APPENDIX

A
PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER,
AND SELECTED CHEMICALS
TABLE A-1
Physical properties of water at 1 atm
Temperature Density, r Specific weight, g Dynamic viscosity, m Kinematic viscosity, n
(°C) (kg/m3) (kN/m3) (m(Pa ? s))* (m(m2/s))*

0 999.842 9.805 1.787 1.787

3.98 1,000.000 9.807 1.567 1.567
5 999.967 9.807 1.519 1.519
10 999.703 9.804 1.307 1.307
12 999.500 9.802 1.235 1.236
15 999.103 9.798 1.139 1.140
17 998.778 9.795 1.081 1.082
18 998.599 9.793 1.053 1.054
19 998.408 9.791 1.027 1.029
20 998.207 9.789 1.002 1.004
21 997.996 9.787 0.998 1.000
22 997.774 9.785 0.955 0.957
23 997.542 9.783 0.932 0.934
24 997.300 9.781 0.911 0.913
25 997.048 9.778 0.890 0.893
26 996.787 9.775 0.870 0.873
27 996.516 9.773 0.851 0.854
28 996.236 9.770 0.833 0.836
29 995.948 9.767 0.815 0.818
30 995.650 9.764 0.798 0.801
35 994.035 9.749 0.719 0.723
40 992.219 9.731 0.653 0.658
45 990.216 9.711 0.596 0.602
50 988.039 9.690 0.547 0.554
60 983.202 9.642 0.466 0.474
70 977.773 9.589 0.404 0.413
80 971.801 9.530 0.355 0.365
90 965.323 9.467 0.315 0.326
100 958.366 9.399 0.282 0.294

*Pa ? s 5 (mPa ? s) 3 1023

*m2/s 5 (mm2/s) 3 1026

1011
1012 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TABLE A-2
Henry’s law constants at 208C
Hu† HD† Hm†
H* (atm) (dimensionless) (atm ? L/mg) (atm ? m3/mol)
Oxygen 4.3 3 104 3.21 3 10 2.42 3 1022 7.73 3 1021
Methane 3.8 3 104 2.84 3 10 9.71 3 1022 6.38 3 1021
Carbon dioxide 1.51 3 102 1.13 3 1021 6.17 3 1025 2.72 3 1023
Hydrogen sulfide 5.15 3 102 3.84 3 1021 2.72 3 1024 9.26 3 1023
Vinyl chloride 3.55 3 105 2.65 3 102 1.02 3 1021 6.38
Carbon tetrachloride 1.29 3 103 9.63 3 1021 1.51 3 1024 2.32 3 1022
Trichloroethylene 5.5 3 102 4.1 3 1021 7.46 3 1025 9.89 3 1023
Benzene 2.4 3 102 1.8 3 1021 5.52 3 1025 4.31 3 1023
Chloroform 1.7 3 102 1.27 3 1021 2.55 3 1025 3.06 3 1023
Bromoform 3.5 3 10 2.61 3 1022 2.40 3 1026 6.29 3 1024
Ozone 5.0 3 103 3.71 1.87 3 1023 8.99 3 1022
*H values from Montgomery, 1985.
†Hu, HD, and Hm calculated via Eqs. 5-49 to 5-51.
 PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS 1013
TABLE A-3
Saturation values of dissolved oxygen in freshwater
exposed to a saturated atmosphere containing 20.9%
oxygen under a pressure of 101.325 kPaa
Temperature Dissolved oxygen Saturated vapor
(8C) (mg/L) pressure (kPa)

0 14.62 0.6108
1 14.23 0.6566
2 13.84 0.7055
3 13.48 0.7575
4 13.13 0.8129
5 12.80 0.8719
6 12.48 0.9347
7 12.17 1.0013
8 11.87 1.0722
9 11.59 1.1474
10 11.33 1.2272
11 11.08 1.3119
12 10.83 1.4017
13 10.60 1.4969
14 10.37 1.5977
15 10.15 1.7044
16 9.95 1.8173
17 9.74 1.9367
18 9.54 2.0630
19 9.35 2.1964
20 9.17 2.3373
21 8.99 2.4861
22 8.83 2.6430
23 8.68 2.8086
24 8.53 2.9831
25 8.38 3.1671
26 8.22 3.3608
27 8.07 3.5649
28 7.92 3.7796
29 7.77 4.0055
30 7.63 4.2430
31 7.51 4.4927
32 7.42 4.7551
33 7.28 5.0307
34 7.17 5.3200
35 7.07 5.6236
36 6.96 5.9422
37 6.86 6.2762
38 6.75 6.6264
a
For other barometric pressures, the solubilities vary approximately in proportion to the
ratios of these pressures to the standard pressures.
(Source: Calculated by G. C. Whipple and M. C. Whipple from measurements of C. J. J.
Fox, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 33, p. 362, 1911.)
1014 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TABLE A-4
Viscosity of dry air at approximately 100 kPaa
Temperature Dynamic viscosity
(8C) (mPa ? s)
0 17.1
5 17.4
10 17.7
15 17.9
20 18.2
25 18.5
30 18.7
35 19.0
40 19.3
45 19.5
50 19.8
55 20.1
60 20.3
65 20.6
70 20.9
75 21.1
80 21.4
85 21.7
90 21.9
95 22.2
100 22.5
150 25.2
m 5 17.11 1 0.0536 T 1 (P/8280) where T is in 8C and P is in kPa.

TABLE A-5
Properties of air at standard conditionsa
Molecular weight M 28.97
Gas constant R 287 J/kg ? K
Specific heat at constant pressure cp 1,005 J/kg ? K
Specific heat at constant volume cn 718 J/kg ? K
Density r 1.185 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity m 1.8515 3 1025 Pa ? s
Kinematic viscosity n 1.5624 3 1025 m2/s
Thermal conductivity k 0.0257 W/m ? K
Ratio of specific heats, cp /cn k 1.3997
Prandtl number Pr 0.720
a
Measured at 101.325 kPa pressure and 298 K temperature.
 PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS 1015
TABLE A-6
Properties of saturated water at 298 K
Molecular weight M 18.02
Gas constant R 461.4 J/kg ? K
Specific heat c 4,181 J/kg ? K
Prandtl number Pr 6.395
Thermal conductivity k 0.604 W/m ? K

TABLE A-7
Frequently used constants
Standard atmospheric pressure Patm 101.325 kPa
Standard gravitational acceleration g 9.8067 m/s2
Universal gas constant Ru 8,314.3 J/kg ? mol ? K
Electrical permittivity constant e0 8.85 3 10212 C/V ? m
Electron charge qe 1.60 3 10219 C
Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38 3 10223 J/K
1016 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TABLE A-8
Properties of selected organic compounds

Vapor Henry’s law

Density, pressure, constant
Name Formula M.W. g/mL mm Hg kPa ? m3/mol

Acetone CH3COCH3 58.08 0.79 184 0.01

Benzene C6H6 78.11 0.879 95 0.6
Bromodichloromethane CHBrCl2 163.8 1.971 0.2
Bromoform CHBr3 252.75 2.8899 5 0.06
Bromomethane CH3Br 94.94 1.6755 1,300 0.5
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 153.82 1.594 90 3
Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 112.56 1.107 12 0.4
Chlorodibromomethane CHBr2Cl 208.29 2.451 50 0.09
Chloroethane C2H5Cl 64.52 0.8978 700 0.2
Chloroethylene C2H3Cl 62.5 0.912 2,550 4
Chloroform CHCl3 119.39 1.4892 190 0.4
Chloromethane CH3Cl 50.49 0.9159 3,750 1.0
1,2-Dibromoethane C2H2Br2 187.87 2.18 10 0.06
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Cl2-C6H4 147.01 1.3048 1.5 0.2
1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Cl2-C6H4 147.01 1.2884 2 0.4
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Cl2-C6H4 147.01 1.2475 0.7 0.2
1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2 PCCl2 96.94 1.218 500 15
1,2-Dichloroethane ClCH2CH2Cl 98.96 1.2351 60 0.1
1,1-Dichloroethane CH3CHCl2 98.96 1.1757 180 0.6
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl PCHCl 96.94 1.2565 300 0.6
Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 84.93 1.327 350 0.3
1,2-Dichloropropane CH3CHClCH2Cl 112.99 1.1560 50 0.4
Cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene ClCH2CH PCHCl 110.97 1.217 40 0.2
Ethyl benzene C6H5CH2CH3 106.17 0.8670 9 0.8
Formaldehyde HCHO 30.05 0.815
Hexachlorobenzene C6Cl6 284.79 1.5691
Pentachlorophenol Cl5C6OH 266.34 1.978
Phenol C6H5OH 94.11 1.0576
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane CHCl2CHCl2 167.85 1.5953 5 0.05
Tetrachloroethylene Cl 2C PCCl2 165.83 1.6227 15 3
Toluene C6H5CH3 92.14 0.8669 28 0.7
1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3 133.41 1.3390 100 3.0
1,1,2-Trichloroethane CH2ClCHCl2 133.41 1.4397 25 0.1
Trichloroethylene ClHCPCCl2 131.29 1.476 50 0.9
Vinyl chloride H2 CPCHCl 62.50 0.9106 2,200 50
o-Xylene 1,2-(CH3)2C6H4 106.17 0.8802 6 0.5
m-Xylene 1,3-(CH3)2C6H4 106.17 0.8642 8 0.7
p-Xylene 1,4-(CH3)2C6H4 106.17 0.8611 8 0.7
Note: Ethene 5 ethylene; ethyl chloride 5 chloroethane; ethylene chloride 5 1,2-dichloroethane; ethylidene chloride 5
1,1-dichloroethane; methyl benzene 5 toluene; methyl chloride 5 chloromethane; methyl chloroform 5 1,1,1-trichloroethane;
methylene chloride 5 dichloromethane; tetrachloromethane 5 carbon tetrachloride; tribromomethane 5 bromoform.
 PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS 1017
TABLE A-9
Typical solubility product constants
Equilibrium equation Ksp at 258C
AgCl L Ag 1 Cl 1 2
1.76 3 10210
Al(OH)3 L Al31 1 3OH2 1.26 3 10233
AlPO4 L Al31 1 PO32
4 9.84 3 10221
BaSO4 L Ba21 1 SO224 1.05 3 10210
Cd(OH)2 L Cd21 1 2OH2 5.33 3 10215
CdS L Cd21 1 S22 1.40 3 10229
CdCO3 L Ca21 1 CO22 3 6.20 3 10212
CaCO3 L Ca21 1 CO22 3 4.95 3 1029
CaF2 L Ca21 1 2F2 3.45 3 10211
Ca(OH)2 L Ca21 1 2OH2 7.88 3 1026
Ca3(PO4)2 L 3Ca21 1 2PO324 2.02 3 10233
CaSO4 L Ca21 1 SO224 4.93 3 1025
Cr(OH)3 L Cr31 1 3OH2 6.0 3 10231
Cu(OH)2 L Cu21 1 2OH2 2.0 3 10219
CuS L Cu21 1 S22 1.0 3 10236
Fe(OH)3 L Fe31 1 3OH2 2.67 3 10239
FePO4 L Fe31 1 PO32
4 1.3 3 10222
FeCO3 L Fe21 1 CO223 3.13 3 10211
Fe(OH) L Fe21 1 2OH2 4.79 3 10217
FeS L Fe21 1 S22 1.57 3 10219
PbCO3 L Pb21 1 CO22 3 1.48 3 10213
Pb(OH)2 L Pb21 1 2OH2 1.40 3 10220
PbS L Pb21 1 S22 8.81 3 10229
Mg(OH)2 L Mg21 1 2OH2 5.66 3 10212
MgCO3 L Mg21 1 CO22 3 1.15 3 1025
MnCO3 L Mn21 1 CO22 3 2.23 3 10211
Mn(OH)2 L Mn21 1 2OH2 2.04 3 10213
NiCO3 L Ni21 1 CO223 1.45 3 1027
Ni(OH)2 L Ni21 1 2OH2 5.54 3 10216
NiS L Ni21 1 S22 1.08 3 10221
SrCO3 L Sr21 1 CO22
3 5.60 3 10210
Zn(OH)2 L Zn21 1 2OH2 7.68 3 10217
ZnS L Zn21 1 S22 2.91 3 10225
(Sources: Linde, 2000; Sawyer, McCarty, and Parkin, 2003; Weast, 1983.)
1018 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TABLE A-10
Typical valences of elements and compounds in water
Element or compound Valence
Aluminum 31
Ammonium (NH41 ) 11
Barium 21
Boron 31
Cadmium 21
Calcium 21
Carbonate (CO22 3 ) 22
a
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Chloride (not chlorine) 12
Chromium 31, 61
Copper 21
Fluoride (not fluorine) 12
Hydrogen 11
Hydroxide (OH2) 12
Iron 21, 31
Lead 21
Magnesium 21
Manganese 21
Nickel 21
Oxygen 22
Nitrogen 3 , 51, 32
1

Nitrate (NO2 3 ) 12
Nitrite (NO22 ) 12
Phosphorus 51, 32
Phosphate (PO32 4 ) 32
Potassium 11
Silver 11
b
Silica
Silicate (SiO42
4 ) 42
Sodium 11
Sulfate (SO22
4 ) 22
Sulfide (S22) 22
Zinc 21
a
Carbon dioxide in water is essentially carbonic acid:

CO2 1 H2O L H2CO3

As such, the equivalent weight 5 GMW/2.
b
Silica in water is reported as SiO2. The equivalent weight is equal to the gram
molecular weight.

SOURCES
Linde, D. R. (2000) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81st ed., CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, pp. 8-111–8-112.
Montgomery, J. M. (1985) Water Treatment Principles and Design, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, p. 236.
Sawyer, C. N., P. L. McCarty, and G. F. Parkin (2003) Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, Boston, pp. 39–40
Weast, R. C. (1983) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 64th ed., CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, pp. B-219–B-220.
 APPENDIX

B
NOISE COMPUTATION
TABLES AND NOMOGRAPHS

Project Date Engineer

Step

A TM TH A TM TH A TM TH A TM TH A TM TH A TM TH

1 Vehicle Volume, V(Vph)

Traffic

2 Vehicle Av. Speed, S(km/h)

3 Combined Veh. Vol.*, VC (Vph)

4 Prop. Observer-Roadway Dist., DC (m)

5 Line-of-Sight Dist., L /S(m)

Shielding

6 Barrier Position Dist., P(m)

7 Break in Barrier, B(m)

8 Angle Subtended, q (deg)

9 Unshield L10 Level (dBA)

Prediction**

10 Shielding Adjust. (dBA)

11 L10 at Observer (By Veh. Class)

12 L10 at Observer –Total

Code:
A = Automobiles, TM = Medium Trucks, TH = Heavy Trucks
* Applies only when automobile and medium truck average speeds are equal. VC = VA + (10)VTM.
Otherwise, multiply medium truck volume by 10 and use this volume to compute the Unshielded L10 level.
** If automobile-medium truck volume VC is combined, use L10. Nomograph prediction only
once for these two vehicle classes.
FIGURE B-1
Blank noise prediction worksheet. (Source: National Cooperative Highway Research Program 174 (1976) Highway Traffic Noise Prediction
Model, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.)

1019
1020 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Dc
METERS V
Veh / hr
A B L10 10 15000
dBA 10000
Heavy 100
trucks 15 7000
(2.44 m) 5000
+ + 90 20
+ + + +
+ + + + + 110 3000
60 70 80 90 100
10 20 30 40 50 80 30 2000
Pivot
40 1500
+ Speed: km/h
Point 70 1000
50
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 700
+ + + + + + + + + + + 60 70 500
400
Automobiles and 300
50 100
medium trucks
(0.0 m) 200
40 150 150
Predicted 100
noise 200 70
level 50
300 40
30
400
20
500 Vehicle
volume
700

1000
Distance
to
observer
FIGURE B-2
Blank L10 nomograph. (Source: NCHRP 174,1976.)
Line-of-Sight,
m

Turn
Turn
m
300 Barrier attenuation of
A-weighed traffic noise levels, dB

Line-of-Sight,
Break in 300 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25
200 barrier,
m 200

Pivot
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
166
170
175
178
180

30
20
100 10
90
80 100
5.0
70 80
60 70
60 Angle
50 50 subtended
1.0 40
40
0.5 30
30 0.3
20

20
10
9

10
9
Turn

Barrier position, m
3 5 10 50 100 200

Line-of-Sight, m
9 20 30 40 60 100 200 300
FIGURE B-3
Blank barrier nomograph. (Source: NCHRP 174, 1976.)
NOISE COMPUTATION TABLES AND NOMOGRAPHS
1021
 APPENDIX

C
U.S. CUSTOMARY SYSTEM UNITS
CONVERSION FACTORS
TABLE C-1
U.S. Customary System units conversion factors
Multiply by to obtain
acre (ac) 43,560 square feet (ft2)
acre-ft 325,851 U.S gallons
Btu 2.928 3 1024 kW-hour
Btu/min 0.02358 hp
Btu/min 0.01758 kW
ft3 of water 62.4 lbm of water
ft3 of water 7.48 U.S. gallons of water
gal of water 0.1337 ft3 of water
gal of water 8.34 lbm of water
gpd/ft2 0.04074 m3/d ? m2
gpm/ft2 2.445 m3/h ? m2
hp 0.7457 kW
psi 2.307 ft of water
lbm/ft2 ? d 0.2048 kg/m2 ? d
lbm/U.S. ton 0.4999 g/kg
U.S. short tons 2,000 lbm
U.S. tons/acre 0.2242 kg/ha
W-h 3.4144 Btu

1022