Data Communication & Networking

 Network
- Connecting multiple entities [persons, devices]

 Computer Network
- connecting devices/computers to share the information
- Internet: network of networks

 Devices

 Personal devices
- Smart watch
-Apple Watch: watchos
- Google Android: Android wear
- Samsung Watch: Tizen
- Smart TV’s
- Sony/Samsung: Android TV
- LG: webos
- Smart auto
- Tesla
- Smart glass
- Google OS
- Smart tablet
- Smart phablet

 Phone
 Basic
- To make and receive calls
- To send and receive text SMS
- play snakes like games
 Smart phone
- has its own OS
- eg.
- Google Android
- Apple iOS
- BlackBerry OS
- MS Windows Phone OS
- Amazon FireOS
- Firefox Mobile
- Ubuntu Mobile
- Embedded Linux
 - Symbian
- Tizen
- MeeMo
- MeeGo
- Bada
- WebOS
- PalmOS

 Kitchen appliances
- Coffee machine
- Fridge
- Washing machine

 Units
- b (bit)
- B (Byte)

 Network Types
 Wired
- Medium: wire/cable
- Cables
1. Co-axial
2. CAT cables
- Category Cable
- Also called as Twisted Pairs Cable (TP)
- Versions
- Cat 1 : -
- Cat 2 : 1Mbps
- Cat 3 : 10Mbps
- Cat 4 : 16Mbps
- Cat 5 : 100Mbps
- Cat 5e: 125Mbps
- Cat 6 : 1000Mbps ~ 1Gbps
- Cat 6a: 1000Mbps ~ 1Gbps
- Cat 7 : 10000Mbps ~ 10Gbps

- Types
- UTP: Unshielded TP cable
- STP: Shielded TP cable
- Fiber optic: 100Gbps
 - Wired Network Types
 LAN
- Local Area Network
- span a building
 MAN
- Metropolitan Area Network
- Spans across building (within a city)
 WAN
- Wide Area Network
- Spans across continent
 CAN
- Campus Area Network
- Spans across a campus

 Wireless
- Medium: air/EM Waves
- Types
 PAN
- Personal Area Network
- Also called as PicoNet
- eg. BlueTooth, ZigBee, NFC
 WLAN: Wireless LAN
 GSM
- Groupe´ Speciale´ Mobile´
- Global System for Mobile Communication
 CDMA
- Code Division Multiple Access
- given by Qualcomm

 Connector
- T-connector : co-axial
- RJ45 connector : cat cable [network]
- RJ11 connector : telephone cable

 Topology
- Physical arrangement of computers
- Types
- Bus
- Ring
- Connected Ring
 - Star (***)
- The computers get connected to a central device
- The central device can be one of the
- Hub
- Switch
- Router
- Mesh
 NIC
- Network Interface Card
- Also called network card
- gets the data in form of binary and converts the data into
electrical signals

 Casting
- Sending the data to the devices
- Ways
- Broadcasting : sending to all the devices
- Unicasting : sending to only one device
- Multicasting : sending to multiple [not to all] devices

 Devices
 Hub
- Is a physical layer [layer 1] device
- Concerned about the signals/binary information
- Increases the traffic by sending the data to all the
machines connected to the hub
- The performance will go down over the time
- Used to build a LAN
 Switch
- A smart device
- It has its own OS
- Cisco : Ios
- Juniper : junos
- Is a data link layer [layer 2] device
- Uses MAC address to identify the computers
- Improves the performance by preferring unicast or
multicast
- Sends the broadcast only when there is no entry in MAC
address table
- Used to build a LAN
 Router
- Network layer [layer 3] device
- Uses IP address to identify a machine
- Has to be configured manually
 Addressing
 MAC address
- MAC: Media Access Control
- Also called as
- Ethernet address
- Physical address
- Format
- x:x:x:x:x:x
- Where x takes 1 byte [00 - ff]
- Size: 6 bytes => 6 x 8 = 48 bits
- used to identify the network card (NIC) uniquely
- embedded into the NIC’s ROM
- cannot be changed
- To find out the MAC address use
- Windows: ipconfig /all
- Linux/Mac: ifconfig
- Significance
-First group [1-2-3]: the identifier of NIC’s manufacturer
-Second group [4-5-6]: the identifier of NIC
- eg.
- 78:4f:XX:XX:23:XX
- Where
- 78:XX:43 -> manufacturer’s identifier
- 90:XX:XX -> NIC’s identifier
- To get the manufacturer
- https://hwaddress.com

 IP Address (*****)
- Internet Protocol Addressing
- Also known as
- Logical address
- To identify a computer uniquely
- To find out the MAC address use
- Windows: ipconfig
- Linux/Mac: ifconfig

- Versions:
- IPv4:
- Size: 4 bytes => 4 x 8 => 32 bits
- Format
- x.x.x.x
- Where x will be from 0 to 255
 - IPv6:
- Size: 128 bits

- Where the IP address can be written

- Binary numbers
- Decimal numbers
- Types of IP Addresses
 Private
- is also called as local IP address
- is required to connect to the local network (LAN)
 Public
- is required to connect to the internet

- IP addressing
- Max IP address: 2^32
- Min: 0.0.0.0 :
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
- Max: 255.255.255.255 :
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

- Subnet mask:
- used to calculate the network address [ID]
- contains only
- 0, 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254, 255
- eg.
- 255.255.255.1: invalid
- 255.248.255.0: invalid
- 255.255.255.248: valid

 Classfull
 Class A
- 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
- Private: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 [10.x.x.x]
- Default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0
(11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000)
- # Networks: 2^8 = 256
- # Hosts per network: 2^24 = 16M

* Reserved:
- 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
- Loopback address
- 127.0.0.1 -> loopback address for local host
 - First IP address of every network: identifies
the network
- Last IP address of every network: used for broadcast

 Class B
- 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
- Private: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
- Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
(11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000)
- # Networks: 2^16 = 65536
- # Hosts per network: 2^16 = 65536
- Reserved:
- First IP address of every network: identifies
the network
- Last IP address of every network: used for broadcast

 Class C
- 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
- Private: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
- Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
(11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
- # Networks: 2^24 = 16M
- # Hosts per network: 2^8 = 256
- Reserved:
- First IP address of every network: identifies the
network
- Last IP address of every network: used for broadcast

 Class D
- 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
- Reserved for multicasting

 Class E
- 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
- Reserved for R&D
 Classless
- VLSM [Variable Length Subnet Mask]
- IP addressing based on subnet mask
- Network: collection of IP
Addresses/hosts/devices/computers/machines
- Subnet: sub network [network within a network]

- CIDR [Classless Inter Domain Routing]

- eg.
- 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.252 -> 192.168.1.1/30
- 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.0 -> 192.168.1.1/24
- 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.240 -> 192.168.1.1/28
- 172.16.1.1/255.255.0.0 -> 172.16.1.1/16
- 172.16.1.1/255.255.254.0 -> 172.16.1.1/23
- 172.16.1.1/255.255.240.0 -> 172.16.1.1/20
- 172.16.1.1/255.255.192.0 -> 172.16.1.1/18

00000000: 0
10000000: 128
11000000: 192
11100000: 224
 11110000: 240
11111000: 248
11111100: 252
11111110: 254
11111111: 255

 Protocols
- http [80] :hyper text transfer protocol
- https [443] :secure hyper text transfer protocol
- ssh [22] :secure shell
- ftp [20/21] :file transfer protocol
- telnet [23] :telephony network[used to connect to remote
machine]
- ARP :Address Resolution Protocol [logical
address to physical address]

 ISO OSI Model (*****)

- Theoretical/reference model
- PDU: protocol data unit
- Layers
 Application
- contains the application which is used to communicate
with the destination
- defines the protocol
- eg.
- Browser uses http/https to browse a web page
- Client uses SSH to connect to remote machine
 Presentation
- Deals with the common file formats
- eg.
- Text
- plain: text/plain
- html: text/html
- json: application/json
- xml: text/xml
- Image
- bmp: image/bmp
- jpg: image/jpg
- jpeg: image/jpeg
- png: image/png
- Audio
- wave: audio/wav
 - mp3: audio/mp3
- Video
- mp4: video/mp4
- flv: video/flv
 Session
- manages the session
- Protocols: SIP [Session Initiation Protocol]
 Transport
- transports the data end to end
- Protocols

- TCP:
- Transmission control protocol
- Connection oriented protocol
- keeps the connection alive
- guarantees the accuracy
- checks the error [error control]
- Slower than UDP
- eg. ssh

- UDP
- User datagram protocol
- Connectionless protocol
- does not keep the connection alive
- does not guarantee the accuracy
- does not provide error checking
- Faster than TCP
- eg. streaming, online gaming
 Network
- Deals with identifying the machine with IP address
 Data Link
- Deals with identifying the machine with MAC address
 Physical
- Converts the data into binary
- Binary data gets converted to electrical signals
- eg. hub, repeater, cables

 TCP/IP Model - University of California, Berkeley (BSD)

 Question Types
 Identify the class of an IP address
- 192.168.1.1 -> class C
- 13.4.5.6 -> class A
- 216.67.80.40 -> class C

 Identify if the IP address is private or public

- 192.168.1.1 -> private of class C
- 17.0.3.4 -> public of class A
- 172.1.3.5 -> public of class B
- 172.17.3.5 -> private of class B
- 192.167.1.1 -> _________________

 Identify the network the IP address belongs to

Class A
IP 4.5.6.7 -> 00000100.00000101.00000110.00000111
SM 255.0.0.0 -> 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network 4.0.0.0 -> 00000100.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B
IP 172.17.89.100
SM 255.255.0.0
Network 172.17.0.0

Class C
IP 192.168.34.56
SM 255.255.255.0
Network 192.168.34.0

Class C
IP 192.34.56.78
SM 255.255.255.0
Network 192.34.56.0
 Class A
IP 10.4.5.6
SM 255.0.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0

Class C
IP 192.168.1.8
SM 255.255.255.0
Network 192.168.1.0
IP addresses [192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255] => 256
Valid [192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254] => 254

Network 192.168.2.0
Valid addresses [192.168.2.1 - 192.168.2.254] => 254
-----------------------------------------------------------
192.168.1.4 - 192.168.1.0
192.168.1.45 - 192.168.1.0

192.168.2.4 - 192.168.2.0
192.168.2.45 - 192.168.2.0
-----------------------------------------------------------

 For 100 devices identify the IP address range

-Class C: 192.168.1.x : 255
192.168.2.x : 255

192.168.1.49
255.255.255.0
-------------
192.168.1.0
_____________

192.168.2.49
255.255.255.0
-------------
192.168.2.0