4 S12A G5 Watermelon Final

CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER
A Research Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School
University of the Southern Philippines Foundation
Salinas Drive, Lahug Cebu City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject,
Research Capstone
Research Team
JELLY ANNE D. BAGUIO; BEA JIANNA F. BONGCAYAO; MARY JANE ALEXA B.
BORRES; JANE ROSE N. CUEVA; KESIA KACHINE T. SARVIDA; ASHLEY V.
TANTING
STEM 12 A - Medallion
May 2023
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CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER
Jelly Anne D. Baguio; Bea Jianna F. Bongcayao; Mary Jane Alexa B. Borres; Jane Rose N.
Cueva; Kesia Kachine T. Sarvida; Ashley V. Tanting
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the potential of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds

as a sole purifier for rainwater. The growing issue of water scarcity has led people to
collect rainwater, but the need for purification arises due to sanitation concerns.
Previous studies have explored the use of watermelon seeds for water treatment and
found that they act as a coagulant and antimicrobial agent, enhancing the filtration
process during treatment. In this study, we aimed to gain a deeper understanding of
the effectiveness of watermelon seeds as a purifier for rainwater. Our results showed
that rainwater alone had a standard pH level of 7.0 for alkaline water, 0.75 NTU for
turbidity, less than one total suspended solids, and a 2.6 (MPN) coliform count.
However, when 5g and 10g of watermelon seeds were added to the rainwater, the pH
levels decreased significantly to 5.50 and 5.77, respectively, resulting in acidic water.
The turbidity levels also increased significantly to 605.0 NTU and 1245.0 NTU, with
1278 and 4410 total suspended solids present, a greater than 8.0 MPN coliform count.
These findings demonstrate that watermelon seeds have potential as a natural
purifier for rainwater, and further research is needed to optimize the purification
process.
Keywords: watermelon, seeds, purifier, rainwater

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APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A

PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER,” prepared and submitted by Jelly Anne D. Baguio, Bea
Jianna F. Bongcayao, Mary Jane Alexa B. Borres, Jane Rose N. Cueva, Kesia Kachine T.
Sarvida, & Ashley V. Tanting in the fulfillment for the subjects, Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersion and Research Capstone, had been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.
MR. SEAN POLICARPIO MR. JOSELITO TUMULAK, JR., RChT

Panel Member Panel Member
MR. JOEV KEIR M. LEBUMFACIL

Research Adviser
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MRS. ARLENE B. ROLDAN, MAEd

Principal
Date of Oral Defense: May 10, 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers express their profound gratitude to all individuals and
entities who have significantly contributed to the accomplishment of this study.
The researchers express their gratitude to acknowledge their dedication and
hard work, which has been the driving force behind the success of this study. They
extend their sincere appreciation to their families for their unwavering support and
understanding throughout the research process. The invaluable guidance,
mentorship, and supervision of their advisor have significantly contributed to the
quality of this research. Additionally, the researchers thank their colleagues and
friends for their assistance, encouragement, and valuable feedback that have
enhanced the study's output.
The researchers recognize that without the support and contribution of
everyone involved, this study would not have been possible. Therefore, they
acknowledge and appreciate the collective efforts of all those who have played a vital
role in making this research successful.
Lastly, the researchers express their thanks to God Almighty for guiding them
through the research process and for providing them with the moral and spiritual
support they needed to overcome the challenges they faced.

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DEDICATION
This study is dedicated with genuine gratitude and appreciation to the following
individuals:
Foremost, to the family and friends of the researcher for their unwavering
support throughout the research journey.
Additionally, the researcher expresses gratitude to their advisor for providing
invaluable guidance and assistance that enabled the successful completion of this
study.
The researcher also acknowledges the potential beneficiaries of this study,
including students and the general public.
Furthermore, future researchers may benefit from the insights and findings of
this research.
The researchers humbly extend their gratitude to all those who have played a
role in the realization of this study and who stand to benefit from its outcomes.
Finally, the researchers express their gratitude to the Almighty God for
providing the strength, inspiration, and guidance needed to accomplish this research
proposal.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES PAGE
Title Page ........................................................................................................................ i

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii
Approval Sheet ............................................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... iv
Dedication ...................................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ vi
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale .................................................................................................. 1
Statement of the Problem ................................................................. 3
Research Hypothesis .......................................................................... 4
Scope and Delimitations ..................................................................... 4
Significance of the Study ................................................................... 4
Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 6
CHAPTER
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) ...................................................... 7
Water Treatment ................................................................................... 9
Harvesting Rainwater ........................................................................ 10
Water Purification ............................................................................... 10
Conceptual Framework ...................................................................... 16

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CHAPTER
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ................................................................................... 16
Research Environment ...................................................................... 16
Research Materials .............................................................................. 17
Research Procedure ............................................................................ 18
Data Management Plan ....................................................................... 20
Research Ethics ..................................................................................... 20
Statistical Analysis ............................................................................... 21
CHAPTER
4 PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPETATION OF DATA
Extracted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds from the Whole
Fruit ................................................................................................ 22
Basic Physical Properties Before and After of the Different
Treatment of Citrullus lanatus seeds ................................ 23
Analyzed pH Level Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories ................................................................................ 25
Analyzed Turbidity Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories ................................................................................. 27
Analyzed Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Results of the Tested
Rainwater from FAST Laboratories .................................. 29
Analyzed Total Coliform Count Results of the Tested Rainwater
from FAST Laboratories .......................................................... 30

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Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Details of Result ....................................... 32
CHAPTER
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings .......................................................................... 33
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 34
Recommendations ............................................................................... 35
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX
A Permission to Conduct Study ................................................................... 43
B Permission to Conduct Study .................................................................. 44
C Research Instrument .................................................................................. 45
D Risk Assessment Form .............................................................................. 49
CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................................................... 52

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Conceptual Framework of the Study …………………………………………. 15

x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Extracted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds from the Whole
Fruit …………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2 Basic Physical Properties Before and After of the Different Treatment
of Citrullus lanatus seeds ………………………………………………………. 23
3 Analyzed pH Level Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories …………………………………………………………………… 25
4 Analyzed Turbidity Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories …………………………………………………………………… 27
5 Analyzed Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Results of the Tested
Rainwater from FAST Laboratories …………………………………… 29
6 Analyzed Total Coliform Count Results of the Tested Rainwater from
FAST Laboratories …………………………………………………………….. 30
7 Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Details of Result …………………………………… 32

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale
Households with poor conditions that experience water scarcity are likely to
collect rainwater as a source of drinking water (Plessis, 2018). Water scarcity is a
major problem in several parts of the southwestern United States, Australia, the
Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia (Desbureaux et al., 2017). In these areas,
rainwater collection can be an excellent approach to conserve resources that can be
used for different household chores. The process of collecting rainwater is an
underutilized resource that may be quickly exploited within communities. Rainwater
helps utilities lower summer season peak demand by preserving it for more essential
and appropriate water needs (Khayan, 2019). Thus, water conservation practices
must be properly maintained and must meet the requirements for their intended
usage. One way of ensuring sanitation is through the process of water purification.
Guaranteeing a safe drinking water which is essential to the health and welfare
of a community, water from all sources must have some form of purification before
consumption (Arnoldsson et al., 2008). The process of water purification is needed to
be able to eradicate the bacteria in rainwater to increase its portability (Yu et al.,
2021). As local water resources become constrained due to the demands of
population growth and economic development, the need for more water will force the
development of new water supply paradigms and techniques (Sivagurunathan et al.,
2022).
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People, since ancient times, have used organic materials such as plants to
purify water. Natural fruit-based coagulants have the advantages of being less
expensive to buy, producing treated water without an excessive pH, and being very
biodegradable which is assumed to be safe for consumption. Plants used as water
treatment are conducted in two levels, both acts as a coagulant, and an antimicrobial
agent, which can be used to enhance the filtration process during water treatment
(Banerjee et al., 2012; Manyuchi & Phiri, 2014; Muhammad et al., 2015). Watermelon
seeds exhibit adsorbent properties that can be used as effective water purifiers
(Sciban et al., 2006; Malunjkar & Ambekar, 2015).
Many studies are proven to be effective at treating water and as a coagulant in
water. In this study, the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds are intended to undergo
parameters like turbidity, pH level, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids
that were chosen based on the three basic factors for water purification, the physical,
biological, and chemical processes to determine the effectiveness of the seeds. Thus,
this study aims to determine the effectiveness of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seed
extract in purifying rainwater.

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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to investigate Citrullus lanatus seeds as a purifier for
rainwater collected from household open areas in Cebu City.
Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. How many grams of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds can be extracted
from a whole fruit?
2. What are the basic physical properties before and after of the different
treatment of Citrullus lanatus seeds in terms of:
2.1 Color
2.2 Odor
2.3 pH level
3. Is there any significant difference in the pH levels between the different
water samples with the following respective amount of Citrullus lanatus
seeds:
3.1 1L (1,000 mL of rainwater) with 5g of Citrullus lanatus seeds
3.2 1L (1,000 mL of rainwater) with 10g of Citrullus lanatus seeds
4. How effective is the Citrullus lanatus seeds in purifying the rainwater based
on the following tests:
4.1 Turbidity
4.2 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
4.3 Coliform Screening

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Research Hypothesis
𝑯𝟎𝟏 : There is no significant difference between the different water samples
with the respective amount of Citrullus lanatus seeds:
Scope and Delimitations
This study utilized the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds as a rainwater
purifier. In this study, the researchers delimited the white watermelon seeds that
were present in the watermelon. Rainwater was utilized regardless of the date and
time collected in the open area of the house of one of the researchers. Due to
seasonality and the amount of water collected, as well as the collection of the
watermelon seeds, the treatments were limited to two. The mixture of the water and
the watermelon seeds was stored in the refrigerator to avoid the rotten smell. There
were no chemicals used for the process of purifying. To prevent disruption of the
purified solution, the shells of the watermelon seeds are removed. The purpose of
purfying rainwater is not for drinking, but for everyday use and proving the potential
of watermelon seeds solely as a purifier.
Significance of the Study
The results of the study will be beneficial for the following:
the students would gain knowledge from this study by discovering
ecologically friendly alternatives to typical water purification methods. This would
ease the issues that are caused by water shortages, especially for those students who
attend schools where water is a primary concern;

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the local families would be beneficial to people of all socioeconomic statuses,
especially those who are economically underprivileged. It may be an efficient and
environmentally beneficial method for reducing the household's water usage, which
will result in lower water bills. With the utilization of this study, individuals will
acquire the knowledge they may use at home to conserve both resources and
finances;
the communities having water shortages have been a significant issue in
practically every community due to the rapid growth of our population. The
communities will gain knowledge from this research by learning about an
inexpensive alternative rainwater purification method that could help eliminate
contaminants and germs such as dust, chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses;
the government would be assisted, particularly the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, in protecting the nation's natural resources,
easing the dilemma of water scarcity, enhancing public health, and addressing
worries about water contamination. Additionally, this will enable them to develop a
more thorough water purification system, which could lead to the discovery of new
technology and the creation of more sophisticated, environmentally friendly
preservation techniques for our natural resources and the environment; and
the future researchers could utilize the information as a reference to deepen
their research on topics linked to this field. They will be guided and navigated by this
study to find essential, credible, and verifiable variables that will aid in their further
understanding of the subject. This research will certainly be necessary and useful for
their future academic achievement.

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Definition of Terms
The following key terms in the study that were given the operational definitions:
Coliform Screening. This refers to the basic method for determining whether
a water source is contaminated with bacteria.
Extract. This refers to the pulverized watermelon seeds.
Rainwater. This refers to an open rooftop precipitation being collected.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS). This refers to the dry-weight particles that are
not dissolved in water that can be trapped by a filter and analyzed through a filtration
apparatus.
Turbidity. This refers to how clear or cloudy water is depending on the
amounts of contaminants like suspended solids, organic matter, dirt, clay, and grit
and is in line with the dissolved oxygen. Turbidity and dissolved oxygen are inversely
related. The more turbidity, the less dissolved oxygen there is.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a critical analysis of related literature and, studies about
watermelon seeds and rainwater.
Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)
Citrullus lanatus, commonly known to many as "watermelon," is a succulent,
vine-like plant in the gourd family native to tropical Africa and cultivated worldwide.
Nutrients like folate, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, potassium, amino acids and
vitamin B complex are known to be abundant in watermelon seeds. These nutrients
are incredibly beneficial for controlling and enhancing the body's natural metabolism
(Parmar, 2022). Watermelons are a popular seasonal plant, and their seeds, like other
native seeds, have adsorbent qualities that make them useful as water purifiers
(Sciban et al., 2006; Malunjkar & Ambekar, 2015). They perform dual functions in the
treatment of water, working as a coagulant, an antibacterial agent, and an instrument
to enhance filtration Banerjee et al., 2012; Manyuchi & Phiri, 2014; Muhammad et al.,
2015).
There has been considerable interest in using natural coagulants over
commercial ones in recent years. A study conducted by Williams and Uzzi in 2021,
showed that Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds are a waste product and an
effective coagulant in water treatment. Several studies on natural coagulants have
been carried out, and various natural coagulants have been prepared or extracted
8
from plants such as Moringa oleifera and Citrullus lanatus, which are the most
effective natural plant coagulants for water purification.
Watermelon seeds can be used as a natural coagulant for water purification
(Kukwa et al., 2017). However, this exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO)
recommended maximum of 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). A study in 2016
indicates that Citrullus lanatus seeds are effective water purifiers because they
possess adsorptive properties. High amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and
oleic acids are present in the seed of watermelon fruit. The watermelon seed oil
contains a considerable amount of PUFAs which are very receptive to oxidation and
other side reactions that cause the deterioration of the oil. (Lino et al., 2022) The
watermelon seed oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic
and oleic acids as the major acids [1~2]. Aqueous enzymatic extraction has been
extensively studied. It has received much interest and is viewed as an alternative
method to extracting oil from oil-bearing seeds. Not only is this green technology
beneficial to people’s health, but it is also environmentally friendly. Protex 6L was
used in the extraction of oil. To optimize the parameters in the oil extraction process,
single-factor experiments and response surface methods were used (Xiaonan Sui et
al., n.d).
As children, it was advised to not swallow a watermelon seed, and it scared
people with the thought of a watermelon tree growing inside them. However, it is all
a hoax and due to it, watermelon seeds continued to carry a bad name with them. But
childhood memories aside, Many people hate watermelon seed that suddenly turns
up and interferes with the true flavor of the fruit. Well, the truth of these seeds may
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come as a surprise. Spitting out, removing, or throwing away watermelon seeds is a
way of dampening the nutritional value of this fruit. Watermelon seeds are one of the
most nutrient-dense varieties of seeds. They are a rich source of proteins, vitamins,
omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, magnesium, zinc, copper, potassium and more.
These seeds are high in calories though, so you need to mindful of your portions. One
cup of roasted watermelon seeds contains roughly 600 calories. (NDTV, 2018).
Watermelon has more lycopene than any other fresh fruit or vegetable. Lycopene is
an antioxidant linked to decreased risk of cancer, heart disease and age-related eye
disorders. (Wempen, 2021)
Water Treatment
The coagulant and antimicrobial properties of Citrullus lanatus can improve
filtration processes in water treatment (Muhammad et al., 2020). More research
needs to be conducted on natural coagulants (Bello et al., 2019). Humans require
water to survive, but unpurified water consumption can be harmful. There are
different levels of purity of water depending on the use it is intended for. Water is
usually treated with aluminum sulfate and calcium hypochlorite as coagulants. When
not dosed adequately, synthetic coagulants can have adverse health effects on water
purification as stated in the previous study (Kukwa et al., 2017). These synthetic
coagulants are actually expensive to purchase. As stated in the study conducted in
2018, drinking water treatment involves a number of combined processes based on
the quality of the water source, such as turbidity, and the amount of microbial load
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present in the water. Other factors in achieving the desired level of treatment include
cost and chemical availability (Eapen & K, 2018).
Harvesting Rainwater
Although ocean and sea water can't be used as drinking water, they can be
applied for different purposes. Rainwater can be very beneficial for the conservation
of sources due to the fact that it is a natural resource that can be accumulated and
utilized. Some people use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning, bathing, or
drinking. However, it is essential that the rainwater system is maintained properly
and that the water quality is suitable for the intended use as stated by the study
conducted in the year 2020. According to one of the studies, the possibilities for
families to gather and use rainwater vary with location. Urban families normally have
a connection to a mains-fed, reticulated water supply. You can notably decrease your
mains water utilization by putting in a rainwater harvesting system. Most rural
families must supply all their water on their own. Rainwater is typically used for
home purposes. Rainwater harvesting is viewed, including the EPA, as a partial
solution to the problems posed by water scarcity: droughts and desertification,
erosion from runoff, over-reliance on depleted aquifers, and the costs of new
irrigation, diversion, and water treatment facilities (Pushard, n.d.)
Water Purification
Water purification works to further purify water from contaminants that
filtration methods cannot address. It removes the viruses, chemicals, and biological
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contaminants that filters cannot, and uses a chemical process rather than the typical
barrier or boiling methods used for water filtration. Purified water is important
because it is one of the essential sources of survival for all living beings. Water is
found in many forms on the earth’s surface, a large amount of drinking water comes
from lakes and rivers, but pure water refers to the absence of bacteria and disease-
causing microorganisms, dissolved metal ions, and heavy impurities (Chopparapu et
al., 2020).
One of the oldest concepts, proving that access to clean, safe drinking water is
necessary for public health, dates back to 35 B.C. Although most water is purified and
sterilized for human consumption, additional uses for water purification exist, such
as industrial, medical, and pharmaceutical practices. Physical processes like filtration,
sedimentation and distillation, biological processes like slow sand filters or
biologically active carbon, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and
the use of electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet light are just a few of the
techniques used in one previous study conducted (Longdom, n.d.).
The study from 2019 claims that there are ten water purifying techniques that
have proven to be efficient throughout time (A.O Smith, 2019). Boiling, reverse
osmosis, water purifiers, distillation, iodine addition, solar purification, clay vessel
filtration, UV radiation, and desalination are among them. Boiling is the simplest of
the aforementioned purification techniques since it eliminates all impurities from the
water by killing bacteria and viruses at high temperatures. Chemical additives in the
water are eliminated as a result. However, the pollutants and dead microorganisms
sink to the bottom of the water, and boiling does not completely remove them. Some
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water filtration systems can be expensive and require maintenance, and they may not
completely eliminate all toxins from drinking water. Fluoride, a substance added to
drinking water to improve dental health, is removed by some purification techniques
(Kubala, 2018).
One of the most difficult problems the world faces is providing a constant and
inexpensive supply of clean, safe, and sufficient water. Among the most affordable and
extensively used technologies for water, purification is membrane separation
technology. It is well known that polymeric membranes are currently used the most
in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment industries due to their well-
developed and outstanding performance (Hadi et al. 2019). Research is still being
conducted to solve problems related to performance limitations and the post-
treatment process. Fouling is one of the main drawbacks of polymeric membranes
(Yang et al., 2019). In one of the studies in 2022, different water treatment techniques
are used by public drinking water systems to supply their respective populations with
clean drinking water. Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection are common water treatment processes used by public water systems.
Coagulants are substances that help separate suspended solids during the
treatment of wastewater. Filtration is the most crucial unit procedure in the removal
of solid matter after these suspended particles have been exposed to coagulants. It
makes it possible to process wastewater effectively and produce clean effluent
(Manyuchi et al., 2019). Chemical reagents are dosed into the water stream
depending on the application to promote coagulation and generation of flocs and
settling before filtration's efficacy (Ernest et al., 2017).

13
In water treatment facilities, the addition of the coagulant chemicals often occurs in a
high-energy, rapid mix unit process, that is followed by flocculation basins with low-
energy inputs that turn huge paddles or other gentle mixing apparatuses to facilitate
the production of floc. Once the metal salt coagulants are applied, the coagulation and
flocculation processes are actually still in progress. In the 1960s, organic polymers
were created as coagulant aids and, in certain situations, as substitutes for the
inorganic metal salt coagulants. High-molecular-weight substances called synthetic
organic polymers can have neutral, positive, or negative charges. When high-
molecular-weight organic polymers are added to water-containing particles, the
compounds adhere to the surfaces of the particles and, through interparticle bridging,
coalesce with other particles to produce floc.
In the study of Singh & Saxena (2020), the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)
seeds can be used as an effective natural coagulant for water treatment in developing
countries. They can be used to improve the filtration process during water treatment
and treat water on two levels by functioning as a coagulant, an antibacterial agent,
and other substances.
In the study of the extraction and evaluation of oil from watermelon (Citrullus
lanatus) seed. The low value of the watermelon seed oil's congealing temperature
indicated that the oil could be handled in other regions regardless of temperature
differences. The low value of the oil's congealing temperature indicated that the oil
could be handled in other regions regardless of temperature differences. The trace
level of linoleic acid in the oil gives an indication of a high degree of stability (TO,
2018).
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Historically, Citrullus lanatus has been utilized as a natural coagulant for
treating contaminated wastewater. In the various studies, watermelon seeds are
effective as a natural coagulant for water treatments due to their properties and
nutrients that helped the test of the water treatment succeed. With the proven
effective properties and the filtration process. If watermelon seeds and their extract
can be effective in water treatment. It may be effective too in the purification of
rainwater. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Citrullus lanatus seeds in
purifying the rainwater that had accumulated on the roof in a way that had not been
tested or analyzed in numerous previous studies.
These related literatures and studies helped in coming up with the conceptual
framework of the study.

15
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 is the schematic presentation of the conceptual framework of the
study.
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Effectiveness in Citrullus
lanatus seeds in purifying
Citrullus lanatus
the rain water based on
(Watermelon) Seeds of
the following tests:
the following grams:
• Coliform Screening
• 5 grams
• Turbidity
• 10 grams
• Total Suspended
Solid (TSS)
Figure 1 showed the conceptual schema that presented the flow of the study.
It displayed the independent and dependent variables of the study. The study utilized
5 and 10 grams of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seeds as the independent variable
that was manipulated for the study, and the dependent variables that were
significantly affected by the study were the coliform screening, turbidity, and total
suspended solids (TSS).

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study experimented to test the efficacy of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)
seeds in purifying rainwater. This chapter presents the research design, research
environment, research materials, research procedure, and statistical analysis used by
the researchers to help explain the processed data.
Research Design
This study utilized an experimental research design. The treatments were
Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seeds as the independent variable with the same
amount of water while the control group consisted of a setup without Citrullus lanatus
seeds. The purification was contrasted with rainwater that had been treated with and
without watermelon seeds. The study assigned treatments randomly with
corresponding replications of the treatments. Every experimental unit received the
probability of treatments.
Research Environment
This study was conducted at a private university laboratory in Cebu City for
the extraction and purification testing of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds. The
tests for the total suspended solids (TSS), Coliform Screening, turbidity, and pH level
were conducted in the private laboratory, FAST Laboratory.

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Research Materials
This study utilized the following materials:
Plant Material
The type of watermelon was Citrullus lanatus that was utilized in the study was
a round shape and had white stripes. The insides were red with black seeds. The fruit
was bought at the Carbon Market in Cebu City and was used to investigate Citrullus
lanatus seeds as a purifier for rainwater. (See picture below as reference).
Rainwater Material
The collected rainwater from an open rooftop served as the manipulated
variable of the study.
Extraction Process Materials
In collecting the rainwater, a small and durable storage box was used as a
container, specifically plastic containers.
A pH pen was used to test the pH level and water quality. Other materials were
used, including a utility knife to remove the watermelon seeds, which posed a
potential risk. However, watermelon seeds are harmless, and the researchers did not
utilize any chemicals. Thus, there was not much risk associated with this study.
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Research Procedure
Risk Assessment
The student researchers conducted a risk assessment in collaboration with a
Designated Supervisor prior to experimentation. The risk assessment was
documented in the research plan, which included the risk assessment process,
supervision, safety precautions, and appropriate methods of disposal. The risk
assessment was also documented on the Risk Assessment Form.
The student researchers minimized the impact of the experiment on the
environment by using minimal quantities of chemicals that required subsequent
disposal. They ensured that all disposal was done in an environmentally safe manner
and in accordance with good laboratory practices.
Gathering of Materials
Watermelon. The fruit bought by the researchers at a public market place in
Cebu City.
Watermelon seeds. The seeds were dissected from the watermelon bought
by one of the researchers. They were rinsed and collected in a dry and clean container.
The outer shell of the seeds was then peeled manually until there were enough seeds
for the research.
Rainwater. The rainwater had been collected through the process of leaving
a bucket at an open roof area. The rainwater was then transferred to a clean
container.
pH Pen. The pH Pen was obtained by one of the researchers through online
shopping.
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Blender. The equipment was brought by the researchers and proper hygiene
was practiced.
Preparation of Materials
Watermelon seeds. The watermelon seeds that the researchers dissected
individually were collected. After being thoroughly cleaned with distilled water, the
seeds were stored in a clean container. The seeds were washed multiple times using
distilled water, separated from the rind, dried in the sun for a week, and then sorted
to get rid of the bad seeds. After the watermelon seeds had dried, the researchers
manually dissected them by removing the outer shell and extracting the inner shell,
which was then utilized as intended.
Rainwater. The rainwater was collected from the researchers' household
open roof area located in Cebu City. The researchers utilized a broad bucket to collect
the rainwater and a scoop to transfer the water from the bucket to the container.
Physical properties were observed before the treatment using the record data sheet
(see appendix C).
Extraction of Seeds
To remove the watermelon seed, the watermelon was sliced apart. The bottom
of the seed line on both sides of the watermelon wedge was cut after the seedless
wedge had been removed. The seed-filled meat was eliminated. The remaining seeds
were removed with the tip of a utility knife or a spoon to be used in the experiment.
The outer shells of the watermelon seeds were removed using tweezers, and only the
inner part was extracted and blended into powder. This powdered seed was utilized
in the experiment, while the discarded shells were not of usage.

20
Purification Process
Once the seeds were blended into a fine powder, the combination of rainwater
and the filtration process occurred. Tiny, suspended solid particles were flocculated
to remove turbidity, color, and microorganisms. The different treatments were
recorded after observing the physical properties using the record data sheets (see
appendix C).
Data Management Plan
When the experiment was concluded, the watermelon seeds were being
disposed of and the rainwater was drained after mixing it with chlorine at the nearest
sink. Lastly, this study will be preserved for future studies.
The information acquired for this study will be stored and compiled in a book
that contains other finished research for future researchers to use that would be
stored in a library. The study can aid researchers that would use watermelon seeds
as their variable.
Research Ethics
A letter was sent to the principal to conduct the experiment in the school’s
laboratory. The consent letter contained the purpose of the study, the possible risk
involved, the procedure, and the benefits. Furthermore, the letter stated that the
researchers ensured the materials used were handled responsibly and took
responsibility if damaged. After the experiment, the researchers properly disposed of

21
the materials and clean up the area. The past studies used for this study were referred
in the references and citations.
Statistical Analysis
The efficacy of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seeds as a rainwater purifier
was assessed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis H-Test. The significant differences
between the means of coliform screening, pH level, temperature, turbidity, and total
suspended solids (TSS).
Kruskal-Wallis H-Test
12 𝑅2
Formula: 𝐻 = 𝑛(𝑛+1) ∑ 𝑛𝑖 − 3 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑖
where:
k represents the number of samples,
ni is the number of observations in the sample,
N is the sum of the sample sizes, and
Ri is the sum of the ranks of the ith sample.

22
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the data gathered were collated, analyzed and interpreted
through tables and graphic representations together with the conclusions, findings
and implications.
Extracted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds from the Whole Fruit
Table 1
Extracted Watermelon Seeds from the Whole Fruit
Mass Extracted Seeds

(kg) (g)
9kg Watermelon 9g
Table 1 presented the average weight of seeds obtained from a single
watermelon, which was found to be approximately 9 grams. This result is consistent
with previous studies on the subject by Tunick, Van Hekken, and Sheehan (2012) and
Kumar et al. (2020). However, it should be noted that the actual weight of the seeds
may vary depending on factors such as the size and variety of the watermelon. Tunick
et al. (2012) conducted a study on the weight of seeds extracted from 10
watermelons, and found that the weight ranged from 5.5 to 17.2 grams, with an
average weight of 9.5 grams. Similarly, Kumar et al. (2020) reported that the weight
of seeds extracted from 20 watermelons ranged from 7.9 to 11.7 grams, with an
average weight of 9.6 grams. These studies suggest that although the weight of seeds
extracted from a single watermelon can vary, the average weight is approximately 9
23
grams.
In summary, the findings presented in Table 1, along with the results of
previous studies, indicate that the weight of seeds obtained from a single watermelon
can vary based on factors such as the size and variety of the watermelon. Nonetheless,
the average weight of the seeds is around 9 grams.
Basic Physical Properties Before and After of the Different Treatment of
Citrullus lanatus seeds
Table 2
Basic Physical Properties Before and After of the Different Treatment of Citrullus
lanatus seeds
Treatment
Indicator
Before After
Color
Treatment 1 Transparent/Clear Beige/Brown

See Appendix A for the interpretation of data
The table above presented the color of the seeds, changing from transparent
or clear to beige or near-brown in treatment 1, 2 and 3.
Treatment
Indicator
Before After
Odor
Treatment 1 Odorless Wood-like smell
24
The table presented the odor, changing from odorless to a wood-like smell in
treatment 1, 2 and 3. These changes were attributed to the various chemical reactions
that occurred during the treatments.
Treatment
Indicator
Before After
pH level
(5g of Citrullus lanatus seeds in rainwater)
Treatment 1 5.36 5.58
(10g of Citrullus lanatus seeds in rainwater)
The table above presented the pH level measurements of water samples
before and after undergoing treatment. The pH level of the water samples was
measured before and after adding 5g of Citrullus lanatus seeds to the samples. The pH
level for trials 1, 2, and 3 without the seeds was recorded at 7.18, whereas the pH
level for trials 1, 2, and 3 with 5g of seeds was 5.58 pH, 5.59 pH, and 5.82 pH,
respectively. The pH level increased gradually as the amount of Citrullus lanatus seeds
increased, but the results did not meet the World Health Organization's pH level
standard of 6-7 pH waters, reaching only 5.94 pH.
The increase in pH level could be attributed to the alkaline nature of the seeds,
which may have reacted with the water to increase its pH level. However, the pH level
of the water samples could be influenced by several factors, such as the quality of the
seeds, the amount of seeds used, and the duration of the treatments. In some studies,
25
the pH level of water samples treated with Citrullus lanatus seeds decreased,
indicating the potential of these seeds for water purification purposes (Mashitah et
al., 2016).
Overall, the results suggest that Citrullus lanatus seeds have the potential to
affect the basic physical properties and pH level of water samples. Further studies are
needed to explore the effects of different treatments and conditions on these
properties and to determine the suitability of Citrullus lanatus seeds for water
purification purposes.
Analyzed pH Level Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST Laboratories
Table 3
Analyzed pH Level Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST Laboratories
Citrullus lanatus seeds Results
(g) (pH)
0.00 7.18
5.00 5.50
10.00 5.77
Table 3 presented the pH level outcomes of rainwater samples with and
without Citrullus lanatus seeds obtained from the analysis carried out at FAST
Laboratories. The pH level of rainwater without any seeds was discovered to be 7.18,
which is considered neutral. The existence of dissolved gases in the atmosphere, such
26
as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, could react with water to form weak acids,
which could account for the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater sample.
The incorporation of Citrullus lanatus seeds into the rainwater samples
resulted in a significant reduction in the pH level. The pH level of rainwater with 5g
of Citrullus lanatus seeds was determined to be 5.50, indicating a strong acidic nature.
The organic acids, such as citric acid and malic acid, found in the seeds, might have
contributed to this decrease in pH level. Citric acid is a common organic acid present
in several fruits, including watermelon, known for its strong acidic nature (Kumar et
al., 2015). Likewise, malic acid is another organic acid present in high concentrations
in fruits such as watermelon (El-Hawary et al., 2020).
The pH level of rainwater with 10g of Citrullus lanatus seeds was discovered
to be 5.77, slightly less acidic than the sample with 5g of seeds. This suggests that
adding more seeds beyond a certain point may not have a significant impact on the
pH level of the rainwater sample, indicating a saturation point.
In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that Citrullus lanatus seeds
possess the potential to significantly decrease the pH level of rainwater samples. The
organic acids present in the seeds are the probable cause of this effect. The results of
this study have critical implications for the use of Citrullus lanatus seeds as a natural
purifier for rainwater in areas where the water is not suitable for drinking due to its
high pH level.
27
Analyzed Turbidity Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST Laboratories
Table 4
Analyzed Turbidity Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST Laboratories
(g) (NTU)
0.00 0.75
5.00 605.0
10.00 1245.0
Table 4 presented the results of the turbidity measurements conducted on
various weights of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds in rainwater. The initial
turbidity of the rainwater was recorded at 0.75 NTU, which is within the safe range
of turbidity levels for drinking water (less than 5 NTU) recommended by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (EPA, 2020). However, when 5g and 10g of
watermelon seeds were added to the rainwater, the turbidity levels increased
significantly to 605.0 NTU and 1245.0 NTU, respectively.
The rise in turbidity observed with the addition of watermelon seeds could be
attributed to the presence of suspended particles, such as minerals and organic
matter, in the seeds. Adebayo-Tayo et al. (2016) reported similar findings, indicating
that the turbidity of water samples increased with the addition of plant extracts due
to suspended particles.
The presence of high levels of turbidity can signify the presence of harmful
contaminants like viruses and bacteria, which can attach themselves to suspended
28
particles and render water unsafe for consumption (EPA, 2020). While the particles
from watermelon seeds are likely to be harmless, it is still crucial to filter or treat the
water before use to remove any potential contaminants.
The correlation between the weight of watermelon seeds and the turbidity of
the water sample is consistent with findings from other studies. Okereke et al. (2017),
for example, reported that the addition of Moringa oleifera seeds, which contain
natural coagulants that promote particle aggregation and settling, resulted in an
increase in the turbidity of water.
In conclusion, the addition of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds to
rainwater increases the turbidity of the water sample due to the presence of
suspended particles. Even though the particles from watermelon seeds are likely to
be harmless, it is still crucial to filter or treat the water before use to remove any
potential contaminants.
29
Analyzed Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Results of the Tested Rainwater from
FAST Laboratories
Table 5
Analyzed Total Suspended Solids Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories
(g) (mg/L)
0.00 Less than 1
5.00 1278
10.00 4410
Table 5 presented the total suspended solids (TSS) results of the rainwater
samples tested with varying amounts of Citrullus lanatus seeds. The initial TSS level
of the rainwater was found to be less than 1 mg/L, indicating a low level of suspended
particles. However, the addition of 5g and 10g of Citrullus lanatus seeds resulted in a
significant increase in TSS to 1278 mg/L and 4410 mg/L, respectively.
It has been recommended by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) that TSS levels in natural bodies of water should be below 100 mg/L to
ensure optimal aquatic life conditions (EPA, 2022). The TSS levels reported in this
experiment with Citrullus lanatus seeds were much higher than the recommended
levels, indicating a negative impact on water quality.
Suspended solids can interfere with light penetration and reduce oxygen
levels, leading to decreased aquatic plant and animal growth (USEPA, 2015).
30
Therefore, the high TSS levels observed in this study can be a cause for concern
regarding water quality. However, it is crucial to note that watermelon seeds are not
a typical source of suspended solids in natural bodies of water, and this study only
focused on the effects of adding Citrullus lanatus seeds to rainwater.
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the addition of Citrullus
lanatus seeds to rainwater can significantly increase TSS levels and potentially impact
water quality. Further research is necessary to assess the effects of other common
sources of suspended solids in natural bodies of water.
Analyzed Total Coliform Count Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories
Table 6
Analyzed Total Coliform Count Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST
Laboratories
(g) (MPN/100mL)
0.00 2.6
5.00 Greater than 8.0
10.00 Greater than 8.0
Table 6 presented the Total Coliform Count results of the rainwater samples
that were tested at FAST Laboratories. The study showed that the rainwater alone
had a relatively low count of 2.6 Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 ml. However,
31
when 5g and 10g of Citrullus lanatus seeds were added to 1L of rainwater, the Total
Coliform Count significantly increased to greater than 8.0 MPN per 100 ml. This
suggested that the watermelon seeds may have introduced additional coliform
bacteria into the rainwater (Friedman et al., 2017).
Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms that can be found in the
digestive tracts of humans and animals, as well as in the environment. While most
strains of coliform bacteria are not harmful, their presence in water can indicate the
potential presence of harmful pathogens (EPA, n.d.).
The Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for total coliforms in drinking water
was established by the EPA as zero total coliform colonies per 100 milliliters of water.
For every 100 mL of drinking water tested, no total coliforms should be detected
(EPA, n.d.). The results of the Total Coliform Count of the rainwater samples did not
match the MCL. The test without Citrullus lanatus seeds had the least Total Coliform
Count ranging to 2.6 coliform count, indicating the presence of some total coliform
and e-coli, while the test with 5g and 10g had greater than 8.0 coliform count,
indicating the presence of more than e-coli and total coliform organisms per 100
milliliters
Therefore, the results suggested that the watermelon seeds added to the
rainwater may have contaminated the water with coliform bacteria, indicating the
need for further treatment or purification of rainwater intended for usage.

32
Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Details of Result
Table 7
Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Details of Result
Hypothesis Test Summary
Null Hypothesis Test Sig. Decision
The distribution of Independent-
VAR00008 is the same Samples Retain the null

1 .275
across categories of Kruskal-Wallis hypothesis.
VAR00007. Test
Asymptotic significances are displayed. The significance level is .050.
The Kruskal-Wallis H-test was conducted to compare the pH level, total
suspended solids, turbidity, and coliform count of rainwater samples with varying
levels of watermelon seeds. The obtained test statistic (H = 0.755, p = 0.685) was
greater than the significance level of 0.05, indicating that the null hypothesis cannot
be rejected. Therefore, there was no significant difference among the samples at the
0.05 level of significance. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the
presence of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds did not significantly impact the
quality of rainwater in terms of the tested parameters. Hence, the level of watermelon
seeds in the rainwater samples did not have a significant effect on the pH level, total
suspended solids, turbidity, and coliform count.

33
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In this chapter, the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation
based on the results of the previous analysis were elaborated and discussed in
different parts for finalization and future improvement of this study.
Summary of Findings
The extraction of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds from a whole fruit
yielded nine grams of peeled and unblended seeds.
Prior to treatment, the rainwater was clear and odorless. However, after
treatment with Citrullus lanatus seeds, the water's color turned beige or near-brown,
and a wood-like smell developed. This change may have resulted from the bioactive
compounds, such as saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds, present in the
watermelon seeds.
Based on the results, the powdered Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds that
were added to the rainwater were needed to conduct an in-depth study and tests to
prove their efficacy as a rainwater purifier. As the amount of Citrullus lanatus seeds
increased, the higher the rate of pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, and total
coliform count served as the indicators for good water quality.
The seeds significantly differed from 5g to 10g after comparing the rainwater
in every test. Apart from the quantitative data, the supporting observations showed
that the more Citrullus lanatus seeds were added to the rainwater, the more the
rainwater was purified. However, it was still acidic since we only used 5g and 10g of
34
data, which was lower than 7. As the number of seeds added to the water increased,
the amount of suspended particles in the sample also increased, resulting in a higher
turbidity level. The TSS levels reported in this experiment might not have indicated
typical water quality, as watermelon seeds were not a typical source of suspended
solids in natural bodies of water. At the same time, the results of the Total Coliform
Count indicated that the watermelon seeds added to the rainwater might have
contaminated the water with coliform bacteria. To sum it up, the Kruskal-Wallis H-
test was conducted to compare the pH level, total suspended solids, turbidity, and
coliform count of rainwater samples with varying watermelon seeds.
Therefore, there was no significant difference among the samples at the 0.05
level of significance. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the presence of
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds did not significantly impact the quality of
rainwater in terms of the tested parameters. Hence, the level of watermelon seeds in
the rainwater samples did not significantly affect the pH level, total suspended solids,
turbidity, and coliform count.
Conclusion
Despite its potential as a natural purifier for rainwater, pulverized Citrullus
Lanatus (watermelon) seeds require in-depth research to enhance the quality of
rainwater in terms of pH level, turbidity, total suspended solids, and eliminating
coliform content. The presence of high levels of impurities and bacteria in the samples
suggests that additional treatment stages are needed before using the seeds as a
purification method. Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test, which was used to

35
analyze the data, revealed an H-value of 0.755 and a p-value of 0.685, indicating that
the results were not statistically significant. Therefore, more alternative treatments
must be conducted prior to purifying rainwater or to conduct further research to
optimize the use of Citrullus lanatus seeds as a natural purifier.
Recommendations
The following recommendations are based on the results obtained from the
study. In one watermelon, there are only small grams of seeds. From one whole
watermelon, there were at least 9-10 grams of watermelon seeds weighed; this is
without its shell. It is recommended to buy enough watermelons for the study. As it
is a seasonal fruit, the study should be conducted where watermelons are in season,
in case if it is almost out of season, buy the needed quantity and peel off the seeds and
preserve it. Proper hygiene is also recommended to avoid possible bacteria that will
spoil the seeds.
The following required equipment should be available to save money and time
and assure the accuracy of the results without any external disturbances of the
solutions due to the frequent transportation from the Chemistry Laboratory of the
University of Southern Philippines Foundation and to the private laboratories. In
some laboratories, it will take at least 7-10 for the results, so it is recommended to
have the solutions tested while taking into consideration the time needed for the
results.
From the results of the study, the usage of chemicals may be possible to
increase the potential of the watermelon seeds as a purifier, another plant substitute
36
is also advisable as it can also be used in the future to find variations in terms of the
treatment in water purification.

37
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Yang, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, Z., Rui, X., Zhang, T., & Zhang, Z. (2019). A review on reverse
osmosis and nanofiltration membranes for water purification. Polymers,
11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081252
Yu, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Mao, J., Ding, Z., Lu, Y., Wang, X., Lian, X., & Shi, Y. (2021).
Producing and storing self-sustaining drinking water from rainwater for
emergency response on isolated island. Science of The Total Environment,
768, 144513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144513

43
APPENDIX A
PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY
MRS. ARLENE B. ROLDAN, M.Ed.

Principal, SHS Lahug
Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City
Dear Mrs. Roldan:
Greetings of peace!
The undersigned below are the researchers of the University of the Southern Philippines Foundation
taking up the strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. We are currently
preparing to conduct our research data collection on Practical Research 2 and pursuing to undertake
our research on CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER .
This study’s primary focus is to investigate Citrullus lanatus seeds as a purifier for rainwater
collected from household roofs in Cebu City.
With these, we respectfully request your permission to conduct our study in the laboratory of the
University of the Southern Philippines Foundation's Senior High School building. The setting of this
study will be kept with the utmost confidentiality. The approach for the study involves crude
extraction of the Citrullus lanatus seeds, collecting the rainwater from one of the researcher's
households, and then the purification process.
The results of this will be valuable for the effectiveness of Citrullus lanatus seeds in purifying
rainwater.
Moreover, upon completion of the research paper, the department will be given a bound copy.
Your permission to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated. Hoping for your kind
consideration.
Respectfully yours,
JELLY ANNE D. BAGUIO
BEA JIANNA F. BONGCAYAO
MARY JANE ALEXA B. BORRES
JANE ROSE N. CUEVA
KESIA KACHINE T. SARVIDA
ASHLEY V. TANTING
STEM 12 A - Medallion
Endorsed by:

Research Capstone Teacher
Senior High School
44
APPENDIX B
PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY
MRS. ARLENE B. ROLDAN, M.A.Ed.

Dear Mrs. Roldan:
Greetings of peace!
The undersigned, together with his/her group mates, are Senior High School research students of
the University of Southern Philippines Foundation. We would like to conduct the experiment of
our research entitled “CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR
RAINWATER '' in your Testing Laboratory in January 2023. This will help us, research students,
to be exposed to empirical data gathering of our experiment. The students involved in this
research are:
Baguio, Jelly Anne D. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
Bongcayao, Bea Jianna F. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
Borres, Mary Jane Alexa B. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
Cueva, Jane Rose N. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
Sarvida, Kesia Kachine T. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
Tanting, Ashley V. (Grade 12 – STEM Medallion)
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to allow us to conduct our
coliform screening, pH level, temperature, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS) on the said
dates. Rest assured that all safety protocols will be observed before, during, and after the
experiment.
We are hoping and looking forward that this endeavor merits your favorable response for the
success of this activity.
Thank you so much and God speed!
Sincerely yours,
BEA JIANNA F. BONGCAYAO

Research Team Leader
Endorsed by:

STEM Research Adviser
Senior High School
Approved by:
MRS. ARLENE B. ROLDAN, M.A.Ed.
45
APPENDIX C
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Adapted Dummy Table (Dieron et al. (2019)
Water Possible Before Treatment After Treatment

Observations Contaminants
Color Transparent/Clear Beige/Brown
Foamy Detergents None None
Black in color Manganese, There were no There were no

bacteria black color in sight. black color in sight.
growth
Odor Odorless Wood-like smell
Brown, yellow or Iron None Brown or yellow

reddish in color colors can be seen.
(This was due to
the watermelon
seeds added in the
rain water.)
Dark brown or Tannins and None None

yellow in color pigment from
leaves and back
White deposits Hardness, dissolved None None

or scale metals
Earthy, fishy, Organic matter, Odorless Earthy smell

muddy, peaty algae, bacteria
odor
Rotten egg odor Hydrogen sulfide None None
Chlorine odor Chlorine residual None None

from water
treatment process
(Adapted from Dieron et al., 2019)
46
Record Data Sheet
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Positive Result + Negative Result -
5.58 pH level 5.81 pH level 7 pH level 5.36 pH level
Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Summary of Data

Table 8
Kruskal-Wallis H-test: Summary of Data
RESULTS
Sample pH level TSS Turbidity TCC
(mg/L) (NTU) (MPN/100ml)
S1: Rainwater alone 7.18 <1 0.75 2.6
S2: 5g of 5.50 1278 605.0 >8.0
watermelon seeds
S3: 10g of 5.77 4410 1245.0 >8.0
watermelon seeds
RANKS
Sample pH Level TSS Turbidity TCC SUM
S1: Rainwater alone 3 1 1 3 8
S2: 5g of 1 2 2 1 6
watermelon seeds
S3: 10g of 2 3 3 1 9
watermelon seeds
The table presented data on three different water samples, namely, rainwater
alone (S1), 5g of watermelon seeds (S2), and 10g of watermelon seeds (S3), which
were tested for their pH level, TSS (total suspended solids) in mg/L, turbidity in NTU,
47
and total coliform count (TCC) in MPN/100ml. The quantitative measurements for pH
level, TSS, and turbidity were taken using appropriate instruments, while the TCC was
determined through the most probable number (MPN) method.
The analysis of the results showed that S2 and S3 had significantly lower pH
levels compared to S1, indicating that watermelon seeds might have an effect on the
water's acidity. The TSS measurement revealed that S3 had the highest concentration
of total suspended solids, followed by S2 and S1, indicating that the addition of
watermelon seeds increased the number of suspended particles in the water. The
turbidity measurement showed that S2 had the highest turbidity, followed by S3 and
S1, indicating that watermelon seeds might have a significant effect on the water's
clarity. Furthermore, the TCC measurement revealed that S2 had the highest total
coliform count, which was greater than 8.0 MPN/100ml, followed by S3 with the same
TCC level, and S1 with a TCC of 2.6 MPN/100ml.
The computation of the ranks for each parameter showed that S2 had the
lowest rank for pH level and the highest rank for TCC, indicating that watermelon
seeds might have a significant effect on the pH level and total coliform count of water
samples. Conversely, S1 had the highest rank for TSS and turbidity and the lowest
rank for TCC, indicating that rainwater alone had the lowest concentration of
suspended solids and turbidity, and the lowest total coliform count among the three
samples.
Finally, the sum of the ranks was computed for each sample, with S3 having
the highest sum of ranks, followed by S1 and S2, indicating that S3 had the highest
overall performance among the three samples in terms of the measured parameters.
48
These data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H-test, which is a non-parametric
test used to determine if there is a significant difference among three or more
independent groups. The test indicated that there was a significant difference among
the three samples for all parameters, indicating that watermelon seeds might have a
significant effect on water quality.

49
APPENDIX D
RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
1. a. Student Leader: Bongcayao, Bea Jianna F. STEM 12 – Medallion/Tangerine
Email: bongcayaobea@gmail.com Phone: 09333139357
b. Team Member 1: Baguio, Jelly Anne D.
c. Team Member 2: Borres, Mary Jane Alexa B.
d. Team Member 3: Cueva, Jane Rose N.
e. Team Member 4: Sarvida, Kesia Kachine T.
f. Team Member 5: Tanting, Ashley V.
2. Title of Research: CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER
FOR RAINWATER
To be completed by the Student Researcher(s) in collaboration with Designated
Supervisor/Qualified Scientist: (All questions must be answered; additional
page(s) may be attached.)
1. Identify and assess the risks and hazards involved in this project.
The risks and hazards involved in this project is handling the knife when
picking out the seeds, it may lead to an injury if not handled properly. If the
rainwater is left unchecked mosquitos may breed in the water, it may lead to a risk
of disrupting our research and carrying a disease.

50
2. a) List all hazardous chemicals, activities or devices to be used; b) identify and list
all microorganisms to be used that are exempt from pre-approval.
a.) The activities are filtration and extraction. The devices used are pH pen,
TSS (Total Suspended Solids) Meter, and Water Thermometer.
b.) There are no microorganisms to be used that are exempted from pre-
approval.
3. Describe the safety precautions and procedures that will be used to reduce the
risks.
Through the insightful placement of machines and facilities, the appropriate
selection of tools and materials, safety training and work instructions, decent
workstation adaptation, competency requirements, and restrictions on access to
hazardous work, organizational measures will be observed and properly carried
out. The researchers will always dress appropriately in the lab, including a lab coat,
gloves, and eye protection, when undertaking work to protect against risks and
hazards that could pose harm to health and safety. The researchers will carry out
safe waste disposal as well as proper handling and use of the laboratory equipment.
Both adequate storage containers for the experiment and proper hygiene will be
practiced.
4. Describe the disposal procedures that will be used (when applicable).
When the experiment is complete, the watermelon seeds will be disposed of
appropriately and the rainwater will be drained after being treated with chlorine at
the designated disposal bins or containers.

51
5. List the source(s) of safety information.
Khayan, K., Husodo, A. H., Astuti, I., Sudarmadji, S., & Djohan, T. S. (2019). Rainwater
as a source of drinking water: Health impacts and rainwater treatment.
Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1760950
Lab safety guide. (n.d.). Environmental Health and Safety. Retrieved December 8,
2022, from https://ehs.stonybrook.edu/programs/laboratory-safety/lab-
safety-guide
Safe lab practices. (n.d.). Retrieved December 8, 2022, from
https://ehs.ucsc.edu/programs/research-safety/safe-lab-practices.html
To be completed and signed by the Designated Supervisor:
I agree with the risk assessment and safety precautions and procedures described
above. I certify that I have reviewed the Research Plan/Project Summary will
provide direct supervision.
MR. JOEV KEIR M. LEBUMFACIL __________________________ __________________________
Designated Supervisor’s Printed Name Signature Date of Review
Position: Research Adviser for STEM 12
Institution: University of Southern Philippines-Foundation
Phone and email contact information: 09562462682 /
jlebumfacil_shsfac@uspf.edu.ph
52
CURRICULUM VITAE
JELLY ANNE, D, BAGUIO
Research Student, STEM 12- Medallion
University of Southern Philippines Foundation
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: A-2S Pacific square at F Cabahug St. Mabolo Cebu City
Birthday: May 15, 2022 Age: 17
Birthplace: Cebu City
Mother: Merylone B. Dizon Occupation: Housewife
Father: Jelly Baguio Occupation: Construction worker
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: University of Southern Philippines Foundation School

S.Y. 2020 – Present
Junior High School: University Santo Tomas Angelicum College
Asturias Cebu City
S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: Cogon Elementary School
Cogon Cordova Cebu
S.Y. 2010 - 2016
CURRICULUM VITAE
53
BEA JIANNA, F, BONGCAYAO
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: 5-E Brgy. Luz, Sitio Zapatera Cebu City

Birthday: September 05, 2004 Age: 18
Mother: Elena F. Bongcayao Occupation: Housewife
Father: Vincent U. Bongcayao Occupation: Company messenger

Junior High School: University of Southern Philippines Foundation School
S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: Cebu City YLAC School Foundation, Inc.
7WW3+F4G, F. Urdaneta St, Cebu City, Cebu
S.Y. 2010 - 2016
54
CURRICULUM VITAE
MARY JANE ALEXA, B, BORRES
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: Malubog, Tiguib, Cebu City

Birthday: September 7, 2005 Age:_17
Mother: Grace J. Bontuyan Occupation: Business Woman
Father: Eduardo B. Borres Jr. Occupation: N/A

S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: Malubog Integrated School
Malubog, Tiguib, Cebu City
S.Y. 2010 - 2016
55
CURRICULUM VITAE
JANE ROSE, N, CUEVA
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: Nivel Hills, Busay, Cebu City

Birthday: April 21, 2005 Age: 17
Mother: Julita N. Cueva Occupation: Office Staff
Father: Charlito S. Cueva Occupation: Driver

Junior High School:University of Southern Philippines Foundation School
S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: Kalamtukan Elementary School
HQCG+WF3, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental
S.Y. 2010 - 2016
56
CURRICULUM VITAE
KESIA KACHINE, T, SARVIDA
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: Mambaling City, Amalfi City De Mari

Birthday: October 4, 2005 Age: 17
Birthplace: Leyte
Mother: Anne Fe T. Sarvida Occupation: Housewife
Father: Saturnino T. Sarvida Jr. Occupation: Seaman Captain

Junior High School: St. Paul's School of Ormoc Foundation Inc.
Lauan St, Ormoc, 6541 Leyte
S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: St. Paul's School of Ormoc Foundation Inc.
Lauan St, Ormoc, 6541 Leyte
S.Y. 2010 - 2016
57
CURRICULUM VITAE
2 x 2 Picture ASHLEY, V, TANTING
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
City Address: 33 Leonardo comp. Lower Fulton St. Apas Cebu City
Birthday: December 20, 2004 Age: 17
Mother: Beth V. Regottaz Occupation: Business
Father: N/A Occupation: N/A

S.Y. 2016 - 2020
Elementary School: Mabolo Elemtary School
M. J. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City
S.Y. 2010 - 2016

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CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School

University of the Southern Philippines Foundation

Salinas Drive, Lahug Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject,

JELLY ANNE D. BAGUIO; BEA JIANNA F. BONGCAYAO; MARY JANE ALEXA B.

BORRES; JANE ROSE N. CUEVA; KESIA KACHINE T. SARVIDA; ASHLEY V.

CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A PURIFIER FOR RAINWATER

This study investigated the potential of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds

Keywords: watermelon, seeds, purifier, rainwater

This research entitled “CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS AS A

MR. SEAN POLICARPIO MR. JOSELITO TUMULAK, JR., RChT

MR. JOEV KEIR M. LEBUMFACIL

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MRS. ARLENE B. ROLDAN, MAEd

Date of Oral Defense: May 10, 2023

The researchers express their profound gratitude to all individuals and

entities who have significantly contributed to the accomplishment of this study.

The researchers express their gratitude to acknowledge their dedication and

understanding throughout the research process. The invaluable guidance,

mentorship, and supervision of their advisor have significantly contributed to the

enhanced the study's output.

The researchers recognize that without the support and contribution of

role in making this research successful.

support they needed to overcome the challenges they faced.

support throughout the research journey.

Additionally, the researcher expresses gratitude to their advisor for providing

The researcher also acknowledges the potential beneficiaries of this study,

including students and the general public.

Title Page ........................................................................................................................ i

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Statement of the Problem ................................................................. 3

Research Hypothesis .......................................................................... 4

Scope and Delimitations ..................................................................... 4

Significance of the Study ................................................................... 4

Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 6

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) ...................................................... 7

Water Treatment ................................................................................... 9

Harvesting Rainwater ........................................................................ 10

Water Purification ............................................................................... 10

Conceptual Framework ...................................................................... 16

Research Design ................................................................................... 16

Research Environment ...................................................................... 16

Research Materials .............................................................................. 17

Research Procedure ............................................................................ 18

Data Management Plan ....................................................................... 20

Research Ethics ..................................................................................... 20

Statistical Analysis ............................................................................... 21

4 PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

Extracted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds from the Whole

Basic Physical Properties Before and After of the Different

Treatment of Citrullus lanatus seeds ................................ 23

Analyzed pH Level Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST

Analyzed Turbidity Results of the Tested Rainwater from FAST

Analyzed Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Results of the Tested

Rainwater from FAST Laboratories .................................. 29

Analyzed Total Coliform Count Results of the Tested Rainwater