2
+ 2
]− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑃𝑦

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = 𝜇 [ 2 + 2
+ 2
]− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

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 By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑃𝑧

𝜌[ + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )] = 𝜇 [ 2 + + ] − + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜏𝜃𝜃

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − )=− −[ (𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝜏𝜃𝑟 + 𝜏𝑧𝑟 − ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜏𝜃𝑟 _𝜏𝑟𝜃
=− − [ 2 (𝑟 2 𝜏𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝜏𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝑧𝜃 + ] + 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 )=− −[ (𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) + 𝜏𝜃𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
2
=− +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 + − ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
=− +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + ] + 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣2 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 )=− +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 1 2 1
̂) = − (𝛻 ∙ ( 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑈
( 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ̂) 𝑣) − (𝛻 ∙ 𝑞) − (𝛻 ∙ 𝑝𝑣) − (𝛻 ∙ [𝜏 ∙ 𝑣]) + 𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑔)
𝜕𝑡 2 2

𝜕 1 2 1
( 𝜌𝑣 ) = − (𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑣) − (𝛻 ∙ 𝑝𝑣) − 𝑝(−𝛻 ∙ 𝑣) − (𝛻 ∙ [𝜏 ∙ 𝑣]) − (−𝜏: 𝛻𝑣) + 𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑔)
𝜕𝑡 2 2

𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝜌 𝐷𝑝
𝜌𝐶̂𝑝 = −(𝛻 ∙ 𝑞) − (𝜏 ∶ 𝛻𝑣) − ( )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑝 𝐷𝑡

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝜌 𝐷𝑝
𝜌𝐶̂𝑝 ( + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )) = −(𝛻 ∙ 𝑞) − (𝜏 ∶ 𝛻𝑣) − ( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑝 𝐷𝑡

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑞𝑥 𝜕𝑞𝑦 𝜕𝑞𝑧 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝜌 𝐷𝑝

𝜌𝐶̂𝑝 ( + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )) = − ( + + ) − (𝜏 ∶ 𝛻𝑣) − ( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑝 𝐷𝑡

7
 By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝜌 𝐷𝑝

𝜌𝐶̂𝑝 ( + (𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 )) = 𝑘 ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) − (𝜏 ∶ 𝛻𝑣) − ( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑝 𝐷𝑡

8
By Prof. Alan Aguirre-Soto