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2.1 Cell-Structure, Function, Organisation

Cell is the basic unit of life that carries out all life functions. Plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, while animal cells lack these features. Cells are either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, composed of many cells organized into tissues, organs and organ systems. The order of cell organization is cell, tissue, organ, system and organism.

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51 views16 pages

2.1 Cell-Structure, Function, Organisation

Cell is the basic unit of life that carries out all life functions. Plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, while animal cells lack these features. Cells are either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, composed of many cells organized into tissues, organs and organ systems. The order of cell organization is cell, tissue, organ, system and organism.

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THARISHINI A/P THANABALASINGAM A18KT0305
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2: CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2.1 Cell – structure, function and organization

2.2 Cell respiration and photosynthesis


2.1 Cell - Structure, Function and Organisation

Definition
Cell is the basic unit that compose living things

• The function of cell: Carry out all life's functions (growth, respiration and excretion)
• Cells undergo a division process to form new cells and replace damaged cells

Plant Cell
Animal cell
Comparison between animal cells and plant cells
Animal cell Plant cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
No cell wall Has cell wall
No chloroplast Has chloroplast
No vacuole Has vacuole
No fixed shape Has fixed shape

Note:

There are also animal cells containing small vacuoles whose contents are different from the
vacuole in plant cells
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Unicellular
Consist of only one cell
Unicellular in the animal kingdom:

• Amoeba
• Paramecium

Unicellular in plant kingdom

• Chlamydomonas

Unicellular that has both plant and animals:

• Euglena
Multicellular
Consist of more than one cell
Examples of multicellular organisms:

• Human
• Animals
• Plants
• Mucor
• Spirogyra
• Hydra
The types and functions of Animal Cells
Nerve cells

• Contain long fibres that function to


carry information in the form of
impulse to all parts of the body.

Red blood cells • Have no nucleus.


• Biconcave disc shaped to increase
surface area
• Contain haemoglobin that
functions to transport oxygen to all
parts of the body.
• Transport carbon dioxide from
cells in all parts of the body to the
lungs.

White blood cells

• Change their form to surround


foreign particles and destroy them.

Reproductive cells

• Sperms carry male genetic


materials and an ovum carries
female genetic materials.
Muscle cells

• Contract and relax muscles to


enable movement.

Epithelium cells

• Form a layer that protects organs


in the body. These cells also
secrete mucus.
The types of cells in plants
Epidermal cells

• Function to reduce water loss, allow gaseous exchange and absorption of water and
nutrient

Palisade cells

• Contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

Guard cells

• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stoma. A stoma is a small pore
between the guard cells. The stoma is usually open during the day to carry out
photosynthesis. The stoma is closed at night or when the plant loses a lot of water on
a hot day

Root hair cells

• Root hair cells increase the surface area to absorb more water and nutrient from the
soil
The order of cell organisation
Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Cell organisation in animals and plants

Animals Plants
Epithelium cell Epidermal cell
Epithelium tissue Epidermal tissue
Stomach Leaf
Digestive system Transportation system
Organism Organism

Systems in the human body


Systems Explanation
Excretory system

Removes excretory waste from the body.

Skeletal system

Supports the body and protects the inner organs such


as the lung and heart.

Lymphatic system

Drains lymphatic fluid into blood vessels to protect the


body from infections of bacteria, virus and others

Digestive system

Breaks down complex food into simpler form so that it


is more easily absorbed by the body

Muscular system Helps in the movements of the body and inner organs
Integumentary system

Protects the body from dehydration and regulates body


temperature

Nervous system

Carries information from the brain to


the entire body in the form of impulse

Blood circulatory system

Transports necessary oxygen, nutrients and hormones


to all parts of the body

Respiratory system

Absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide from the


body.
Endocrine system

Produces hormones required to coordinate reactions in


the body

Reproductive system

Produces sperms and ovum to produce offspring.

Exercise:

1. Draw the plant cell and label it.


2. Draw the animal cell and label it.

3. Discuss about the unicellular and multicellular.

4. List down the order of cell organization and give an example.


5.

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