Lecture Three - HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER PDF
Lecture Three - HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER PDF
Lecture Three - HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER PDF
Reliability
1. DEFINITIONS
2. CATEGORIES OF POWER QUALITY VARIATIONS
3. HARMONIC DISTORTION SOURCES IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEMS
4. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
5. HARMONIC MEASUREMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
6. HARMONIC STANDARDS
7. HARMONIC MITIGATING TECHNIQUES
8. GENERAL PASSIVE AND ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN PROCEDURES
9. DESIGN EXAMPLES
10. CONCLUSIONS
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1. DEFINITIONS
n=2
THD =
V1
Where, Vn is the magnitude of nth harmonic voltage and V1
is the magnitude of fundamental voltage.
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What Causes Harmonics?
Non-Linear Loads
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Linear vs. Non-linear loads and current waveforms
180 Out
of Phase
In
Phase
When a waveform is identical from one waveform to the next, it can be represented as a sum
of pure sine waves in which the frequency of each sinusoid is an integer multiple of the
fundamental frequency of the distorted wave.
The sum of the sinusoids created by harmonics can be analyzed using the Fourier series concept
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Harmonics
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What do harmonics do?
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Effects of Harmonics (cont)
• Operation Problems of Relays and Circuit
Breakers
– Thermal/Magnetic Trip Circuit Breakers
• Fuses & bimetal strips respond to True RMS
• Harmonic currents increase eddy current
losses in the core steel of the metallic strip.
• This causes an overprotection situation…
Increased losses generate additional heat,
this effect the thermal trip of the unit.
80
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Effects of Harmonics (cont)
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Effects of Harmonics (cont)
• Communication Problems
– If sharing common parallel path, potential for
harmonics to have inductive coupling effect on
unshielded cabling
• Current Measurement Problems (distorted waveform)
• Unreliable Operation of Electronic Equipment
– Mis-operation of electronic equipment that
measures frequency or uses the zero crossing point
of a sine wave.
– Control of Speed and Voltage Problems on
Emergency Generators (supplying power)
– Computer (PC/CPU) data errors / data loss
– Affects power supplies and sensitive electronics
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HarmonicAnalysis
Harmonics
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Harmonics
Single phase,
two-pulse diode
rectifier with
capacitive DC-link
Phase voltage
(continuous) and
phase current
(pulsed) to a
television receiver
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Harmonics
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Harmonic wave and its expansion using Fourier
Frequency spectrum
20 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
Effect of harmonics on waveform
180 Out
of Phase
In
Phase
1
1
0.5
0.8
THD= 43.83%
0.6
0
Fundamental
-0.5 0.4
-1 0.2
-1.5
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time(s)
Harmonics Number
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• Although easy to measure, the THD does not show
the interference impact of the signal.
• Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is a measure of the
THD taking into account the circuit rating. As the
circuit rating versus load current rises, TDD drops
TDD = THD x (Fundamental load current/circuit
rating)
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What do harmonics do?
⚫ Harmonics are carried through the system from the source
and can nearly double the amount of current on the neutral
conductor in three phase four wire distribution systems.
⚫ Distorted currents from harmonic-producing loads also
distort the voltage, which appear to other end users on the
system.
⚫ Overall electrical system performance and power quality is
affected by the introduction of harmonics, such as
• Overheating of Transformers, Capacitors and Motors
• Mal-operation Relays and Circuit Breakers
• Communication Interference Problems
• Unreliable Operation of Electronic Equipment
• Computer (PC/CPU) data errors / data loss
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Order of typical harmonics generated by non-
linear loads?
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2. Power-Quality Standards
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Power-Quality Standards IEEE 519
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Power-Quality Standards
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What kind of Power Quality Effects?
⚫ Harmonic Distortion
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Harmonic Voltage Limit as per IEEE-519
(utilities’ responsibility)
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Harmonic Current Limit as per IEEE-519
(customers’ responsibility)
SCR h<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
=Isc/IL
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
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WAVEFORM DISTORTION: Square Wave
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WAVEFORM DISTORTION: Root-mean square
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Harmonics
Harmonics
It is also common to use a single quantity, the Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD), as a measure of the effective value of harmonic
distortion.
2
n=nmax
Vn
THD = x100 5%
n=2 V1
Where V1-Fundamental frequency voltage component Vn=nth harmonic voltage
component
The Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is the same term as the Total
Harmonic Distortion except that the distortion is expressed as a
percent of some rated load current rather than as a percent of the
fundamental current magnitude.
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How can Harmonics be Reduced?
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How can Harmonics be Reduced?
• PROPER GROUNDING
– Neutral to ground conductor connection at one location;
at main panel or transformer secondary
– Run power and control conductors in separate raceways
– Sensitive loads should not share neutral and ground
conductors.
– Avoid using conduit as the ground return path, run
dedicated ground wire with circuit conductors
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Low pass filter:
• A low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to
low-frequency signals and difficult passage to high-
frequency signals.
• The inductor’s impedance increases with increasing
frequency. This high impedance in series tends to block
high-frequency signals from getting to the load.
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Low pass filter:
• The capacitor’s impedance decreases with
increasing frequency. This low impedance in
parallel with the load resistance tends to short out
high-frequency signals, dropping most of the
voltage across series resistor.
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High pass filter:
• High-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-
pass filter: to offer easy passage of a high-
frequency signal and difficult passage to a low-
frequency signal.
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High pass filter:
• This high impedance in series tends to block low-
frequency signals from getting to load. The inductor’s
impedance decreases with decreasing frequency.
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Passive filters
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Passive filters
• Shunt passive filters. The filter is usually placed as shown in
Figure to divert a selected portion of the harmonic currents
produced by the nonlinear load.
• The filter is usually made up of one or more sections, as shown in
Figure. The single- tuned RLC filter for each harmonic frequency
is the most common. The impedance Z of the single-tuned section
shown in Figure is given by:
• The resistance R is due to the winding loss and the core loss of the
inductor. The quality factor, or Q of an inductor, is given by:
44
44
• Typical
PQR values of Q for filter inductors are 25 to 45 at 50 Hz.
HarmonicAnalysis
Passive filter
Passive filter is tuned to a harmonic order near the one to be eliminated. A number of
parallel-connected filters may be used when a significant reduction in distortion over a
104
45
range
PQRof orders is required.
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Passive filters
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Multi-section filters
• The filter is designed to attenuate higher-order
harmonics such as the 5th, 7th, and 11th that are
generated by the nonlinear load.
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Passive filters
• Line reactor: One of the simplest harmonic filters is
the line reactor shown as the three-legged inductor in
Figure. This magnetic component is often used in the
line in series with motor controllers and other
converters that draw significant harmonic current.
The reactor presents high impedance to high
frequency currents while passing the fundamental.
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Active filters
• Active filters are relatively new types of devices for
eliminating harmonics. They are based on sophisticated
power electronics and are much more expensive than
passive filters.
• They can also address more than one harmonic at a time
and combat other power quality problems such as flicker.
• The basic idea is to replace the portion of the sine wave
that is missing in the current in a nonlinear load. An
electronic control monitors the line voltage and/or
current, switching the power electronics very precisely to
track the load current or voltage and force it to be
sinusoidal
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Active Filter
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Harmonics and transformers
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Harmonics and transformers
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Harmonics and power-correction capacitors
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Harmonics and Power-correction Capacitors
EXAMPLE:
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Attenuation of Harmonics
Inductive Reactance
Technically simple.
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Attenuation of Harmonics
12-pulse Rectifiers
Method: Two separate rectifier bridges supply a single
DC bus. The two bridges are fed from phase-
shifted supplies.
Benefits: Very effective in the elimination of 5th and 7th
harmonics.
Stops harmonics at the source.
Insensitive to future system changes.
6-pulse converter
note the level of distortion
and steep current rise.
12-pulse converter
18-pulse converter
virtually indistinguishable
from the source current
waveform.
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WHY HARMONIC ANALYSIS ?
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⚫ Current Harmonics flowing through cables can cause higher heating over
and above the heating that is created from the fundamental component.
⚫ Current Harmonics flowing through a transformer can cause higher
heating over and above the heating that is created by the fundamental
component.
⚫ Current Harmonics flowing through circuit breakers and switch-gear can
increase their heating losses.
⚫ RESONANT CURRENTS which are created by current harmonics and
the different filtering topologies of the power system can cause capacitor
failures and/or fuse failures in the capacitor or other electrical equipment.
⚫ False tripping of circuit breakers ad protective relays.
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HARMONIC SOURCES
a) Current Source nonlinear load
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INPUT CURRENT OF DIFFERENT
NOLINEAR LOADS
1.0
Rectifier component)
-0.5
10 20 30 40
0
-1.0
Time (mS)
1.0
2nd, 3rd, 4th ,......
1-φ 0.5
harmonic
Current
10 20 30 40
0
-1.0
Time (mS)
1.0
0.0
filtering and without -0.5
input reactor filter 0
10 20 30 40 5, 7, 11, ……….
-1.0
Time (mS)
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1.0
6 - Pulse Rectifier
0.5
with output voltage 40%
Current
filtering and with 3% 0.0 5, 7, 11, ………..
reactor filter or with -0.5
continues output 0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
current Time (mS)
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
11, 13, ………..
0 10 20 30 40
-1.0 Time (mS)
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CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 6-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS
HARMONIC P.U PULSE
1 1.00
5 0.2
7 0.143
11 0.09
13 0.077
17 0.059
19 0.053
23 0.04
CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 12-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS
HARMONIC P.U PULSE IEEE 519 std
1 1.00 -
5 0.03-0.06 5.6%
7 0.02-0.06 5.6%
11 0.05-0.09 2.8%
13 0.03-0.08 2.8%
THD 7.5%-14.2% 7.0%
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RECENT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS TAKEN IN AN
INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH 600 KVA, 20 KV/400 V
DISTRIBUTION TRANFORMER
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Current waveform and its
respective spectrum at the
inputs of a motor drive system
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Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the secondary of the distribution transformer
( i.e. at the service entrance)
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DEFINITIONS
1 T
C o = o f ( t )dt , Ch = A 2h + B2h (2)
T
2 T
A h = o f ( t ) cos( hωt )dt (3)
T
2 T
Bh = o f ( t ) sin(hωt )dt (4)
T
h = harmonic order
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THD υ % = Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal voltage waveform
2
Vh
h =2
= 100 (5)
V1
THD i % = Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal current waveform
2
Ih
= h =2
100 (6)
I1
Vh = hth harmonic component of the voltage
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~ ~2
IH = RMS value of the current distortion = Ih
h =2
~
I= RMS value of a nonsinusoidal current =
~2 (7)
= Ih
h =1
~
V= RMS value of a nonsinusoidal voltage =
~2
= Vh
(8)
h =1
Drive kVA
THD υ % = HF 100 (9)
SC kVA
h 2 I 2h / I1 (10)
HF = Harmonic Factor = h =5
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Drive kVA = Full load kVA rating of the Drive system
~~ ~~
Q = V Ii,1 sin φ1 , S = V I (12)
D = Distortion VA = S2 − P2 − Q2 (13)
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( )
~ ~ ~ ~2
D 2
= S − V 2 Ii,21 = V 2
2
Ii,h (14)
h =2
P Ii,1
λ = True Power Factor = = cos φ1 (15)
S I
~ ~ ~ ~
P = Vh Ih cos φ h , Q = Vh Ih sin φ h (16)
h =1 h =1
D = Distortion Power = SnmS*nm − S S*
n m (17)
n m n m
n m n m
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S2 = P 2 + Q 2 + D 2 (18)
S=
~ 2~ 2
V I = V ( ) (
~~ 2 ~~
h h 1 I1 + V1 IH )2 + (V~H ~I1 )2 +
h =1
(~ ~
+ VH IH )
2
= S12 + S2N (19)
~~
S1 = Fundamenta l Apparent Power = V1 I1
( ) (
~~ 2 ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 2
S2N = V1 IH + VH I1 + VH IH) ( )
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~~
V1 IH = Current Distortion Power
(20)
~ ~
VH I1 = Voltage Distortion Power (21)
~ ~
VH IH = Harmonic Apparent Power (22)
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Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to
the fundamental component.
Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, ….. (6n-3) th ) do not produce
a rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutral
or ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positive
and negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add up
arithmetically at the neutral bus.
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EXAMPLE 1
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
~
= V2 (~I − ~I )
2 3
2
= 200 (10 + 10 ) = 8 10
2 2 2 6
(VA )2
~ ~
P 2 + Q2 + D2 = V 2 I 2
~~ ~
P V I1 cos ψ1 I1
PF = power factor = = ~~ = (cos ψ1 )
S VI I
1
Displacement factor = cos ψ1 = = 0.707
2
I 20
Distortion factor = 1 = = 0.817
I 600
Therefore, the power factor is
1 2
PF = = 0.577
2 6
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EXAMPLE 2
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-RL LOAD
(
A periodic, sinusoidal voltage given by v = 2 200 sin ωt + 200 sin 5ωt + 30o )
is applied to a series, linear, resistance-inductance load of resistance 4Ω and
fundamental frequency reactance 10Ω.
Calculate the degree of power factor improvement realizable by capacitance
Compensation when f1 = 50 HZ.
~
Solution. The rms terminal voltage V is given by
= 2002 + 2002
Therefore
~
V = 283V
Z1 = 4 + j10
Z1 = 10.8
i = 2
200
(
sin t − 68.2o + )
200
( )
sin 5t + 30o − 85.4o
10.8 50
~
The rms load current I is therefore given by
~ 2 ~ 2
~ 2 ~ 2 ~ 2 V1 V5
I = I1 + I5 = +
Z1 Z5
= 18.522 + 42 = 359A 2
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Apparent voltamperes S at the load terminals in the absence of capacitance is
therefore
n
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
P = Vn In cos L = V1 I1 cos 1 + V2 I2 cos 2 + ...
1
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EXAMPLE 3
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
A periodic, nonsinusoidal voltage with instantaneous value given by
( )
v = 2 200 sin ωt + 200 sin 2ωt - 30o is applied to a nonlinear impedance.
The resulting current has an instantaneous value given by
i = 2 20 sin (ωt − 45 ) + 10 sin (2ωt − 60 ) + 10 sin (3ωt + 60 )
L
o o o
Calculate the components SLR , SLX , SLD of the load apparent voltamperes
and compare thee with the classical values PL , Q L , D L respectively.
Solution.
(
v = 2 200 sin ωt + 200 sin 2ωt - 30o )
iL = 2 20 sin (ωt − 45 ) + 10 sin (2ωt − 60 ) + 10 sin (3ωt + 60 )
o o o
Note that the presence of the load nonlinearity causes a frequency component
of load current (I.e. the third harmonic term) that is not present in the supply
voltage.
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The rms voltage and current at the supply are given by
~
V 2 = 200 2 + 200 2 = 8 10 4 V 2
~2
IL = 202 + 102 + 102 = 6 102 A 2
~ and ~
The load apparent voltamperes SL therefore has a value defined in terms V IL
S2L = V 2 IL2 = 48 106 (VA )
~ ~ 2
i R = 2 20 cos 45o sin t + 10 cos 300 sin 2t − 30o ( )
~
( 2
) (
ILR2 = 20 cos 45o + 10 cos 30o )
2
=
11
4
102 A 2
i X = − 2 20 sin 45o cos ωt + 10 sin 30 0 cos 2ωt − 30 o ( )
~2
ILX ( 2
) (
= 20 sin 45o + 10 sin 30o ) 2 9
= 102 A 2
4
iD = 2 10 sin (3t + 60 ) o
~2
ILD = 102 A 2
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Note that current components i R , i X contain only those harmonic terms which
are common to both voltage and current. These are therefore consistent with the
n1 terms.
~ ~ ~
The rms load current components ILR , ILX , ILD are found, as expected to sum
~
to the total rms load current IL
~2 ~2 ~2 11 9 ~
ILD + ILR + ILD = 102 1 + + = 6 102 = IL2
4 4
Components SLR , SLX , SLD of the apparent voltamperes can now be obtained
86 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
The component voltamperes are seen to sum to the total apparent voltamperes
= 48 10 6 (VA )2
= S2L
Components PL , Q L , D L of SL are found as follows:
2
n
~ ~
PL = Vn1 In1 cos ψ n1
2
1
( o
= 200 20 cos 45 + 200 10 cos 30 )
o 2
2
(
= 100 20 2 + 10 3 )
2
= 106 2 2 + ( 3 )2
( )
= 106 8 + 3 + 4 6 = 20.8 106 S2LR
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2
n
~ ~
Q L = Vn1 In1 sin ψ n1
2
1
(
= 200 20 sin 45o + 200 10 sin 30o )2
( )
= 106 2 2 + 1 = 14.6 106 S2LX
D 2L = S2L − PL2 − Q 2L
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Similarly the definition of active voltamperes SLR could be given by “that
component of the load apparent voltamperes that is obtained by the combination
of supply voltage harmonics with in-phase components of corresponding
frequency load current harmonics”.
Both SLR and SLX are entirely fictitious and non-physical. The active
of the load apparent voltamperes that can be entirely compensated (for sinusoidal
supply voltage) or minimized (for nonsinusoidal supply voltage) by energy-storage
methods.
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Voltage and current profiles in a
commercial building
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HARMONIC STANDARDS
⚫ International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) European
Standards.
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CLASS-A: Balanced three-phase equipment and all other equipment
except that stated in one of the remaining three classes.
CLASS-B: Portable electrical tools, which are hand held during normal
operation and used for a short time only (few minutes)
CLASS-C: Lighting equipment including dimming devices.
CLASS-D: Equipment having an input current with special wave shape
( e.g.equipment with off-line capacitor-rectifier AC input
circuitry and switch Mode power Supplies) and an active
input power 600W.
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• IEEE 519-1992 United States Standards on harmonic limits
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POWER QUALITY STANDARDS –
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARDS
TABLE I
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(120-69000 V)
Isc/IL <11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
<20* 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1,000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1,000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Source: IEEE Standard 519-1992.
Note: Even harmonics are limited to 25 percent of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortions that result in a direct current offset; for example, half wave
converters are not allowed.
Table I is for 6-pulse rectifiers. For converters higher than 6 pulse, the limits for
characteristic harmonics are increased by a factor o f q/6 , where q is the pule number,
provided that the
amplitudes of noncharacteristic harmonics are less than 25 percent.
*All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of
actual ISC/IL.
Where ISC = Maximum short circuit at PCC.
And IL = Average Maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency
component at PCC).
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TABLE II
LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND DISTORTION LIMITS
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARTS
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TABLE III
LIMITS OF THD%
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARDS
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TABLE IV
PROPOSED IEC 555-2 CLASS D STANDARDS for power from 50 to 600W
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METHODOLOGY FOR
COMPUTING DISTORTION
Step 1: Compute the individual current harmonic distortion at each
dedicated bus using different Software programs (i.e. SIMULINK,
SPICE, e.t.c.) or tables that provide the current distortion of
nonlinear loads.
Step 2: Compute the voltage and current harmonic content at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC) which is located at the input of the
industrial power system.
- Each individual harmonic current at the PCC is the sum of
harmonic current contribution from each dedicated bus.
- The load current at PCC is the sum of the load current
contribution from each dedicated bus.
- The maximum demand load current at PCC can be found by
computing the load currents for each branch feeder and multiply
by a demand factor to obtain feeder demand. Then the sum of all
feeder demands is divided by a diversity factor to obtain the
maximum demand load current.
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Step 3: Choose a base MVA and base KV for the system use the following
equations in order to compute individual and total current and
voltage harmonic distortions at PCC and any other point within the
power system.
3
Ib= Base current in Amps = MVA b 10 (24)
Amps
3kVb
I
= h (h ) (Zs ) 100 Volts (26)
Ib
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2
2 2
Vh 1 2 Ih
h = 2
THD υ % = h = 2 100 THD i % = 100 (27)
V1 I1
h = harmonic order
Ih
IH = Percent individual harmonic distortion = 100 (28)
IL
Isc = Short Circuit current at the point under consideration.
Isc MVA sc
S.C. Ratio = Short circuit Ratio = = (29)
I L MVA D
AN1 , AN2 , …… are the notch areas contribution of the different busses
Source inductance
A N1 = A NDR1
Source inductance + the sum of inductances from PCC to the drive
(32)
• Harmonic Sinc
• Low Impedance
• Cheapest
• VA ratings = VT (Load Harmonic current + reactive current of the filter)
• Harmonic dam
• High-impedance
• Cheapest
• VA ratings = Load current (Fundamental drop across filter + Load Harmonic Voltage)
Rtot Ltot IS If
C
VS Ih
AC Source Harmonic
Load
Z in
Using the above circuit the following equations hold:
2
1000 kVLL (35)
R tr = R pu
kVA tr
2
1000 kVLL (36)
X tr = X pu
kVA tr
2
1000 kVcap
Xc = (39)
kVAR cap
1
C= (40)
ωX c
1
Xc = (41)
ωC
X tot X tot
L tot = = (42)
ω 2 πf
Zin =
(R tot + jωL tot ) (− j / ωC)
1 (43)
R tot + jωL tot − j
ωC
1 1
ωo L tot = , fo = (44)
ωo C 2 πωo
The equation for Zin can be used to determine the equivalent system
impedance for different frequencies. The harmonic producing loads can
resonate (parallel resonance), the above equivalent circuit. Designating
the parallel resonant frequency by ωo (rad/sec) or f o (HZ) and equating
the inductive and capacitive reactances.
This figure shows that by adding some typical sizes of power factor correction capacitors will
result in the magnification of the 5th and 7th harmonic components, which in turns makes it
even more difficult to meet the IEEE 519-1992 harmonic current standards .
- Power factor correction capacitors should not be used without turning reactors in case the
adjustable speed drives are >10% of the plant load.
119 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
EXAMPLE
Let us examine an industrial plant with the following data:
- Medium voltage = 20KVLL
- Low voltage = 0.4 KVLL
- Utility three phase short circuit power = 250 MVA
- For asymmetrical current, the X ratio of system impedance = 2.4
R
The Transformer is rated:
R sys =
20 2
250
cos tan −1(2.4 ) = 0.6154 Ω
1000 (0.4 )2
Xc = = 0.267 Ω
600
C = 11.94 10−3 F
f o = 237 .97 HZ
h = 4.76
123 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
Case d:
1000 (0.4 )2
Xc = = 0.2 Ω
800
C = 15.92 10−3 F
f o = 206 .08HZ
h = 4.12
It is clear for the above system that in the 600 KVAR case, there
exists a parallel resonant frequency f o close to the 5th harmonic.
As it can be seen from the above figure significant reduction of the 5th
harmonic is achieved. Moreover, there is some reduction for all the other
harmonic components.
126 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
The single phase equivalent circuit of the power distribution system
with the tuned filter is shown below
Also
R tot + jωL tot
If = I h
R tot + jωL tot + ωL f − 1 ωC
(48)
50 1000 (0.4)2
Lf = = 68.45 10 −6 H = 38.45μH
2 π (235 )2 600
The new parallel combination is having resonant frequency:
1
fo =
2 π (L tot + Lf ) C
with L tot = 37.55 10 −6 H we have
Lf = 38.45 10−6 H
C = 11.94 10−3 F
1
fo = = 167 .16 HZ
2 π 76 10 − 6 11.94 10 −3
h = 167.16 / 50 = 3.43 (without Lf was 4.76)
Parallel Resonant f0
KVAR C(mF) Without Lf With Lf
200 3.98 8.80 115.3μH 4.08
T
Ground (input)
+ Gnd
v
-
200m cable 4x240 50m cable 4x1 V1
Ground (output)1
Voltage Measurement3
+
v
-
+
Current Measurement4
-
i
voltage
Scope1
i
-
itot
+
Scope2 +
i
Scope4
-
chock2%5
chock2%3 chock2%1
AC Voltage Source
Ground (input)8
Ground (input)5 Ground (input)4
Ground (output)
Current Measurement5
i i
+ +
- -
Current Measurement3
Current Measurement1
-
i
AC Current Source1
AC Current Source
Ground (input)1
500 20
I
[% I1]
[A] 15
-500
10
-1500
5
-2500 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Input current of a 6-pulse Rectifier driving a DC machine without any input filtering
5000
35%
30%
2500
I Dynacomp [A]
25%
20%
[%I1]
0
15%
-2500 10%
5%
-5000 0%
0 10 20 30 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Input current with Active Filtering
[% U1]
0
6
-500 4
2
-1000 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Typical 6-pulse drive voltage waveform
1000 14
12
500
10
U [V]
[% U]
0
6
-500 4
2
-1000 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
LF
Equivalent circuit
138 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
ADVANTAGES OF THE SHUNT OR PARALLEL
ACTIVE FILTER
Source voltage
Load current
Source current
A. F. output current
G1 = 0 G h =1
ZL VS
IS = I LH + (53)
Z Z
ZS + L ZS + L
1− G 1− G
ZL
1− G 1 VS
IL = I LH + (54)
ZL 1 − G Z + ZL
ZS + S
1− G 1− G
ZL
If ZS h (55)
1− G h
Then the above equations become
I C = I Lh (56)
VSh
ISh (1 − G )I LHh + (1 − G ) 0 (57)
ZL
141 HarmonicAnalysis PQR
VSh
I Lh = I LHh + (58)
ZL
Equation (55) is the required condition for the parallel A.F. to cancel
the load harmonic current. Only G can be predesign by the A.F. while
Zs and ZL are determined by the system.
For pure current source type of harmonic source ZL ZS
and consequently equations (53) and (55) become
IS
= (1 − G )
(59)
I LH
1 − G h 1 (60)
ZS = Source impedance
I LH = Is the equivalent harmonic current source
• The DC bus nominal voltage, VdC, must be greater than or equal to line voltage
peak in order to actively control i C .
• The selection of the interface inductance of the active filter is based on the
compromise of keeping the output current ripple of the inverter low and the same
time to be able to track the desired source current.
• The required capacitor value is dictated by the maximum acceptable voltage
ripple. A good initial guess of C is:
2
t VdC − Vφn
max i Cdt
0 Also LF 3
diφL
C
ΔvCmax max
V dt
nφ = peak line-neutral voltage
vu
vα 2 1 − 1/ 2 − 1/ 2
v = vv
β 3 0 3/2 − 3 / 2
v w
i
i Lα 2 1 − 1/ 2 − 1/ 2 Lu
i = i Lv
Lβ 3 0 3/2 − 3 / 2
i Lw
p L v α vβ i Lα
q = − v v α i Lβ
L β
where
p L = pL + p L + ~
pL = DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
q L = qL + q L + ~
qL = DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
iCu 1 0 −1
2 vα v β p
i Cv = 3 − 1/ 2 3/2
- vβ v α q
i − 1 / 2 − 3 / 2
Cw
p = ~
pL
~ Current Harmonics compensation is achieved
q = qL
p = ~
pL
~ Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
q = q L + qL
Components of reactive power compensation
p = p L + ~
pL
Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
q = q L + ~
Components of active and reactive power compensation
qL
iAF = K V v h
The active filter behaves like a resistor 1/KV ohms to the external circuit for
harmonic frequencies without altering the fundamental components.
The current control circuit compares the reference current i AF with the actual
current of the active filter i AF and amplifies the error by a gain KI . Each phase
voltage detected at the point of installation, v is added to each magnified error
signal, thus constituting a feed forward compensation in order to improve current
controllability. As a result, the current controller yields three-phase voltage
references. Then, each reference voltage v i is compared with a high frequency
triangular waveform to generate the gate signals for the power semiconductor
devices.
ZF
ISh
=
ZF Lh K + Z + Z
I
h = 2 F S
I Lh K + Z F + ZS THD i =
IS1
VC = βVT
vAF = K i F5
As a result, the active filter acts as a pure resistor of K ohms for the 5th
harmonic voltage and current. The impedance of the hybrid filter at the 5th
harmonic frequency, Z5 is given by
1
Z5 = j5ωL F + + rf + K
j5ωC F
1
K = − rF VBUS5 = 0 , IS5 = VS5
j5ωL T
The control circuit consists of two parts; a circuit for extracting the
5th current harmonic component from the passive filter iF and a circuit
that adjusts automatically the gain K. The reference voltage for the
active filter
v AF = K i F5
HARMONIC-EXTRACTING CIRCUIT
The extracting circuit detects the three-phase currents that flow into
the passive filter using the AC current transformers and then the α-β
coordinates are transformed to those on the d-g coordinates by
using a unit vector (cos5ωt, sin5ωt) with a rotating frequency of
five times as high as the line frequency.
By inserting a series Active Filter between the AC source and the load
where the harmonic source is existing we can force the source current to
become sinusoidal. The technique is based on a principle of harmonic
isolation by controlling the output voltage of the series active filter.
Equivalent Circuit
ZL I L VS
IS = + (62)
ZS + ZL + KG ZS + ZL + KG
G1 = 0 , G h =1 (63)
If K Z L h and K ZS + ZL h (64)
Then
VC = ZL I Lh + VSh (65)
IS 0 (66)
LECTURE FOUR
RELIABILTY
166 HarmonicAnalysis PQR