Air Law PDF

AIR LAW
for the
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE
, 1 Commercial Pilot Licence

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE CONTENTS
Page (i)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE SUBJECT
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANISATION (ICAO)
AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
CERTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS AND
PARTS
REGISTRATION AND MARKING
PILOT LICENSING
MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
RULES OF THE AIR
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS
SMALL AEROPLANES
12-1- 12-2 AERODROMES
13-Q1 - 13-Q7 QUESTIONS
13-A1 - 13-A2 ANSWERS
) Commercial Pilot Licence

CONTENTS
Page (ii)
NOTE 1:
These study notes comply with the interim Commercial Pilot Licence Air Law examination syllabus,
which came into effect on 01 March 1999.
The implementation of Part 61 - Pilot Licensing, has been further delayed due to errors and incomplete
sections in the Technical Standards. At this stage it is not certain when this Part will be implemented,
and therefore the requirements in respect of licensing and ratings will be governed by the Air Naviga-
tion Regulations, 1976, as amended. The pertinent requirements are included in Chapter 6 of this man-
ual.
In order to provide a more comprehensive guideline for study and examination purpose two symbols
have been used on the CAA syllabus to indicate the level of knowledge required. These symbols are
also used throughout these notes, either per section or individual regulation. They are:
# - indicates examination level knowledge,

* - indicates general knowledge level only.
NOTE 2:
These notes have been updated with Amendments 14 to 18 of the Civil Aviation Regulations, 1997 and
are current as of 15 November 2002.
Unfortunately some of the amendments were issued without proper checking with the result that there
is now conflict between the following Regulations:
91.02.8 (5) (a) - Duties of Pilot-in-Command Regarding Flight Operations, page 8-7,
91.04.19 - Supplemental Oxygen in the case of Nan-Pressurised Aircraft, page 8-14, and
91.07.23 (1) - Use of Supplemental Oxygen, page 10-9
91.04.19 was amended by changing the requirement from 60 minutes to 120 minutes. This now con-
flicts with 91.02.8 and 91.07.23 which still read 60 minutes. It is not known when this will be corrected.

CHAPTER 1 Page 1-1
DEFINITIONS
#l.
accelerate-stop distance available - means the length of the take-off run available plus the length of
stopway, if such stopway is declared available and is capable of bearing the mass of the aeroplane
under the prevailing operating conditions;
accident - includes an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place be-
tween the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such per-
sons have disembarked, during which -
(a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of -
(i) being in the aircraft;
(ii) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached or are
released from the aircraft; or
(iii) direct exposure to jet blast, rotor or propeller wake,
except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when
injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to passengers and flight crew; or
(b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which -
(i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft;
and
(ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for
engine failure or damage when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories, or
for damage limited to propellers, wing tips antennae, tyres, brakes, farings, small dents or puncture
holes in the aircraft skin; or
(c) the aircraft is still missing after an official search has been terminated and the wreckage has not
been located; or
(d) the aircraft is in a place where it Is completely Inaccessible;
aerodrome operating minima - means the limits of usability of an aerodrome for either take-off or land-
ina, usuallv exoressed in terms of visibilitv or runwav visual rannn decision altitudelheight or minimum
aerodrome traffic area - means an airspace of defined dimensions at an aerodrome where an aero-
drome flight information centre is in operation;
aerodrome traffic zone - means a controlled airsoace at an aerodrome where aerodrome control. estab-
aerodrome trafc
i - means all traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft in, enter-
ing or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit;
Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) - means a notice containing information that does not qualify for
the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP but which relates to flight safety, air navigation
or technical, administrative or legislative matters;
Aeronautical lnformation Publication (AIP) - means a publication, containing aeronautical information of
a lasting character essential to air navigation issued by the Commissioner;
aeroplane - means a power driven, heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight mainly from aerody-
namic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight;
AIP Supplement - means the temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP which are pub-
lished by means of special pages;
air tmffic - means all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome;

Page 1-2
air traffic control service - means a service provided for the purpose of -
(a) preventing collisions -
(i)between aircraft; and
(ii) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions; and
(b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic;
air traffic service - means a service provided for the purpose of safe and efficient conduct of flight, ex-
peditious and orderly flow of air traffic, assisting in search and rescue, and includes-
(a) an aerodrome control service
(b) an approach control service
(cj an area control service
(d) an approach radar control service
(e) a flight information service
(f) an aerodrome flight information service
(a) an area radar control service
(5) an advisory service; and
(i) an alerting service;
air traffic service flight plan - means specified information, relating to the intended flight or portion of a
flight of an aircraft, which is provided to an air traffic service unit;
air traffic service unit - means an air traffic control unit, flight information centre or an air traffic service
reporting office;
airworthy - means, when used in relation to an aircraft, that the aircraft is serviceable and meets the re-
quirements prescribed for the issue of a certificate of airworthiness and such other requirements as
have been prescribed for the continuing validity of such a certificate;
alerting service - means a service provided to notify and assist the appropriate organisations regarding
aircraft in need of search and rescue aid and assist such organisations as appropriate;
all weather operations - means any take-off, en route or landing operations in IMC and operated in ac-
cordance with IFR;
alternate aerodrome - means an aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes impos-
sible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing, and includes a
take-off alternate aerodrome, an en route alternate aerodrome and a destination alternate aerodrome;
altitude - means the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured
from mean sea level;
approved - unless used with reference to another person, means approved in writing by the Commis-
sioner;
apron - means a defined area on a land aerodrome intended to accomodate aircraft for the purpose of
loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking or maintenance;
cabin crew member - means a crew member, licensed in terms of Part 64;
ceiling - means the height above the surface of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20 000
feet covering more than half the sky;
certificate of fitness - means the document issued to certify the acceptance of the applicant as being
regarded as medically fit for appropriate flight duties;
child - means a passenger who has reached his or her second but not his or her twelfth birthday;
cloud ceiling - means the height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud
situated below 20 000 feet and covering more than half the sky;
commercial air transport operation - means an air service as defined in section 1 of the Air Services Li-
censing Act, 1990, including -
(a) the classes of air service referred to in regulation 2 of the Domestic Air Services Regulations, 1991;

Page 1-3
and
(b) the classes of international air services referred to in regulation 2 of the International Air Services
Regulations, 1994;
contaminated runway - means a runway of which more than 25% of the runway surface area within the
required length and width being used is covered with -
(a) surface water more than three millimetres deeo:
(oj slush or loose snow, equivalent to more than ihree millimetres of water;
(cl snow which has been ~0m~reSSed into a solid mass which res:srs further comoression and will
hold together or break into lumps if picked up; and
(d) ice, including wet ice;
co-pilot - means a licensed type-rated pilot required by these Regulations to serve in any piloting ca-
pacity other than as pilot-in-command, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the pur-
pose of receiving flight instruction;
critical phases of flight - includes all ground operations involving taxi, take-off, climb to cruise up to 10
000 feet and approach from cruise below 10 000 feet;
cross countfy flight - when used in connection with the acquisition of flight experience required for a pi-
lot's licence, means a flight between a point of departure and a point of landing not less than 20 nauti-
cal miles apart;
current flight plan - means the air traffic service flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by
subsequent clearances;
damp runway - means a runway of which the surface is not dry and on which the moisture does not
the runway a shiny appearance;
dangerous goods - means articles or substances which are capable of posing significant risk to health,
safety or property when conveyed by air;
date of application - when used in connection with the issue, renewal or reissue of a licence, certificate
or rating, means the date on which the application is received in a form acceptable by the Commis-
sioner;
day - means the period of time from 15 minutes before sunrise to 15 minutes after sunset, sunrise and
sunset as given in the publication "Times of Sunrise, Sunset and Local Apparent Noon of the South Af-
rican Astronomical Observatory";
dry operating mass - means the total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation, exclud-
ing all usable fuel and traffic load, and includes -
(a) flight crew members and flight crew member baggage;
(b) caterino and removable oassenoer service eouioment:
, , and
(cj portablg water and lavatbry chekicals;
dry runway - means a dry runway which is neither wet nor contaminated, and includes those paved
runways which have been specially prepared with grooves or porous pavement and maintained to re-
tain "effectively dry" braking action even when moisture is present;
emergency locator transminer - means equipment which broadcast oistinctive signals on designated fre-
quencies and, depending on application, may either sense a crash and operate automaticallv or oe
manually activated;
en route alternate aerodrome - means an aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land after
experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en route;
en route safe altitude - means an altitude which will ensure a separation height of at least 1500 feet
above the highest obstacle located within 5 nautical miles of the aircraft in flight;
estimated time of arrival -
(a) in respect of IFR flights means the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over

Page 1-4
that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an
instrument approach procedure will be commenced or, if no navigation aid is associated with that
aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive overhead the aerodrome; and
(b) in respect of VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the
aerodrome;
examiner - means an authorised officer or authorised person designated by the Commissioner in terms
of these Regulations;
flight - means from the moment an aircraft commences its take-off until the moment it completes its
next landing;
flight crew member - means a crew member licensed in terms of Part 61 or Part 63 of the Regulations
and charged with duties essential during flight time;
flight deck - means the area in an aircraft from which the operation of the aircraft is controlled and of
which access is normally restricted to flight crew members only;
flight time - means the total time occupied in flight together with the time occupied from the moment
the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to
rest at the end of the flight;
flight visibility - means the visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight;
ground visibility - means the visibility at an aerodrome;
height - means:
(a) the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a
specified datum;
(b) the vertical dimension of an object;
helicopter - means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or
more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes;
incident - means an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft,
which affects or could affect the safety of aircraft operations;
infant - means a passenger who has not reached his or her second birthday;
Integrated Aeronautical Information Package - means a package which consists of:
(a) an AIP, including amendment service;
(b) supplements to the Alp;
I
C) NOTAM;
d) AIC; and
(e) checklists and summaries;
instrument flight time - means time during which the aircraft is piloted solely by reference to instru-
ments and without external reference points, whether under actual or simulated instrument flight condi-
tions;
instrument meteorological conditions - means atmospheric conditions expressed in terms of visibility,
distance from cloud, or ceiling, less than the minima prescribed for VFR flight;
international flight - means a flight which passes through the airspace over the territory of more than
one State;
landing distance available - means the length of the runway which is declared available and suitable for
the ground run of an aeroplane landing;
low visibility take-off - means a take-off where the runway visual range is less than 400 metres;
maintenance - means all work done in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations and approved
maintenance schedules and includes inspection, adjustment, replacement, rectification, repair, modifica-
tion, overhaul, manufacturing and testing;
Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 1-5
manoeuvring area - means that part of an airport to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of air-
craft excluding an apron;
maximum certificated mass - means the maximum permissible mass shown in the flight manual or
other document associated with the certificate of ainvorthiness at which an aircraft may commence its
take-off run under standard atmospheric conditions at sea level;
meteorological information - means any meteorological report, analysis or forecast in support of avia-
tion, and any other statement in support of aviation relating to existing or expected meteorological con-
ditions;
minimum equipment list - means a list wnich provides for the operation of aircraft, subject to specified
conoitions, with oarticular eauioment ino~erative.DreDared bv an ooerator in conformiW with, or more
restrictive than, the master niinimum equipment l i d established for a'n aircraft type;
night - means the period from 15 minutes after sunset to 15 minutes before sunrise, sunset and sun-
rise as being given in the publication "Times of Sunrise, Sunset and Local Apparent Noon of the S.A.
Astronomical Obse~atoryor a similar publication issued by a recognised astronomical 0bse~atoly;
Notice to Airmen - means a notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or
change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is es-
sential to personnel concerned with flight operations distributed by means of telecommunication by or
with the authority of the Commissioner;
operational flight plan - means the operator's plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on consider-
ations of aircraft performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route
to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned;
operator - means a person, organisation or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft
operation;
organisation - includes a natural person, trust, company, close corporation and voluntary association;
pilot-in-command - means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft in flight, with-
out regard to whether or not he or she is manipulating the controls;
problematic use of psychoactive substances - means the use or abuse of, or dependence on, one or
more psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a way that:
(a) constitutes a potential physical or psychological hazard to the user or endagers the lives, health or
welfare of others; or
(b) causes or complicates an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder;
pyschoactive substances - means any substance with psychotropic effects, including caffeine and to-
bacco, but which includes the following:
(a) narcotic analgesics such as opiates;
(b) ilicit suostances such as cannabis and cocaine;
(cj sedative hypnotics;
(d) hallucinogens;
(ej central nervous system depressants; and
(f) central nervous system stimulants, including volatile solvents and alcohol;
rating - an authorisation entered on or associated with a licence and forming part of such licence, stat-
ing special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence;
restricted area - means:
(a) any airspace as defined in regulation 91.06.20 of the Regulations;
(b) any area on an aerodrome ofheliport defined as such by the aerodrome or heliport licence holder;
(c) the area as defined in section 1 of the Civil Aviation Offences Act, 1972 (Act No 109 of 1972);
restricted category - means a category for special purposes operations;
runway visual range - means the runway visual range over which the pilor of an aeroplane on the cen-
- or the liqhts
tre line of a runway can see the runwav suriace markings - de ineatina - the runway or identi-
fying its centre link

Page 1-6
serviceable - means, when used in relation to an aircraft, that the aircraft has been maintained and in-
spected in accordance with the requirements of the approved maintenance schedules and that all ad-
justments and rectifications found to be necessary have been satisfactorily made;
simulator - means either:
(a) aflight simulator (FS), which provides an accurate representation of the fliaht deck of a articular
aircraft type to the eitent thai the mechanical, e.ectrical and electronic systems control'functions, the
normal environment of fl:ght crew members and the performance and fliqht characterstcs of that
type of aircraft are realistically simulated; or
.(b). a fliaht procedures trainer (FPT), which ~rovidesa realistic fliaht deck environment and which
simulates instrument respbnses, simpie control functions of mechanical, electrical and electronic
aircraft systems and the performance of aircraft of a particular class; or
(c) a basic instrument flight trainer (BIFT) which is equipped with appropriate instruments, and which
simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions,
and which is approved by the Commissioner for the purpose;
special VFR flight - means a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to fly within a control zone under
meteorological conditions below the visual meteorological conditions;
standard category - means a category for normal, transport, utility and commuter operations, including
acrobatic, emergency medical service, flying training, semi-acrobatic, helicopter external-load and
manned free balloon operations;
take-off alternate - means an aerodrome to which a flight may proceed should the weather conditions
at the aerodrome of departure preclude a return for landing;
take-off distance available - means
(a) in the case of an aeroplane, the length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway
available; or
(b) in the case of a helicopter, the distance from the point of lift-off to the nearest obstacle in the
take-off path of 50 feet or higher;
take-off mass - means the mass of the aircraft, including everything and every person carried in the air-
craft at the commencement of the take-off run, or lift-off, as the case may be;
take-off run available - means the length of the runway which is declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an aeroplane taking-off;
type of aircraft - means ail aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except
those modifications which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics;
valid - when used in connection with a licence or rating issued, validated, revalidated or renewed under
these Regulations, means that all requirements applicable to such licence or rating, as prescribed by
these Regulations, have been complied with;
validation - means an authorisation entered on, or attached to a licence and forming part thereof to ex-
ercise one of the following:
(a) a specific rating at a specific air traffic service unit; or
(b) the privileges of the foreign licence to which it is attached, containing special conditions, privileges or
limitations pertaining to such licence or rating,
as the case may be;
variable pitch propeller - means a propeller, the pitch setting of which changes or can be changed
when the propeller is rotating and this includes :-
(a) a propeller, the pitch setting of which is directly under the control of the flight crew;
(b) a propeller, the pitch setting of which is controlled by a governor or other automatic means,
which may be either integral with the propeller or separately mounted accessory, and which may or
may not be controlled by the flight crew.
(c) a propeller, the pitch setting of which may be controlled by a combination of (a) and (b) above;
I Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 1-7
visibility - means the ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of mea-
surement, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by
night;
visual approach - means an approach when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is
not completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to the terrain;
visual meteorological conditions - means atmospheric conditions expressed in terms of visibility, dis-
tance from cloud or ceiling, equal to or better than the minima prescribed for VFR flight;
wet runway - means a runway of which less than 25% of the surface is covered with water, slush or
loose snow or when their is sufficient moisture on the runway surface to cause it to appear reflective,
but without significant areas of standing water;
*2.ABBREVIATIONS
AGL means above around level:
AIC means an ~eronauticallnformation Circular;
AIP means an Aeronautical lnformation Publication:
AIP SUP means an AIP Supplement;
AlRAC means aeronautical information regulation and control;
ATZ means an aerodrome traffic zone;
BlFT means basic instrument flight trainer;
CTA means a control area:
CTR means a control zone;
DAJH means decision altitudelheiaht:
DAME means designated aviation bedicai examiner;
ELT means emergency locator transmitter;
EROPS means extended range operations;
ETOPS means extended range operations with twin-engine aircraft;
FL means flight level;
FPT means flight procedure trainer;
FS means flight simulator;
IAlP means an Integrated Aeronautical lnformation Package;
IFR means instrument flight rules;
ILS means instrument landing system;
IMC means instrument meteorological conditions;
MCM means maximum certificated mass;
MDAJH minimum descent altitudelheight;
MEL means minimum equipment list;
MMEL means a master minimum equipment list;
MSL means mean sea level:
NDB means non-directional 'beacon;
nm means nautical mile;
NOTAM means a Notice to Airmen;
PAR means Precision Approach Radar;
PIB means a Pre-flight lnformation Bulletin;
RNP means the required navigation performance;
RVR means runway visual range; , ,
SA-CAR means South African Civi Aviation Regulations;
STD means svnthetic trainina device:
STOL means short take-off a i d landing;
TMA means terminal control area:
TSO means Technical Service Order;
VFR means visual flight rules;
VHF means very high frequency;
VMC means visual meteorological conditions;
VOR means VHF omnidirectional radio range.

ICAO
CHAPTER 2 Page 2-1
*CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL ClVlL AVIATION

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
ARTICLE 1 - SOVEREIGNTY
The contracting States recognise that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the
airspace above its territory.
ARTICLE 2 -TERRITORY
For the purposes of th:s Convenrion the territoly of a State shall be deemed to be the and areas and
territorial waters adiacent thereto under the sovereiqntv,
- .. suzerainty. ~rotectionor mandate of such
State.
ARTICLE 3 - ClVlL AND STATE AIRCRAFT
(a) This Convention shali be applicable only to civil aircraft, and shali not be applicable to state
aircraft.
-. .. -...
(b) Aircraft used in military, customs and polce servkes snall be deemed to be state aircraft.
(c) No state a'rcraft of a contracting State shall fly over tne territory of another State or land thereon
without authorisation by special agreement or otherwise, and in accordance with the terms Thereof.
CHAPTER 2 - FLIGHT OVER TERRITORY OF CONTRACTING STATES
ARTICLE 5 - RIGHT OF NON-SCHEDULED FLIGHT
Each contracting State agrees rhat all aircraft of the other contracting States, being aircraft not
engaged in schedule0 international air services sha.1 have tne riqht, subiect to the observance of the
termsof the Convention, to make flights into or in transit non-3op across its territory and to make
stops for non-traffic purposes without the necessity of obtaining prior permission, and subject to the
right of the State flown over to require landing. Each contracting State nevertheless reserves the right,
for reasons of safety of flight, to require aircraft desiring to proceed over regions which are inaccessible
or without adequate navigation facilities to follow prescribed routes, or to obtain special permission for
such flights.
Such aircraft, if engaged in the carriage of passengers, cargo, or mail for remuneration or hire on other
than scheduled inrernationa~air services, shall also, suoiect to the provisions of Article 7, have tne
privilege of taking on or discharging passengers, cargo, of mail, subject to the right of any State where
such embarkation or discharge takes place to impose such regulations, conditions or limitations as it
may consider desirable.
ARTICLE 6 - SCHEDULED AIR SERVICES
No scheduled international air service may be operated over or Into the territory of a contracting State,
except with the special permission or other authorisation of that State, and in accordance with the
terms of such permission or authorisation.
ARTICLE 7 - CABOTAGE
Each contracting State shall have the right to refuse permission to the aircraft of other contracting
States to take on in its territow Dassenoers. mail and carao carried for remuneration or hire and
desrined for another point withiti its territory. Each conrractitg State undertakes not to enter into any
arranqements which specifically grant any such privileqe on an exclusive basis ro any other State or an
airlineof any other State, and nbcto obtah such'exclu&e privilege from any other Sfate.

lCA 0
Page 2-2
ARTICLE 10 - LANDING AT CUSTOMS AIRPORT
Except in a case where, under the terms of this Convention or a special authorisation, aircraft are
1 permitted to cross the territory of a contracting State without landing, every aircraft which enters the
territory of a contracting State shall, if the regulations of that State so require, land at an airport
designated by that State for the purpose of customs and other examination. On departure from the
territory of a contracting State, such aircraft shall depart from a similarly designated customs airport.
Particulars of all designated customs airports shall be published by the State and transmitted to the
International Civil Aviation Organisation established under Part II of this Convention for communication
to all other contracting States.
ARTICLE 11 - APPLICABILITY OF AIR REGULATIONS
Suoject to the provisions of this Convention, the laws and regulations of a contracting State relating to
the admission to or aeparture from its territoly of an aircraft engaged in international air navigation, or
to tne operation ano navigation of such aircraft wnile within its territory, shall be applied to the aircraft
to the aircrafr of all conrracting States without distinction as to nationality, and shall be complied wth
by such aircraft upon enteringbr departing from or while within the territory of that State.
ARTICLE 12 - RULES OF THE AIR
Each contracting State undertakes to adopt measures to insure that every aircraft flying over or
manoeuvring within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its nationality mark, wherever such
aircraft shall be, shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight and manoeuvre of
aircraft there in force. Each contracting State undertakes to keep its own regulations in these respects
uniform, to the greatest possible extent, with those established from time to time under this
Convention. Over the high seas, the rules in force shall be those established under this Convention.
Each contracting State undertakes to insure the prosecution of all persons violating the regulations
applicable.
ARTICLE 16 - SEARCH OF AIRCRAFT
The appropriate authorities of each of the contracting States shall have the right , without
unreasonable delay, to search aircraft of the other contracting States on landing or departure, and to
inspect the certificates and other documents prescribed by this Convention.
CHAPTER 4 - MEASURES TO FACILITATE AIR NAVIGATION
ARTICLE 24 - CUSTOMS DUTY
(a) Aircrafr on a flight to, from, or across the territory of another contracting Stare shall be admittea
temporarily free of duty, subject ro rhe customs regulations of tne State. Fuel, lubricating oils, spare
parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores on board an aircraft of a contracting State,%narrival in
the territory of another contracting State and retained on board on leaving the territory of that State
shall be exemot from customs dutv. ins~ectionfees or similar national or local duties and charaes.
This exemption shall not apply to a'ny quantities or articles unloaded, except in accordance with-the
customs reaulations of the State, which mav reauire that they be sna.1 be kept under customs
supervision:
(b) Spare parts and equipment imported into the territory of a contracting State for incorporation in
or use on an aircraft of another contracting State engaged in international air navigation shall be
admitted free of customs duty, subject to compliance w~ththe regulations of the State concerned,
which may provide that articles shall be kept under customs supervision and control.
CHAPTER 5 - CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED WITH RESPECT TO AIRCRAFT
ARTICLE 29 - DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED IN AIRCRAFT
Every aircraft of a contracting State, engaged in international navigation, shall carry the following
documents in conformity with the conditions prescribed in this Convention:
(a) Its certificate of regisrrarion;
Ib) Its certificate of airwonh'ness;
(cj The appropriate licences for each member of the crew;
(d) Its journey log book;
(e) If it is equipped with radio apparatus, the aircraft radio station licence;
(9 if it carries passengers, a list of their names and places of embarkation and destination;

ICAO
Page 2-3
(g) If it carries cargo, a manifest and detailed declarations of the cargo.
ARTICLE 31 - CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS
Every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be provided with a certificate of airworthiness
issued or rendered valid by the State in which it is registered.
ARTICLE 32 - LICENCES OF PERSONNEL
(a) The pilot of every aircraft and the other members of the operating crew of every aircraft en-
gaged in international navigation shall be provided with certificates of competency and licences
issued or rendered valid by the State in which the aircraft is registered.
(b) Each contracting State reserves the right to refuse to recognise, for the purpose of flight above
its own territory, certificates of competency and licences granted to any of its nationals by another
contracting State.
ARTICLE 33 - RECOGNITION OF CERTIFICATES AND LICENCES
Certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licences issued or rendered valid by
the contracting State in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognised as valid by the other
contracting States, provided that the requirements under which such certificates or licences were
issued or rendered valid are equal to or above the minimum standards which may be established from
time to time pursuant to this Convention.
ARTICLE 35 - CARGO RESTRICTIONS
(a) No munitions of war or implements of war may be carried in or above the territory of a State in
aircraft engaged in international navigation, except by permission of such State. Each State shall
determine by regulations what constitutes munitions of war or implements of war for the purpose of
this Article, giving due consideration, for the purposes of uniformity, to such recommendations as
the International Civil Aviation Organisation may from time to time make.
(b) Each contracting State reserves the right, for reasons of public order and safety, to re ulate or
prohibit the carriage in or above its territory or articles other than those enumeratejin paragraph
(a): provided that no distinction is made in this respect between it national aircraft engaged in
international navigation and the aircraft of the other States so engaged; and provided further that
no restriction shall be imposed which may interfere with the carriage and use on aircraft of
apparatus necessary for the operation or navigation of the aircraft or the safety of the personnel or
passengers.
ARTICLE 36 - PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS
Each contracting State may prohibit or regulate the use of photographic apparatus in aircraft over its
territory.
CHAPTER 6 - INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
ARTICLE 37 -ADOPTION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of
uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organisation in relation to aircraft, personnel,
airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air
navigation.
To this end the International Civil Aviation Organisation shall adopt and amend from time to time, as
may be necessary, international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with:
(a) Communicat'ons systems and air navigation aids, incluoing ground marning;
(b) Characteristics of airports and landing areas;
fc1 Rules of the air and air traffic control aractices:
(d) Licensing of operating and mechanidal personnel;
(e) Airworthiness of aircraft;
(9 Registration and identification of aircraft;
- -
(a) Collection and exchanae of meteoroioaical information;
(hj LO^ books;
(i) Aeronautical maps and charts;
(j) Customs and immigration procedures;

ICAO
Page 2-4
(k) Aircraft in distress and investigation of accidents;
and such other matters concerned with the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation as may
from time to time appear appropriate.
ARTICLE 38 - DEPARTURES FROM INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
Any State which finds it impracticable to comply in all respecrs with any such international standard or
procedures, or to b r i n ~
its own re~ulationsor practices into f u l accord with any internatonal standard
or orocedure after amendment o f the latter. or which it deems it necessarv to adoot reaulations or
practices differing in any particular respect from those established by an iniernational stazdard, shall
oive immediate not~ficat'onto the International Civil Aviation Oraanisation of the differences between its
own practice and that established by the internationai standard. I the case of amendments to
international standards, any State which does not make appropriate amendments to its own
regulations or practices shall give notice to the Council within sixty days of the adoption of the
amendment to the international standard, or indicate the action which it proposes to take. In any such
case, the Council shall make immediate notification to all other states of the difference which it exists
between one or more features of an internationai standard and the corresponding national practice of
that State.
ARTICLE 40 - VALIDIN OF ENDORSED CERTiFlCATES AND LICENCES
No aircraft or personnel having certificates or licences so endorsed shall participate in international
navigation, except with the permission of the State or States whose territory is entered. The registration
or use of any such aircraft, or of any certificated aircrafl part, in any State other than that in which is
was originally certificated shall be at the discretion of the State into which the aircraft or part is
imported.
CHAPTER 7 - THE ORGANISATION
ARTICLE 43 - NAME AND COMPOSITION
An organisation to be named the International Civil Aviation Organisation is formed by the Convention.
It is made up of an Assembly, a Council, and such other bodies as may be necessary.
ARTICLE 44 - OBJECTIVES
The aims and ob,enlves of the Organisation are to develop the principles and techniques of
-
international air navigation - and development of international air transpon so
ano to foster the planning
as to:
la\ Insure
-~~ the safe and orderlv orowth of international civil aviation throuohout the world:
~~~~~
(6)Encourage the arts of air& design ano operation for peaceful purp'bses;
(c) Encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for internationa civil
-..-..-. .,
aviat'nn.
(d) Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air
transnort:
. -. .- r - . - .
e) Prevenr economic waste caused oy unreasonable competition;
If) Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every contracting State
has a fair opportunity to operate inrernational airlines;
10) Avoid discrimination-betweencontractina States:
(6j Promote safety of flight in international az nav:gation;
(i) Promote generally the development of all aspects of internat'onal civil aeronautics.
) Commercial Pilot Lioence

ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
CHAPTER 3 Page 3-1
AVOAUO@N A N AND
INGODENUS
12.01.1 - APPLICABILITY
This Part shall, subject to the provisions of section 12 of the Act, apply to the procedures relating to
the reporting and investigation of accidents and incidents other than accidents and incidents involving-
(a) aircraft so designed to remain moored to the earth or to be kept in tow by vehicles or vessels
moving on the surface of the earth; and
(b) aircraft designed to fly without any person on board.
-
12.01.3 DESIGNATION OF INVESTIGATOR-IN-CHARGE
(1) The Commissioner may designate an investigator-in-charge to investigate any accident or incident
in terms of this part.
(2) An investigator-in-charge shall have authority, subject to the provisions of this Part, to -
(a) have unhampered access to an aircraft which has been involved in an accident or incident, the
wreck or wreckage, the place where the aircraft, the wreck or wreckage is located and the places
where marks resulting from the accident or incident which may be of assistance in an investigation,
are located;
(b) preserve an aircraft which has been involved in an accident or incident or the wreck or wreckage
and any marks resulting from the accident or incident which may be of assistance in the
investigation, by any means available, including photographic means;
(c) examine an aircraft involved in an accident or incident, the wreck or wreckage, any part or compo-
nent thereof or anything transported therein or any marks resulting from the accident or incident
which may be of assistance in the investigation, and to remove such aircraft wreck or wreckage, or
any part or component thereof or anything transported therein for the purpose of the investigation or
for an inauiw bv a board of i n a u i amointed
~ in terms of section 12(1)
, , of the Act:
(d) compile iepbrti in connection with the hvestigation;
(e) have unhampereo access to all documents. books. notes. ~hotoaraohs.recordinas and transcri~ts
which the investigator-in-charge may consider necessary for the'investigation,which documents,
books, notes, photographs, recordinas and transcripts shall be produced w:thout oelav . bv. the
possessor thereof whgn so requested;>nd
(f) obtain all information from any person which may be necessary for the investigation.
-
12.01.4 DESIGNATION OF INVESTIGATOR
(1) The Commissioner may designate an investigator for the purpose of assisting an investiga-
tor-in-charge in the investigation of an accident or incident.
(2) An investigator may exercise all the powers granted to and imposed on an investigator-in-charge in
terms of reaulation 12.01.3(2). which are assianed to such investiaator-in-charae.
(3) The condithns and requirements for and the rules, proceduresand standards connected wirh a
designation referred to in subregulation (I), shall be as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-ACCID and
INCID.
(4) he commissioner shall sign and issue to each investigator so designated, a document which shall
state the full name of such investigator and contain a statement indicating that -
(a) such investigator has been designated in terms of subregulation (1); and
(b) such investigator is empowered to exercise any power entrusted to him or her in terms of this Part.

Page 3-2
#ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES

12.02.1 - NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS
. . The oilot-in-command of an aircraft involved in an accident within the Re~ublic,or if he or she is
(1)
killed or incapacitated, a flight crew member, or if there are no surviving flight crew members or if they
are incapacitated, rhe operator or owner, as the case may be, shall, as soon as possible, notify -
(a) the Commissioner;
(b) an air traffic service unit; or
(c) the nearest police station,
of such accident.
(2) If an air traffic service unit or police station is notified of an accident in terms of subregulation (I),
such air traffic service unit or police station shall, immediately on receipt of notification, notify -
(a) the Commissioner; and
(b) where such accident occurs on an aerodrome, the aerodrome manager,
12.02.2 - NOTIFICATION OF INCIDENTS

(1) The pilot-in-command, and any other flight crew member, operator or owner as the case may be,
of an aircraft involved in an incident, other than an air traffic service incident, within the Republic, shall,
as soon as possible, notify -
(b) an air traffic service unit,
of such incident.
(2) If an air traffic sewice unit is notified of an incident in terms of subregulation (I), such air traffic ser-
vice unit shall, immediately on receipt of the notification, notify -
(b) where such incident occurs on an aerodrome, the aerodrome manager.
(3) The pilot-in-command, any other flight crew member, operator or owner, as the case may be, of an
aircraft involved in an air traffic service incident within the Republic, or any air traffic service personnel
witnessing an air traffic service incident, shall, as soon as possible, notify an air traffic service unit of
such air traffic service incident, and such air traffic service unit shall immediatelv on receiot of the
notification, notify the Commissioner in the appropriate form as prescribed In Document
SA-CATS-ACCID and INCID.
12.02.2 - NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS OUTSIDE THE REPUBLIC

The pilot-in-command of a South African registered aircraft involved in an accident or incident outside
the Republic, or if he or she is killed or incapacitated, a flight crew member, or if there are no surviv-
ing flight crew members,, or if the are incapacitated, the operator or owner, as the case mat be, shall,
as soon as possible, notify -
(a) the appropriate authority in the State or territory where the accident or incident occurred, directly or
through any air traffic service unit; and
(b) the Commissioner,
of such accident or incident.
12.02.4 - PARTICULARS OF NOTIFICATION

Any notification of an accident or incident referred to in regulation 12.02.1, 12.02.2 or 12.02.3 other
than an air traffic service incident, shall -
(a) include the following particulars:
(1) Type, model, nationality and registration marks of the aircraft;

Page 3-3
(ii) name of the owner or ooerator as aoolicable:
(ii/) surnames and initials of'flight crew inkmbersi
(iv) the date and time of the accident or incident, specified in Co-ordinated Universal
Time or local time;
r)
VI)
(vii)
last point of departure and point of intended landing of the aircraft;
location of the accident or incident with reference to an easily identifiable geograph-
ical point and, if known, with reference to latitude and longitude;
number of -
(aa) flight crew members and passengers aboard, killed or seriously injured; and
(bb) other persons killed or seriously injured;
(viii) nature of the accident or incident and extent of damage to aircraft as far as is
known;
(ix) terrain characteristics of the area where the accident or incident occurred;
(x) details of any dangerous goods or hazardous substances known to be on board
the aircraft:
and
(xi) any other relevant information; and
(b) be submitted forthwith to the Commissioner, and any information which is not immediately available
shall be submitted in writing as soon as it becomes available.
-
12.02.5 NOTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
(1) Any person involved in an accident or incident, or observing any accident, incident, hazard or
discrepancy that may affect aviation safety, may notify the designated body or institution referred to in
regulation 12.01.2, of such accident, incident, hazard or discrepancy.
(2) Any person who notifies the designated body or institution referred to in regulation 12.01.2 of an
accident or incident, shall not be absolved from the duty to notify the Commissioner of such accident or
incident in terms of regulation 12.02.1, 12.02.2 or 12.02.3, as the case may be.
#SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT
-
12.04.1 GUARDING OF AN AIRCRAFT INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT
Where an accident occurs within the Republic, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft involved in the acci-
dent, or if he or she is killed or incapacitated, a flight crew member, or if there are no surviving flight
crew members, or if they are incapacitated, the operator or owner of such aircraft or where the acci-
dent occurs on an aerodrome, the aerodrome manager, shall-
(a) pending tne arrival of a police guard, take such steps wh:ch may be necessary to prevent any
interierence with rhe aircrah, the wreck or wreckage and anything transponed therein and any marks
resulting from the accident which may be of assistance in an investigation, contrary to the provisions
of this Part;
(b) forthwith arranae with a member of the South African Police Service to auard the aircraft, wreck or
wreckage andbything transported therein and any marks resulting from the accident which may be
of assistance in an investigation.
*REPORTING AND REOPENING OF INVESTIGATION

-
12.05.2 APPEAL AGAINST FINDINGS ON INVESTIGATION
(1) Any interesteo person who feels aggrieved oy the findings of an investigation may appeal against
such findings to the Commissioner, within 30 days after such person becomes aware of such findings.
(2) An appellant shall deliver an appeal in writing, stating the reasons why, in his or her opinion, the
findings should be varied or set aside.
(3) The appellant shall submit a copy of the appeal and any documents or records supporting such
appeal, to the investigator-in-charge concerned and shall furnish proof of such submission for the
information of the Commissioner.

Page 3-4
(4) The investigator-in-chargeconcerned may, within 30 days of receipt of the copy of the appeal
referred to in subregulation (3), deliver his or her written reply to such appeal to the Commissioner.
(5) The Commissioner may -
(a) adjudicate the appeal on the basis of the documents submitted to him or her; or
.Ib). order the amellant and rhe investipator-in-charqeconcerned to appear before him or her, either in
person or t'hiough a representative, at a time a f d place determined by him or her, to give evidence.
(6) The Commissioner may confirm, vary or set aside the findings referred to in subregulation (1).
-
12.05.3 REOPENING OF INVESTIGATION
(1) The Commissioner may order the reopening of an investigation -
(a) of which the findings are set aside in terms of regulation 12.05.2(6);
(b) if new and significant information which indicates that the findings on the investigation may be
incorrect, becomes available; or
(c) if such reopening is in the interests of aviation safety.
(2) Any investigation reopened in terms of this regulation shall be conducted in accordance with the
provisions of this Subpart 3.

CHAPTER 4 Page 4-1
CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS
-
*21.08.1 CATEGORIES OF CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS
(1) The categories of certificates of airworthiness are -
la) a standard cateaorv certificate of airworthiness:
(6)a restricted categoj cert~ficateof airworthiness;
(c) a special category certificate of airworthiness.
(2) A special category certificate of airworthiness shall consist of -
(a) an experimental certificate; or
(b) a special flight permit.
(3) An aircraft which is internally equipped for dispensing substances on agricultural operations to an
extent which makes it inappropriate for use in air transport operations, shall only be granted a restricted
category certificate of airworthiness for the purposes of agricultural operations.
-
*21 .O8.9 PERIOD OF VALIDITY
(1) A certificate of airworthiness shall be valid until -
(a) it expires, if an expiry date has been determined by the Commissioner; or
(b) it is surrendered by the holder thereof, or is suspended by an airworthiness inspector, or cancelled
by the Commissioner, in terms or regulation 21 .01.6.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subregulation (I), a certificate of airworthiness shall remain valid for as
long as -
(a) the aircraft remains a South African registered aircraft; and
(b) in respect of an aircraft with a standard or restricted category certificate of airworthiness, the
aircraft is maintained in accordance with the Regulations.
(3) The holder of a certificate of airworthiness which expires, shall forthwith surrender the certif~cateto
the Commissioner.
(4) The holder of a certificate of airworthiness which is suspended, shall forthwith produce the certifi-
cate upon suspension thereof, to the airworth~ness inspector concerned for the appropriate
endorsement.
(5) The holder of a certificate of airworthiness which is cancelled, shall, within 30 days from the date
on which the certificate is cancelled, surrender such certificate to the Commissioner.
*21.08.10 - TRANSFERABILITY
A standard or restricted certificate of airworthiness and an experimental certificate shall be transferred
with the aircraft.

REGISTRATION AND MARKING
CHAPTER 5 Page 5-1
-
*47.00.1 APPLICABILITY
(1) This Part shall apply to -
(a) the registration of aircraft used in the Republic; and
(b) the nationality and registration marking of South African registered aircraft.
(2) This Part shall not apply in respect of any -
(a) hang glider;
(b) paraglider;
(c) unmanned free balloon;
(d) captive balloon;
(e) kite;
(f) model aircraft;
(g) foreign registered aircraft;
-
*47.00.2 REQUIREMENT FOR AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION
The owner of an aircraft shall, if the aircraft flies to, from, within or over the Republic, apply for the reg-
istration of the aircraft and hold a valid certificate of registration for such aircraft issued by -
(a) in the case of an aircraft to be registered in the Republic, including any
(1) amateur-built aircraft; and

(ii) production-built aircraft,
the Commissioner; or
(b) in the case of any other aircraft not to be registered in the Republic,an appropriate authority.
#47.00.3 - REQUIREMENT FOR AIRCRAFT MARKING

-
The Commissioner shall be resoonsible for the allocation of nationalitv and reaistration marks to be
displayed on South African registered aircraft.
Upon registration of an aircraft in terms of regulation 47.006(1), the Commissioner may, if the air-
craft was previously registered in the Republic, allocate the same registration marks as were originally
borne by such aircraft.
No person shall use a South African registered aircraft unless such aircraft displays a nationality
mark and registration mark in the manner, and in accordance with the specifications as prescribed in
SA-CATSARM.
No person shall place on any Sourh African registered aircrafr any mark or symbo which modifies,
. . n accordance
confuses or Duroorts to be tne nationalitv or reaistrarion mark al.ocared and dis~laved
with the specifications referred to in subregulation (3).

LICENCES AND RATINGS
CHAPTER 6 Page 6-1
-
#ANR REG 3.3 COMMERCIAL PILOTS (AEROPLANE): REQUIREMENTS FOR
APPLICATION
(1) An applicant for a commercial pilot's licence shall -
(a) be the holder of a valid general certificate of competency in radiotelephony;
(b) be not less than 18 years of age;
(c) satisly the Commissioner in a written examination, or an exanination conducted in another form
acceptaole to the Commissioner, as to his knowledge of -
(i) aviation meteorology;
(ii) flight planning and performance;
HI) radio a~dsand communication;
navigation;
(v) air law and operating procedures;
(vi) instruments and electronics;
(vii) aviation medicine; and
(viii) the technical subjects mentioned in Chapter 5A of the Air Navigation Regulations, 1976,
as amended (ANR's), and such applicant, except in the case of a pilot having qualified
in the South African Air Force, shall only be entitled to enter for or attempt the
above-mentioned subjects-
(aa) if he or she is the holder of a private pilot's licence issued in accordance with regulation 3.2
(ANR's); or
(bb) if he or she is the holder of a valid pilot's licence issued by a foreign licensing authority,
provided that such licence shall be acceptable to the Commissioner as the equivalent to at
least a private pilot's licence.
(d) have completed not less than 200 hours of flight time, which may include 20 hours of flight instruc-
tion time on simulators approved by the Commissioner for Civil Aviation, or 150 hours of flight time if
he has satisfactorily completed a course of approved training, which may include 10 hours of flight
instruction time on simulators approved by the Commissioner for Civil Aviation: Provided that the
total of 200 hours or 150 hours, as the case may be, shall include :
(i) 100 hours as pilot-in-command;
(ii) 20 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command, including one flight of not
less than 300 nautical miles in the course of which not less than two full-stop landings
at different points shall be made;
(iii) ten hours of night flying as pilot-in-command, including not less than 10 take-offs and
10 landings by night and a solo triangular cross-country flight by night of not less than
100 nautical miles and with a radius of not less than 50 nautical miles from base.
along any sector of the flight;
(iv) 20 hours of instrument flight instruction, of which not more than 10 hours may have
been acquired on simulators approved by the Commissioner for Civil Aviation;
(e) pass a practical flight test within 24 months from the date of notification of having passed the
required technical examinations and within the 30 days immediately preceding the date of
application, and such practical flight shall be with an official examiner in -
sequences 1 to 17 and 19 to 23 of the prescribed flight instruction syllabus and shall
demonstrate to the official examiner his ability to perform both normal and emergency
manoeuvres, appropriate to the category and class of aircraft used in the test, with a
degree of competency appropriate to that of a commercial pilot;
instrument flight, which includes the interception of predetermined radials, QDR and
QDM from or to VOR and NDB stations and utillsing navigation aids as applicable;
night flight;
flight planning and mass and balance problems appropriate to the type of aeroplane
used for the test.
t Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 6-2
(IA) Only the candidate who is the holder of a valid private pilot's licence may enter for or write
examinations referred to in subregulation (l)(c) of this regulation.
(2) The tests referred to in subreguiation (l)(e) shall be undertaken in an aeroplane with variable pitch
propeller, adjustable flaps and retractable undercarriage, unless special permission is obtained from
the Commissioner for Civil Aviation.
(3) An applicant who has qualified as a pilot in the South African Air Force may be exempted by the
Commissioner for Civil Aviation from any or all of the examinations and tests prescribed in regulation
3.3(1), except those prescribed in regulation 3.3(l)(c)(i).
(4) An applicant for the renewal of a commercial pilot's licence who is not the holder of an instrument
rating -
(a) shall submit to the Director-General: Transport a duly completed application form, his pilot's licence
and the prescribed fee;
(b) shall be the holder of a valid general certificate of competency in radiotelephony;
(c) shall for the first renewal of such licence, and for the renewal thereof every third year thereafter,
have passed the practical flight test prescribed in subparagraph (I)(e)(i) with an official examiner
within the 30 days immediately preceding the date of application; and
(d) shall for the renewal of the licence at times not specified in paragraph (c) either -
(i) satisfy the Commissioner for Civil Aviation that he has completed not less than three hours of
flight time as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane within the six months immediately preceding the
date of application by either submitting his pilot's logbook in which the said hours have been
recorded or submitting a certificate signed by a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor in which it is
certified that such applicant has complied with this requirement; or
(ii) have passed the practical flight test prescribed in subparagraph (l)(e)() with an official exam-
iner within the 30 days immed:ately preceding the dare of applicat:on.
(5) An applicant for the renewal of a commercial pilot's licence who is the holder of a valid instrument
rating shall -
(a) if the renewal of such instrument rating is not sought, comply with subregulation 4.
(b) if the renewal of such instrument rating is sought -
(i) shall submit a duly completed application form, his pilot's licence and the prescribed fee to the
Director General: Transport;
(ii) shall be the holder of a valid general flight radiotelephony operator's licence;
(iii) either satisfy the Commissioner for Civil Aviation that he has completed not less than 10 hours
of flight time as pilot-in-command within the six months immediately preceding the date of
application by either submitting his pilot's logbook in which the said hours have been recorded or
submitting a certificate signed by a Grade I or a Grade II flight instructor in which it is certified that
such applicant has complied with this requirement; or have passed the practical flight test
prescribed in subparagraph (I)(e)(i) with an official examiner within the 30 days immediately
preceding the date of application; and
(d) Should a candidate for the renewal of an instrument rating fail the prescribed test prior to the
date of expiry of his instrument rating stated in his licence, such rating shall expire with effect from
the date and time of the completion of the test.
(6) An applicant for the renewal of a lapsed commercial pilot's licence shall -
(a) if a period of not more than two years has expired since lapse of such licence, comply with the
requirements for renewal as set out in regulation 3.3 (4) or 3.3 (5) as the case may be.
(b) if a period of more than two years but not more than five years has expired since the lapse of such
licence, complv with the requirements for the renewal thereof as set out in reaulation 3.3 (4) or 3.3
(5), as the case may be, and in addition pass a written examination in regulatrons as prescribed for
the commercial pilot's licence; and

Page 6-3
(c) if a period of more than five years has expired since the lapse of such licence, comply with the
requirements for the initial issue of such licence as set out in regulation 3.3 (4) or 3.3 (5), as the case
may be, except that the Commissioner for Civil Aviation may exempt the applicant from any or all of
the prescribed written examinations.
-
#ANR 3.6 CATEGORY RATINGS
An applicant for a category type rating shall undergo the examinations and tests required for a type
rating for an aircraft of the category which is sought.
-
#ANR 3.7 CLASS RATINGS
An applicant for a class rating shall:
(1) if a land rating is sought, undergo the examinations and tests applicable to a type of aircraft for
that class;
(2) if a sea rating is sought, undergo the examinations and tests applicable to a type of aircraft of that
class in which the landings and take-offs shall include one cross-wind take-off and landing and pass a
practical test in manoeuvring on water generally and approaching slipways and buoys;
(3) if a multi-engine rating is sought:
(a) have completed a conversion course of at least six hours dual and solo flight time on a multi-engine
aircraft;
(b) undergo a practical flying test with an official examiner in:
(i) take-off, circuit and landing.
(ii) simulated engine failure during take-off, the execution of a turn and on approach;
(iii) simulated feathering or shutting down or disengagement in the case of a helicopter, as
applicable, of inoperative engine and flying thus in turns, approach and landing;
(iv) appreciation of critical and safety speeds;
(c) if such applicant is the holder of an instrument rating, pass the tests prescribed in paragraphs
3.12(2)(b) and (c) and have the relative class rating endorsed on his licence before exercising the
privilege of his instrument rating in the class of aircraft concerned;
(4) if a powered-glider rating is sought -
(a) have completed a conversion course with a flight instructor who is the holder of the appropriate
category, class and type rating;
(b) pass a practical flight test with a flight instructor who is the holder of the appropriate category, class
and type rating; and
(c) pass a wrinen examinarion, gven by a person authorised by an approved organisat on, on the
power plant an0 orher systems appkable ro that c ass of gliders.
-
#ANR 3.8 TYPE RATINGS (EXCLUDING HELICOPTERS)
An applicant for a type rating for an aircraft, excluding helicopters, with a maximum certificated mass of
5700 kg or less shall -
(1) undergo a practical flight test -
(a) wherein a high standard of vital action drill shall be required;
(b) to the satisfaction of -
(i) a Grade I, Grade I1 or Grade Ill flight instructor, in respect of an aircraft with maximum
certificated mass of 2 700 kg or less, or a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor in respect of
an aircraft with a maximum certificated mass exceeding 2 700 kg up to and including 5700
kg, who shall be the holder of the appropriate flight instructor type or group type rating; or

Page 6-4
(ii) a pilot designated in writing for the purpose by the Commissioner;
(c) with the examiner at the dual controls, where the design of the aircraft permits, consisting of -
(i) three light-load landings;
(ii) three full-load landings (which shall include a landing with one engine inoperative if
the rating applied for is for a multi-engine aircraft);
(iii) any other exercise considered necessary in view of the applicant's previous
exoerience:
(iv) if the app:icant's experience is limited in respect of aircraft previously flown, incipient
spins or spinninq
the use of'flaps;
- .(if apolicaole
.. to the aircraft), - -
.. simulate0 forced landina and a landino without
(2) pass a technical examination on the prescribed subjects applicable to the type of aircraft (including
its engines) on which the flight test is taken,en, conducted by an inspector of flying or an airworthiness
inspector of the Department of Transport, or by the holder of a valid aircraft maintenance engineer's
licence (Class II) with a type rating under Categories A and C, applicable to the type of aircraft
(including its engines) on which the flight test is taken, or by a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor who is
the holder of the applicable flight instructor type rating;
(3) submit an application for the rating together with his licence and a copy of the certificate prescribed
in regulation 2.3 to the Commissioner for the issue of the rating in the case of aircraft in respect of
which a type rating by name is required or, in the case of piston-engined aeroplanes with a maximum
certificated mass of 5 700 kg or less, his flying logbook to the flight instructor or designated pilot who
conducted the tests for the insertion of the endorsement referred to in regulation 2.3(3)(a).
(4) the Commissioner may exempt an applicant for a type rating from the requirements prescribed in
subregulation (1) or (2).
#ANR 3.9 -TYPE RATINGS (EXCLUDING HELICOPTERS)

An applicant for a type rating for an aircraft, excluding helicopters, with a maximum certificated mass
exceeding 5 700 kg shall -
(1) undergo a practical flight test to the satisfaction of a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor who shall
be the holder of the applicable flight instructor type rating and who has been designated in writing for
the purpose by the Commissioner, or to the satisfaction of the nominee of an organisation approved for
that purpose by the Commissioner, consisting of at least the following:
(a) executing in the type of aircraft for which a rating is applied for, of emergency manoeuvres
which may include a simulated forced landing and recovery from a stall entered from both a level
and a steeply banked attitude;
(b) operating such aircraft at maximum permissible landing mass with one engine inoperative;
(c) operating such aircraft solely by reference to instruments at maximum permissible landing mass
with one engine inoperative; and
(d) completion of three full-load and three light-load landings of such aircraft;
(2) pass a technical examination on the prescribed subjects applicable to the type of aircraft (including
its engine) on which the flight test is taken conducted by an inspector of flying or an airworthiness
inspector of the Department of Transport or by a person designated in writing for the purpose by the
Commissioner;
(3) submit an application for the rating together with his licence and a copy of the certificate prescribed
regulation 2.3 or in regulation 3.10, as the case may be, to the Commissioner for the issue of the rating.
#ANR 3.10 -TYPE RATINGS (OUTSIDE THE REPUBLIC)

.(1). Where the test orescribed in reaulation 3.9 is conducted outside the Reoublic
- , ~ - -- bv
-,the- nominee of
~ ~ -. an
-.
organ'sation approved for the purpose by the Commissioner, sucn organisarion may Issue a temporary
certificate of comoetencv valid for 30 davs. entitlina the aooicant to exercise the orivileoes
., of tne ratino
applied for before the isiue of the rating by the Cohmissioi?er.

Page 6-5
(2) The organisation which issues a temporary certificate of competency in terms of subregulation (1)
shall submit the original thereof to the Commissioner and furnish a copy of the certificate to the pilot
after he has successfully completed the flight test and passed the examination.
-
#ANR 3.12 INSTRUMENT RATINGS: REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION
(1) An appiicant for an instrument rating who is not the holder of a multi-engine class rating (aero-
plane) shall:
(a) submit to the Commissioner a duly completed application form, his pilot's licence and the
prescribed fee;
(b) be the holder of a valid pilot's licence;
(c) be the holder of a valid general certificate of competency in radiotelephony;
(d) have completed not less than 100 hours of flight t:me as pilot-in-command, not less than 50
hours of which shall be hours flown cross-country by day or night;
(e) have completed not less than 40 hours of instrument time, of which -
(i) not less than 10 hours shall have been completed under instruction; and
(ii) not more than 20 hours may be completed under instruction on simulators approved by the
Commissioner: Provided that if the applicant has satisfactorily completed a course of ap-
proved training he shall have completed at least 30 hours of instrument flying under instruc-
tion, not more than 20 hours of which may be done on such simulators: Provided further that
if the applicant is a private pilot he shall also be the holder of a valid night flying rating;
(f) pass the prescribed written examinations;
(g) pass a practical flight test within 24 months from the date of notification of having passed the
required technical examinations and within the 30 days preceding the date of application, and such
flight test shall be with an official examiner and shall be conducted solely by reference to
instruments.
(2) An applicant for an instrument rating who is the holder of a multi-engine class rating (aeroplane)
shall -
(a) comply with paragraphs (l)(a) to (g);
(b) pass the test prescribed in subparagraph (l)(g) in a multi-engine aeroplane or in a simulator
approved by the Commissioner for instrument rating testing;
(c) in a multi-engine aeroplane or in a simulator approved by the Commissioner for instrument
rating testing, demonstrate his abili to execute the procedures prescribed in paragraph (b), in such
? .
aeroplane at maximum permissible andmg mass with one engine inoperative.
(2) (a). An applicant for an instrument rating who is the holder of an instrument rating in more than
one category of aircraft shall pass the practical flight test prescribed in sub-regulation (l)(g) or
(2)(b) and (c), as the case may be, in each category of aircraft for which an instrument rating is
sought.
(3) An appiicant for the renewal of an instrument rating shall -
(a) submit to the Commissioner a duly completed application form, his pilot's licence and the
prescribed fee;
(b) satisfy the Commissioner that he has satisfactorily completed the practical flight test prescribed
in paragraphs (l)(g) or (2)(b) and (c), as appropriate, within the 30 days (60 days in the case of an
airline transport pilot (aeroplane) immediately preceding the date of application.
(4) Should a candidate for the renewal of an instrument rating fail the test prescribed in subregulation
(3) prior to the date of expiry of his instrument rating stated in his licence, such rating shall expire with
effect from the date and time of the completion of the test:

Page 6-6
Provided that the holder of a helicopter and aeroplane instrument rating may renew his instrument
rating in both categories by passing the practical flight test in one category if he has passed the
practical flight test in the other category on the previous renewal of such instrument rating: Provided
further that the holder of a multi-engine class rating (aeroplane) may do the practical flight test in a
single-engine aeroplane on every alternate renewal of such instrument rating.
(5) An applicant for the reissue of a lapsed instrument flight rating shall -
(a) if a period of not more than five years has expired since the lapse of such rating comply with the
requirements for the renewal thereof as set out in subregulation (3);
(b) if a period of more than five years has expired since the lapse of such rating, comply with the
requirements for the initial issue of such rating as set out in sub-regulation (I), except that the
Commissioner may exempt the applicant from any or all of the prescribed written examinations.
#ANR 3.14 - NIGHT FLIGHT RATINGS: REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION

An applicant for a night flight rating shall submit to the Commissioner -
(a) his licence;
(b) his logbook, or a cert'ficate signed by a Grade I or Grade I1flight hstructor wno is elher the holder
of a valid instrument rat in^ or is a person who, :n the case of helicoprers, has been designated for the
purpose in writing by the Commissioner, in which logbook o r certificate it is certified that the
ap licant has received not less than 10 hours instrument instruction given by an instructor who is the
hoker of a valid instrument ratina or who has been desianated for the DurDose in writina bv the
Commissioner and that he has sahfactorily completed norless than five iake-ons by night-and five
landinas bv niaht in aero~lanesor. in the case of helico~rers,has satisfacrorilv com~letednot less
than 13 c i k u i g (includin~the take-off and landing) in a helicopter by night as the'sole occupant
within 30 days immediately preceding the date of application and has in addition completed a dual
triangular cross-country flight by night of not less than 100 nautical miles with a radius of not less
than 50 nautical miles from base along any sector of the flight, in the category;
(c) a practical instrument flight test report signed by a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor who shall be
the holder of the ao~rooriatetvDe ratina with either a valid instrument ratina or who, in the case of
helicopters, nas been designated for thepurpose in writing by the Commissi&er, andin which report
it is certified that the candidate has satisfactorilv oemonstrated his abilitv to execute manoeuvres
including climb, various rates of turns, compass and timed turns, straight and level, unusual attitudes
with the aid of instruments on.y, in the category of aircraft for which sucn a rating is appl~edfor.
- -
#ANR 3.15 TUG PILOT RATINGS REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION
An applicant for a tug pilot rating shall submit to the Commissioner:
(a) his licence; and
(b) a certificate signed by a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor confirming that he has completed not
less than 60 hours flight time as pilot-in-command and that he is suitable to undertake such duties.
-
#ANR 3.16 SAFETY PILOT RATINGS: REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION
An applicant for a safety pilot rating shall submit to the Commissioner:
(a) his licence; and
(b) a certificate signed by a Grade I or Grade II flight instructor stating that he has completed not less
than 100 hours flight time as pilot-in-command, that he is competent to control the aircraft from the
co-pilot seat and that he is capable of undertaking such duties in the category of aircraft for which
such a rating is applied for.

Page 6-7
-
#ANR 1.13 SUSPENSION OF LICENCES, CERTIFICATES OR RATINGS
(1) The Commissioner or an authorised person may suspend for a specified period any licence,
certificate or rating issued, reissued or rendered valid under these regulations whenever in his opinion
such action is necessary in the public interest.
(2) The suspension of a licence, certificate or rating in terms of sub-regulation (1) shall be reported to
the Minister who may either confirm or vary such suspension.
(3) Except with the approval of the Minister, no suspension of a licence, certificate or rating shall
remain in force for a period longer than 14 days.
14) Notwithstandina the sus~ensionof a licence or ratina in terms of subreoulation 11) the
omm missioner may, in terms of sub-regulation 1.12(fl, require the ho.d& of such Yicence or rating to
underao the test or orescribed examinatons: Provided that no .icence or ratina susoended in terms of
sub-regulation (1) shall be restored prior to the expiration of the specified-period except with the
approval of the Minister.
-
#ANR 1.14 CHANGE OF ADDRESS
The holder of an licence, certificate or rating in terms of these regulations shall within 14 days after
the date of any cKange of permanent address notify the Commissioner of such change of address.
1 -
#ANR 2.14 SIGNATURE ON LICENCE
1. On the issue of a licence to a flight crew member he or she shall forthwith affix his or her signature
in ink in the space on the licence provided for this purpose.
2. Any licence which has not been signed by the holder as required in subregulation 1 shall be
deemed to be invalid and any person exercising a privilege granted by such licence, shall be guilty of an
offence.
-
#ANR 2.12 PERIOD OF VALIDITY
Subject to the prescribed requirements being met, a licence or rating may be issued, renewed or reis-
sued:
(1) if application is made for an initial issue or the reissue of a licence or rating, from the date of
application;
(2) if application for renewal is made within 30 days prior to the date on which the current licence or
rating expires, from the date immediately succeeding the date on which the current licence or rating
expires; and
(3) if application for renewal is made more than 30 days before the date on which the current licence
or rating expires, from the date of application; for a period of-
twelve months for a commercial pilot;
twelve months for an instrument rating;
Provided that:
(a) no licence or rating shall be issued or renewed lor a period extenoing beyond the period of the
appropriate current report of medical fitness;
(b) in exceptional circumstances, the Commissioner may, on individual representations by the
holder, extend the period of validity of a licence or rating for a period not exceeding 30 days after
the date of expiry of such licence or rating if the holder has a current report of medical fitness
appropriate to the licence or rating for the period for which the licence or rating is extended;
(c) If the Commissioner is satisfied that it is impractical in a specific case, owing to the nature of
an applicant's duties, to make application for renewal within 30 days prior to the date on which the
current licence or rating expires, but where such application is made within 60 days after that date,

Page 6-8
a licence or rating may be renewed from the date immediately succeeding the date on which the
current licence or rating expires.
-
#ANR 2.25 PRIVILEGES OF AND LIMITATIONS ON LICENCE HOLDERS
1. PRIVATE PILOTS
The holder of a valid private pilot's licence shall be permitted to act, but not for remuneration-
la) as oilot-in-commandof an aircraft and to carrv oassenaers therein:
(bj as ~ o - ~ i lofo any
t aircraft on which a co-p~lotknot a requirement;
~,as co-oilot of anv aircraft on which a co-oilot is reauired, on condition that he is the holder of the
(c)
appropriate category, class and type rathgs;
(d) as pilot-in-command of a tug aircraft, on condition that he is the holder of a valid tug pilot rating;
(e) as pilot-in-command of an aircraft flying in compliance with IFR or in IMC, on condition that he is the
holder of a valid instrument rating: Provided that a private pilot without a valid instrument rating may
fly in compliance with IFR or in IMC, in sight of the surface and clear of cloud, fog or mist within a
control zone, (i.e. Special VFR), after being - authorised to do so by the responsible air traffic services
unit;
(f)as pilot-in-command of an aircraft by night, on condition that he is the holder of a valid night flight
rating;
(g) as safety pilot, on condition that he is the holder of a valid safety pilot rating;
2. COMMERCIAL PILOTS
The holder of a valid commercial pilot's licence shall be permitted:
(a) to exercise all the privileges of a private tilot; ,
(b) to act as pilot-in-command in any aircra operattons other than the transport of passengers, cargo or
mail for remuneration or hire;
(c) to act as pilot-in-command in commercial air transport in any aircraft certificated for single-pilot
operations;
(d) to act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation in any aircraft required to be operated with a
co-pilot, on condition that he is the holder of the appropriate category, class and type ratings;
(e) to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft by night, provided that the holder of a commercial pilot's
licence (helicopter) shall be the holder of a valid night flight rating before acting as pilot-in-command
by night;
(9 to act as pilot-in-command of a tug aircraft; and
(g) to act as safety pilot of an aircraft.
-
#ANR 2.34 PRIVILEGES OF AND LIMITATIONS ON RATING HOLDERS
1. The holder of a valid pilot category rating, class rating or type rating shall be permitted to act as
pilot-in-command of an aircraft of that category, class or type concerned:
Provided that the holder of a valid type rating endorsed for "co-pilot" shall only be permitted to act as
co-pilot on such aircraft type.
2. The holder of a valid instrument rating shall be permitted to pilot an aircraft in accordance with IFR
and IMC and by night, to carry out with the aid of an NDB, a VOR or an ILS, for whichever he is rated, an
approach and landing under IFR and in IMC; and to act as safety pilot on an aircraft in respect of which
he is the holder of the appropriate type or group type rating:
Provided that the holder of an instrument rating conducted in a single-engine aircraft shall be restricted
to exercising the privileges of such rating in single-engine aircraft only.
3. The holder of a valid night flight rating shall be permitted to act as pilot-in- command of an aircraft
by night.
4. The holder of a valid tug pilot rating shall be permitted to act as pilot-in- command of a tug aircraft.
5. The holder of a valid safety pilot rating shall be permitted to act on an aircraft in respect of which
he is the holder of the appropriate type or group type rating as safety pilot to a pilot engaged in
simulated instrument flying practice.

CHAPTER 7 Page 7-1
*67.00.1 - APPLICABILITY
This Part shall apply to the issuing of medical certificates in respect of flight crew, cabin crew and air
traffic service personnel.
-
#67.00.2 CLASSES OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATES
1. The classes of medical certificates are -
(a) Class 1 -
(i) airline transport pilot: aeroplane and helicopter;
Ilj) commercial pilot: aeroplane and helicopter;
III) flight test rating;
(iv) c6mmercial microlight aeroplane pilot;
(v) gyroplane pilot for commercial purposes;
(vi) commercial aiider pilot:
(vii) airship pilot fzr commercial purposes;
(v'ii) free bal.oon pilot for commercial .DurDoses:
.
(ix)' flight engineer; and
(x) powered paraglider pilot for commercial purposes.
(b) Class 2 -
(i) private pilot: aeroplane and helicopter;

(ii) student pilot; and
(iil) cabin crew member.
2. A flight crew member who holds a valid Class 1 medical certificate shall be deemed to hold a Class
2 medical certificate.
3. Upon expiry of a Class 1 medical certificate such medical certificate shall be deemed to be valid for
the remainder of the period for which it would have been valid as a Class 2 medical certificate.
-
*67.00.6 PERIOD OF VALIDITY OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATES
1. A Class 1 medical certificate shall be issued for a period not exceeding -
(a) 12 calendar months, calculated from the last day of the calendar month in which the medical
certificate is issued, where the applicant is less than 40 years of age on the date on which the
medical certificate is issued; and
(b) six calendar months in the case of an airline transport pilot (aeroplane) or (helicopter) calculated from
the last day of the calendar month in which the medical certificate is issued, where the applicant is 40
years of age or more on the date on which the medical certificate is issued;
(c) twelve months in the case of any pilot, other than a pilot referred to in paragraph (b), licensed to act
as pilot in a commercial air transport operation where the applicant is 40 years of age or more but
less than 60 years of age calculated on the date on which the medical certificate is issued provided
that -
(i) the applicant submits a six-monthly report if he or she has a medical disease or risk factor for
which he or she receives regular treatment, by his or her treating physician or Aviation Medical
Examiner (treating his or her condition). The report must include:
(a) nature of disease or risk factor;
(b) information reaardinq control of risk factors or disease:
(cj complicationsihat have developed as a result of the disease or risk factor; and
(d) type of treatment and side effects of treatment.
; Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 7-2
(ii) the applicant submits an annual follow-up blood test where applicable.
(d) six months in the case of a pilot as specified in subparagraph (c), where the applicant is 60 years of
age or more.
2. A Class 2 medical certificate shall be issued for a period not exceeding -
(a) 24 months, calculareo from the last day of the ca.endar month in which the medical certificate is
..
issued, where the aoolicant - on the date on which the medical certificate
is less than 40 vears of ape
is issued; and
(b) 12 calendar months, calculated from the last day of the calendar month in which the medical
certificate is issued, where the applicant is 40 years of age or more on the date on which the medical
certificate is issued.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of subregulation 1 and 2, a designated aviation medical examiner
may -
(a) if medical indications require that -
Fi medical examinations or tests be performed at shorter intervals; or
11) additional examinations or tests be performed; or
(b) when the safe performance of the duties essential to the operation of an aircraft, of the holder of
such medical certificate, depends on compliance with any special limitation, endorse the medical
certificate with such requirement or limitation.
-
*67.00.7 APPLICATION FOR MEDICAL CERTIFICATE
An application for the issuing of a medical certificate shall made on the appropriate form as
prescribed in Document SA-CATS-MR.
(2) An applicant who attends a medical examination or test for the issuing of a medical certificate shall
produce proof of his or her identity; and
oroduce for insoection anv licence held for which the certificate is required and the most recent
inedical certificate held, ifkny.
(3) Subject to tne provsions of regulations 67.0.3(1)(c) ano 67.00.4(3)(b)(i'i),an applicant who complies
with the a~oropriaremedkal requirements and standards referred to :n regulation
. 67.00.2 (6), shal be
entitled to'a medical certificate.
-
*67.00.8 ISSUE OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE
(1) A medical certificate shall be issued by the designated aviation medical examiner concerned on the
appropriate form as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-MR.
(2) The designated avation med:ca. examiner concerned shall, within 60 days from the date on which
tne medical certif~catehas been issued, submit the orig:nal app icarion together wirh any appropr:ate -
(a) supporting medical records; and
(b) results of medical examinations or tests performed,
to the designated body or institution for verification purposes.
(3) On receipt of the documents referred to in subregulation (2), the designated body or institution
shall verify that the holder of the medical certificate complies with the appropriate medical requirements
and standards referred to in regulation 67.002.(6).
(4) A medical certificate issued by a designated aviation medical examiner, shall remain in force, sub-
ject to any requirement or limitation endorsed thereon and for the period for which it was issued:
Provided that the designated body or institution may -
(a) if the medical certificate has been issued to an applicant who does not comply with the appropriate
medical requirements and standards referred to in regulation 67.00.2(6). cancel the medical
certificate; or

Page 7-3
(b) (i) if medical conclusion requires that -

(aa) medical examinations or tests be performed at shorter intervals; or
(bb) additional examinations or tests be performed; or
(ii) when the safe performance of the duties essential to the operation of an aircraft, of the holder of
the medical certificate, depends on compliance with any special limitation,
endorse the medical certificate with such requirement or limitation.
(5) For the purposes of subregulation (2) the words "original application" includes any incomplete
application.
-
*67.00.9 DUTIES OF HOLDER OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE
1. The holder of a medical certificate shall -
(a) carry such medical certificate on his or her person when carrying out the duties as a flight crew-
member;
(b) not act as pilot-in-command, or in any other capacity as aflight crew member -
(i) while he or she is aware of any medical condition which could affect the validity of
such medical certificate;
(ii) while he or she is receiving medical treatment, unless otherwise provided for in
terms of the regulations;
(iii) if the holder has entered the thirtieth week of pregnancy, unless -
a suitable medical practitioner and a designated aviation medical examiner certify
that such holder who has entered the twenty ninth week of pregnancy, is fit to continue to act
as pilot-in-command, or in any other capacity as a flight crew member, for a further period
which shall not exceed six weeks from the date on which such holder has entered the thirtieth
week of pregnancy;
(iv) if the holoer has given binh in the preceding eight weeks; or
(v) after such medical certificate has expired.
(c) without any undue delay, notify the designated body or institution of any -
(i) injury;
(ii) hospitalisation;
(iii) surgical operation or invasive procedure;
livl reaular use of medication:
(vj pregnancy;
(vi) absence due to illness for a period of more than 21 days; or
(vii) psychiatric treatment,
which renders such holder unable to comply with the appropriate medical
requirements and standards.
2. For the purposes of subregulation 1 (c), the holder of a medical certificate shall, before such holder
resumes the exercising of the privileges of the licence held by him or her, furnish the designated body or
institution with proof that he or she has fully recovered from the decrease in medical fitness.
3. (Not Applicable)
4. No flight crew member shall-

(a) consume any liquor less than 8 hours prior to the specified reporting time for operational duty or the
commencement of a shift;
(b) commence an operational duty period while the concentration of alcohol in any specimen of blood
taken from any part of his or her body is more than 0,02gram per 100 millilitres;
(c) consume alcohol during the operational duty period or whilst on standby for operational duty; and
(d) commence an operational duty period while under the influence of liquor or any drug having a
narcotic effect.

Page 7-4
5. No flight crew member shall-
(a) exercise the privileges of their licences and related ratings while under the influence of any
pyschoactive substance which might render them unable to safely and properly exercise these
privileges; and
(b) engage in any problematic use of substances.
#67.00.10 - FOREIGN MEDICAL ASSESSMENTS

1. The Commissioner mav, in consultation with the desionated bodv or institution. recoonise anv for-
eign medical report, medical assessment or medical cGificate issieo by an appropriate authoriiy for rhe
purpose of validating a foreign flight crew member's licence.
2. If because of duty in a State or territory outside the Republic, deferral of the issuing of a South Afri-
can medical certificate for aflight crew member has to be made, such deferral shall not exceed -
(a) a single period of six months in the case of a flight crew member of an aircraft used in non-com-
mercial operations; or
(b) two consecutive periods, each of three months, in the case of aflight crew member of an aircraft
used in commercial operations:
Provided that the flight crew member concerned
(i) obtains in that state or territory, in either instance, a valid medical certificate after
examination by the appropriate authority; and
(ii) undergoes the appropriate medical examination as soon as he or she returns to the
Republic.
-
*67.00.11 APPEAL
1. An applicant for, or the holder of, a medical certificate who feels aggrieved by
(a) a decision by the designated body or institution to cancel his or her medical certificate;
(b) a decision by a designated aviation medical examiner, declaring him or her unfit or temporarily
unfit;
(c) any endorsement made by the designated body or institution in terms of the regulations on his or
her medical certificate; or
(d) any endorsement made by a designated aviation medical examiner in terms of the regulations on
his or her medical certificate,
may appeal against such decision or endorsement to the Commissioner, within 30 days afrer he or she
becomes aware of such decis'on or endorsement.
2. An appellant shall deliver his or her appeal in writing, stating the reasons why, in his or her opinion.
the decision or endorsement should be varied or set aside.
3. The appellant shall submit a copy of his or her appeal and any documents or records supporting
such appeal, to the designated aviation medical examiner concerned or the designated body or
institution, as the case may be, and shall furnish proof of such submission for the information of the
Commissioner.
4. The designated aviation medical examiner concerned or the designated body or institution, as the
case may be, may within 30 days of receipt of the copy of the appeal referred to in subregulation 3,
deliver his, her or its written reply to such appeal to the Commissioner.
5. The Commissioner may designate a panel of medical practitioners to assist him or her in adjudicat-
ing the appeal.
6. The Commissioner may -
(a) adjudicate the appeal on the basis of the documents submitted to him or her;
(b) order the appellant and the designated medical examiner concerned or the designated body or

Page 7-5
institution, as the case may be, to appear before him or her, either in person or through a
representative, at a time and place determined by him or her, to give evidence.
7. The Commissioner confirm, set aside the decision endorsement referred
subreguiation 1.
-
*67.00.12 PERIOD OF VALIDITY OF MEDICAL RECORDS
The records of a medical examination shall, for the purposes of issuing a medical certificate, be valid
for a period not exceeding 90 days, and a medical certificate may not be issued after this period on
the records of such examination.
-
*67.00.13 MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY
(1) Subject to the provisions of subregulation (2), all information provided by or on behalf of an app i-
cant for a medical certificate. which is ~ersonalmedica information, shall be confidential, an0 shall be
used only in respect of the medical certificate and the entire medical certification process, unless
otherwise authorised by the applicant.
(2) Any medical practitioner employed by the designated body or institution shall ensure the protection
of information referred to in subregulation (1) which is kept by such designated body or institution:
Provided that when medical information appears to be fraudulent, false or misleading, or when such
medical information will jeopardise aviation safety, or when it is necessary for the purpose of an appeal
in terms of regulation 67.00.1 1, the medical practitioner shall release to the Commissioner such
information for appropriate investigation and action.

CHAPTER 8 Page 8-1
GENERAL
-
#91 .01.1 APPLICABILITY
1. Subject to the provisions of subregulation 2, this Part shall apply to
(a) aircraft operated within the Republic;
(b) aircraft registered in the Republic and operated internationally;
(c) persons acting as flight crew members or aircraft registered in the Republic; and
(d) persons who are on board an aircraft operated under this Part.
2. Additional rules to, and exemptions from, the provisions of this Part, are prescribed in respect of
(a) Part 92, the conveyance of dangerous goods;
(b) Part 121, large aeroplanes engaged in commercial air transport operations;
(c) Part 135, small aeroplanes engaged In commercial air transport operations;
(d) Part 137, akcraft engaged in agricultural operations; and
(e) Part 138, arcraft engaged in emergency medical service operations.
1 #9l .01.2- AUTHORITY OF PILOT-IN-COMMAND

All persons on board an aircraft shall obey all lawful commands given by the pilot-in-command of the
aircraft for the purpose of securing the safety of such aircraft and of persons or property therein.
-
*91 .01.3 AUTHORISATION OF PERSONNEL TO TAXI AEROPLANES
No owner or operator of an aeroplane shall permit the taxiing of, and no person shall taxi, an aero-
plane on the movement area of an aerodrome unless the person at the controls of the aeroplane -
(a) is the holder of a valid pilot licence; or
(b) has received instruction in the taxiing of an aeroplane from, and has been declared competent to
taxi and aeroplane by, the holder of a flight instructor rating or, in the case of a foreign aeroplane, a
person authorised bv an appropriate authoritv: and
(c) ~fthe person uses radio apparaius, such is authorised to use the radio apparatus; and
(d) is conversant with tne aerodrome layout, routes, signs, markings, lighting, air traffic serv:ce signals
and instructions, phraseology and procedures, if required, and is able to conform to the standards
required for safe aeroplane movements at such aerodrome.
-
*91 .01.4 SEARCH AND RESCUE INFORMATION
The pilot-in-command or, in the case of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations, the
operator, shall ensure that all essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the
area over which it is intended that the aircraft will be flown, is available on board the aircraft.
-
*91.01.5 INFORMATION ON EMERGENCY AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT CARRIED
(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall have available for immediate communication to rescue
co-ordination centres, a list containing information regarding the emergency and survival equipment
carried on board the aircraft.
(2) The minimum information to be contained in the list referred to in subregulation (1) shall be as
prescribed in SA-CATS-OPS-91.
-
*91.01.6 METHOD OF CARRIAGE OF PERSONS
No person shall be in any part of an aircraft in flight which is not a part designed for the accommoda-
tion of persons, unless temporary permission has been granted by the pilot-in-command to access
such part of the aircraft -
(a) for the purpose of taking action necessary for the safety of such aircraft or of any person, animal or

Page 8-2
goods therein; and
(b) in which cargo or stores are carried, being a part which is designed to enable a person to have
access thereto while such aircraft is in flight.
#91.01.7 - ADMISSION TO FLIGHT DECK

1. No person other than the assigned flight deck crew shall be carried on the flight deck of a South
African registered aircraft except with the permission of the pilot-in-command.
2. The admission of any person to the flight deck shall not interfere with the operation of the aircraft.
3. Any person carried on the flight deck shall be made familiar with the applicable procedures.
*91 .01.8 - UNAUTHORISED CARRIAGE

No person shall secrete himself, herself or cargo on board an aircraft.
#91.01.9 - PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Subject to the provisions of subregulation 2, no owner, operator or pilot-in-command of an aircraft or
person shali permit the operation of, or operate on board the aircraft during flight time, any portable
electronic device which may adversely affect the performance of the systems and equipment of the
aircraft.
2. The provisions of subregulation shall not apply to -
(a) a heart pacemaker;
Ib) a hearing aid;

c) a portable voice recorder;
(d) an electric shaver; or
(e) any other portable electronic device, the operation of which -
0) in the case of an aircraft engaged in a commercial air transport operation, the

operator; or
(ii) in the case of an aircraft engaged in an operation other than a commercial air trans-
port operation, the pilot-in-command, has determined will not cause interference with
the systems and equipment of the aircraft in which it is to be used.
-
*91.01.10 ENDANGERING SAFETY
No person shall, through any act or omission
(a) endanger the safety of an aircraft or person therein; or
(b) cause or permit an aircraft to endanger the safety of any person or property.
-
"91 .01.11 PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS
The owner or operator of an aircraft who is required to retain any of the documents for a specified pe-
riod shall retain such documents for such specified period irrespective of the fact that such owner or
operator, before the expiry of such period, ceases to be the owner or operator of the aircraft.
#FLIGHT CREW
-
91.02.1 COMPOSITION OF FLIGHT CREW
1. The number and composition of tne flight crew shall not be less than the number and composition
s~ecifiedin the certificate of airworthiness, the aircraft flight
- manua or any other document associated
with the certificate of airworthiness.
2. The flight crew members shali -
(a) be competent and qualified to perform the duties assigned to them; and
(b) hold the appropriate valid flight crew member licences and ratings.
3. The flight crew shall include at least one member who holds a valid radiotelephony operator licence

Page 8-3
or an equivalent oocument issued by an appropriate authority, authorising such member to operate the
type of radio transmitting equipment to be used.
4. In the case of a multi-pilot crew, the owner or operator shali designate one pilot among the flight
crew as pilot-in-command of the aircraft and the pilot-in-command may delegate the conduct of the flight
to another suitably qualified pilot.
-
91.02.2 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER EMERGENCY DUTIES
1. The owner or operator and, where appropriate, the pilot-in-command of a multi-crew aircraft shall
assign to each flight crew member concerned, the necessary functions to be performed in an
emergency or a situation requiring emergency evacuation.
2. The functions referred to in subregulation 1 shall be such as to ensure that any reasonably antici-
pated emergency can be adequately dealt with and shall take into consideration the possible
incapacitation of individual flight crew members.
-
91.02.3 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER RESPONSIBILITIES
1. No person shall act as a flight crew member of an aircraft -
(a) whilst using any narcotic substance or any drug which may affect his or her faculties in any manner
that mav ieo~ardisesafetv:
(0) within y4'hours following k u b a diving by such flight crew member;
Icl within 72 hours fol.owino blood donation bv such fliaht crew member:
id) if the flight crew member knows or suspecfs that he'or she is suffering from or, having due regard
-
to the circumstances of the flioht to be undertaken. is likelv to suffer from fatioue to such an extent
that 't may endanger the safety-of the aircraft or its &cupank; or
.(e) - -
. if the fliaht crew member is in any doubt of beino able to accomolish his or her assianed outies on
board the aircraft.
2. No flight crew member shall -
(a) consume any alcohol less than 8 hours prior to commencing standby for operational duty, or
commencing operationai duty, which operationai duty shali be deemed to commence at the
specified reporting time, if applicable;
(b) commence an operational duty period while the concentration of alcohol in any specimen of blood
taken from any part of his or her body, is more than 0,02 gram per 100 millilitres; or
(c) consume alcohol dur~ngflight duty or whilst on standby, or within eight hours after an accident or
reportable incident involving the aircraft, unless the accident or incident was not related to his or her
duties.
3. Subject to the provisions of subregulation 4, no person shall act as a fli ht deck crew member of an
1
aircraft if, prior to each flight, the flight time exceeds, or is likely to exceed, t e permissible aggregate of -
(a) in the case of an operation other than an operation referred to in paragraph (e), irrespective of
whether such operation is carried out under a licence issued in terms of the Air Services Licensing
Act or the International Air Services Act -
(i) 400 hours during the preceding 90 days;

(ii) 700 hours during the preceding six months; or
(iii) 1000 hours during the preceding 12 months;
(b) in the case of fiight instructors conducting ab initio training, six hours within one calendar day;
(c) as part of a multi-pilot crew for aflight to be undertaken wholly or partly under instrument flight
rules -
(i) 120 hours during the preceding 30 days;

(ii) 300 hours during the preceding 90 days; or
(iii) 1000 hours during the preceding 12 months;
(d) as the sole pilot of an aircraft for a fiight to be undertaken wholly or partly under instrument flight
rules -
F) 100 hours during the preceding 30 days; or

11) 1000 hours during the preceding 12 months;
; Commercial Pilat Licence

Page 8-4
(e) in the case of an operation carried out in terms of Part 121 (Air Transport Operations - Large
Aeroplanes), Part 135 (Air Transport Operations - Small Aeroplanes) or Part 138 (Emergency Medical
Service Operations) -
(i) 8 hours during the preceding 24 hours;

(ii) 32 hours durina the ~recedinaseven davs:
jiii) 100 hours our::g the precediEg 30 days; or
(iv) 1000 hours during the preceding 365 days.
4. If a flight deck crew member expects his or her cumulative flight hours projected for a particular
operation, to exceed the appropriate limit -
(a) referred to in subregulation 3; or
(b) specified in the flight and duty scheme of an operator carrying out operations in terms of Part 121,
Part 135 or Part 138, the fiight deck crew member shall inform the operator accordingly.
91.02.4 - RECENCY
1. A pilot shall not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft carrying passengers by day, unless such pilot
has, within the 90 days immediately preceding the flight, carried out either by day or by night at least
three take-offs and three landings in the same class and category of aircraft as that in which such flight is
to be undertaken, or in a simulator.
2. A piiot shall not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft carrying passengers by night, unless the pilot
has, within the 90 days immediately preceding the flight, carried out at least three take-offs and three
landings by night, in the same class and category of aircraft as that in which such flight is to be
undertaken, or in a simulator.
3. A pilor shall not act as pilot-in-command of an aircratt on an instrument approach to an aerodrome
in IMC unless the pilot has, within the 90 days immediately precedinq such approach, by means of an
instrument approach procedure or procedures established by the-Commissfoner or an appropriate
authority -
(a) executed at least two approaches in an aircraft either under actual or simulated conditions with
reference to fliaht instruments onlv: or
(b) executed at least one approach in'an aircraft under actual or simulate0 conditions with reference to
fliaht instruments onlv and one ap~roach in an aoproved simulator: or
(c) ufidergone the appropriate skill test prescribed in Part 61.
-
91.02.5 FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS AT DUTY STATIONS
1. In the case of multi-crew aircraft
(a) each flight crew member shall be at his or her assigned station or seat, properly secured by all seat
- -
belts and shoulder harnesses orovided. durino take-off and landina and whenever deemed
necessary in the interests of aviation safety:
. . each fliaht deck crew member shall keeo his or her sear belt fastened while at his or her assianed
(o)
stat~on,buringphases of rhe flight, other than the phases referred to in subparagraph (a);
-
..
(c) each -
f iaht deck crew member reauired to be on fliaht aeck dub, shal be at his or her assianed
station,-during take-off and landing;
-
(d) all flight deck crew members on flight deck duty shall remain at their assigned stations during all
phases of the flight other than the phases referred to in subparagraph (c): Provided that -
(i) a flight deck crew member may leave his or her assigned station, in the course of the
performance of his or her duties with regard to the operation of the aircraft or for
physiological needs; and
(ii) at least one suitably qualified piiot remains at the controls of the aircraft at ail times;
(e) the pilot-in-command or, where applicable, the operator shall ensure that flight crew members do
not perform any activities during critical phases of the flight other than those required for the safe
operation of the aircraft.
2. In the case of a single-pilot aircraft, the pilot-in-command shall, during all phases of the flight,
remain at the controls of the aircraft.

Page 8-5
-
91.02.6 LAWS, REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES
1. In an emergency situation which endangers the aircraft, flight crew members or passengers, the
pilot-in-command may, in the interests of aviation safety -
(a) take any action wnich he or she considers necessary under the circumsrances; and
.(b)
. deviate from any law, regulation and operational procedure of the State within or over the territon,
of which the aircraft is operated.
2. If a pilot-in-command deviates from any law, regulation or operational procedure in an emergency
situation referred to in subregulation 1, he or she shall notify the appropriate authority of the State within
or over the territory of which the deviation occurs, of such deviation without delay.
3. If the appropriate authority of the State within or over the territory of which the deviation occurs,
requests the pilot-in-command to submit a report on such deviation, the pilot-in-command shall submit
the report -
(a) wirhin the period specified by sucn appropriate authority, to such appropriate authority; and
fb),
, ..
w'thin 10 davs from the date on wh:ch such reoon :s reauested bv such ao~rooriate
the ~ommis&oner.
. .
authoritv.. to
-
91.02.7 DUTIES OF PILOT-IN-COMMAND REGARDING FLIGHT PREPARATION
1. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not commence a flight unless he or she is satisfied that
(a) the aircraft is airworthy;
(b) the instruments and equipment required for the particular type of operation to be undertaken, are
(c) the aircraft has been released to service'in terms of the reg~~ations;
..
installed and are serviceable. exceot as orovided for in the minimum eoui~mentlist. if anv: ,.
Id)
~,the mass of the aircraft does not exceed the maximum certif~catedmass calcu.ated from the oer-
formance information provided in the aircraft flight manual;
(e) the load carried by the aircraft is properly secured, fit to be conveyed in accordance with Part 92
(Conveyance of Dangerous Goods), and is so distributed that the centre of gravity is within the limits
prescribed in the aircraft flight manual;
(0 in respect of aeroplanes operated in terms of Part 121 or Part 135, an operational flight plan which
complies with the criteria in the operations manual, is completed for each flight.
(g) an air traffic service flight plan has been properly completed and filed with the appropriate air traffic
service unit, if such flight plan is required in terms of the regulations'
(h) all the documents and forms required to be carried on board, current maps, charts and associated
documents, if any, are carried;
(i) a check has been ~0mDletedindicating that the ooerating limitations will not be exceeded:
(j)the required search anb rescue information is avdlable on board;
(k)
. . the requirements in respect of fuel, oil, oxygen, minimum safe alt~tuoes,aerodrome operat~ng -
minima and availabiliqof alternate aerodi6mes are complied with;
(I) the aerodrome operating minima are not less than the operating minima of the aerodrome being
ooerated to or from, established bv the amrooriate authoritv of the State in which the aerodrome is
located, unless such appropriate authorihj approves lower aerodrome operating minima;
.Im). the status of the aircraft and the relevant airborne svstems amropriate
undertaken;
. , . -
for the soec~ficfliaht to be
(n) the external surfaces are clear of any deposit which might adversely affect the performance or
controllability of the aircraft, unless otherwise permitted in the aircraft flight manual;
(0) according to the information available to him or her, the weather at the aerodrome and, in respect
of an aero~lane.the condition of the runwav intended to be used. will not Drevent a safe take-off and
oeparture or a safe ,anding at tne destinatioh aerodrome or alternate aerodrome, as applicable;
~.
(0) ..
, the RVR or visibilitv 'n the take-on direction of the aircraft is eaual to. or beder than, the amlicable
minimum;
(q) the flight crew members are properly qualified for the specific operation to be undertaken;
(r) the status of the visual and non-visual facilities is sufficient prior to commencing a low visibility
take-off, or a Category II or Ill approach, if such approaches are planned;
(s) an adequate and suitable alternate aerodrome is available for take-off, en route and destination,
should it become inadvisable to continue to or land at the destination aerodrome; and
(t) the flight crew members are not apparently incapacitated as a result of injury, sickness, fatigue or
the consumption of alcohol or drugs having a narcotic effect.

Page 8-6
2. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall -
(a) not commence a flight unless he or she has ascertained through the relevant NOTAM, AiC, AIP or
AIP SUP that the aerodromes, navigation aids and communication facilities are adequate for the
manner in which the flight is to be conducted;
(b) prior to take-off from an aerodrome at which an air traffic service unit is in operation, determine
through the aeronautical information services available from the unit or any other reliable source, that
the unse~iceabilityof any aerodrome, navigation aids or communication facilities required for such
flight, will not prejudice the safe conduct of the flight; and
(c) advise an air traffic service unit, as soon as it is practical to do so, of any inadequate facilities
encountered in the course of operations.
3. Where a load and trim sheet is required in terms of these Regulations, the load and trim sheet shall
be acceptable to and countersigned by the pilot-in-command before a flight commences: Provided that
if the load and trim sheet is submitted to the pilot-in-command by electronic data transfer,
commencement of the flight shali be deemed to be the acceptance thereof by such pilot-in-command.
4. Before take-off and landing, and whenever deemed necessary in the interest of aviation safety, the
pilot-in-command shall ensure that ail flight crew, passengers, equipment and baggage is properly
secured and all exit and escape paths are unobstructed.
-
91.02.8 DUTIES OF PILOT-IN-COMMAND REGARDING FLIGHT OPERATIONS
1. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for -
(a) the o~erationand safetv of the aircraft while he or she is in command:
(bj the conduct and safev'of f ight crew members and passengers carried; an0
(c) the maintenance of discipline by all persons on board.
2. The pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall have the authority
(a) to give such commands he or she deems necessary in the interest of the safety of the aircraft,
persons or property; and
(b) to disembark any person or cargo which in his or her opinion, represents a potential hazard to the
safety of the aircraft, persons or property.
3. The pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall ensure that all passengers are informed as to -
(a) when and how oxygen equipment is to be used, if the carriage of oxygen is required;
(b) the location and use of life jackets or equivalent individual flotation devices, where the carriage
thereof is required;
(c) the location and method of o~eninoemeroencv - ,exits:
id) when seat belts are to be fasienedy
(el when smokina is ~rohibited:and
(fjwhen portableelectronic devices may be used.
4. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall -
(a) ensure That the pre-f.ignt hspection has been carrieo out, an0 that the checklists, and where app.i-
cable, the flight deck procedures and other instructions regarding the operation of the aircrafr, the
limitations contained in the flight manual or equivalent certifcation document, are fu.ly complied with
at the appropriate times during a flight;
(b)
. . decide whether or not to accem an aircratt with unserviceabilities allowed bv the CDL or MEL.
where applicable;
(c) before take-off, ensure that the passengers are briefed on the iocation and general manner of use
of the relevant emergency equipment carried for collective use and, where an emergency arises.
shall instruct the passengers to take such emergency action as may be appropriate;
(d) ensure that during take-off and landing and whenever, by reason of turbulence or any emergency
occurring during a flight, the precaution is considered necessary, all persons on board the aircraft are
secured in their seats by means of the seat belts or shoulder harnesses provided;
(e) when replanning, whilst in flight, to proceed along a route to to a destination other than the route or
destination originally pianned, shali amend the operational flight plan, if such flight plan was required
in terms of these Regulations;
(f) report any accident or incident involvina the aircraft;
(g) report any dangerous goods accidentor inc'dent involving the aircraft;
(h) if the aircraft is endangered 'n flight by a near coll:sion with any other aircraft or object, faulty air

Page 8-7
traffic procedure or lack of compliance with applicable procedures by an air traffic service unit or a
flight crew member or a failure of air traffic service facilities, submit an air traffic service incident
report;
(i) record any technical defect and the exceeding of any technical limitation which occurred while he or
she was responsible for the flight, in the flight folio; and
(j) if a potentially hazardous condition such as bird accumulation, an irregularity in a ground or naviga-
tion facility, meteorological phenomena, a volcanic ash cloud or a greater than normal radiation level
is observed during fiight, notify an air traffic service unit as soon as possible.
5. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall ensure that
(a) breathing oxygen is available to flight crew members and passengers if flights in a non-pressurised
aircraft are contemplated above 10 000 feet up to 12 000 feet in excess of 60 minutes, or above 12
000 feet: (see Note 2 on naae fii) of Contents).
- ~ ~-,, and
~~
-
(b) breathingoxygen is carri6d h sufficient quantit~esfor all flignts at such alritudes where a lack of
~
oxygen might resu t in impairment of faculries of flight crew members, or harmfully affect passengers.
6. The pilot-In-command of the aircraft shall not -
(a) require aflight crew member to perform any duties during a critical phase of the flight, except those
duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft;
(b) permit any activity during a critical phase of the flight which could distract any flight crew member
from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct
of those duties; and
(c) continue a flight beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome in the event of a flight crew member
becoming unable to perform any essential duties as a result of fatigue, sickness or lack of oxygen.
7. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft, or in his absence, the owner or operator thereof, shall report
any act of unlawful interference with the operation of the aircraft, or the authority of the pilot-in-command
(a) if the act of unlawful interference occurs within the Reoublic. to the Commissioner: or
(0) in the act of unlawful interference occurs within or over the tkrritory of a foreign state, to the
appropriate authority of the State and the Commissioner.
#DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

-
91.03.1 DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON BOARD
The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that the following documents, or certified true copies
thereof, are carried on board the aircraft on each individual flight:
(a) If the flight is engaged in an international flight -
i the certificate of reoistration:
jii) the certificate of airworthiness;
(iii) the appropriate licence of each flight crew member;
(iv) the journey logbook or general declaration;
(v) the aircraft radio station licence:
(i)if passengers are carried, the passenger manifest, unless the information is included in
the general declaration;
(vii) if cargo is carried, a manifest and detailed declaration of the cargo;
(viii) the certificate of release to service;
(ix) the navigation log when a navigator is carried;
(x) the aircraft flight manual or equivalent document;
(xi) the mass and balance report;
(xii) the flight folio;
(xiii) the MEL, if applicable;
(xiv) the noise certificate, if such certificate has been issued for the type of aircraft; and
(xv) a list of visual signals for use by Intercepting and intercepted aircraft;
(b) if the aircraft is engaged in a domestic flight -
(i) the certificate of registration;
(ii) the certificate of airworthiness;
(iii) the appropriate licence of each flight crew member;
(iv) the aircraft radio station licence;

Page 8-8
(v) the certificate of release to service;
(vi) the aircraft fiight manual or equivalent document;
(vii) the mass and balance report;
(viii) the flight folio;
(ix) the MEL, if applicable;
if such certificate has been issued for the type of aircraft; and
for use by intercepting and intercepted aircraft;
-
91.03.2 AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL
1. The owner of operator of an aircraft shali keep a current approved aircraft flight manual for each
aircraft of which he or she is the owner or operator.
2. The flight crew members of the aircraft shall, on each fiight, operate such aircraft in accordance with
the aircraft flight manual, unless an unforeseen emergency dictates otherwise.
-
91.03.3 AIRCRAFT CHECKLISTS
The owner or operator of an aircraft shali, where applicable, establish and make available to the flight
crew and other personnel in his or her employ needing the information, a checklist system for the air-
craft, to be used by such flight crew and other personnel for all phases of the operation under normal,
abnormal and emergency conditions.
-
91.03.4 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE FLIGHT PLAN
I
1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that an air traffic service flight plan is completed if
required in terms of subregulation 4.
2. The air traffic service flight plan shall contain the prescribed items.
3. The air traffic service flight plan shall be filed with the appropriate air traffic service unit and such
unit shall be responsible for transmitting such air traffic service flight plan to ail air traffic service units
concerned with the flight.
4. The air traffic service flight plan shali be filed in respect of -
(a) all flights to be conducted in controlled or advisory airspace: Provided that this requirement shall
not apply in respect of -
(il a local fliaht:

(6) a flight crossing an airway or advisory route at right angles;
(iii) a VFR fiight entering or departing from an air traffic zone or control zone, from or to
an unmanned aerodrome and where no other controlled or advisory airspace will
be entered during the flight;
(b) an international flight;
.(c). all fiiahts undertaken in terms of a Class I or Class Ii licence issued in terms of
~ -~the Air Services
Licetising Act, 1990, or the international Air Services Act, 1993; and
(d) a flight for which alerting action is required.
5. An air traffic control unit may instruct a fiight for which an air traffic service fiight plan is required in
terms of subregulation 4 and for which an air traffic service flight plan has not been filed, to clear or to
remain clear of controiled airspace, and not to cross the border of the Republic or to enter its airspace
until such time as the required air traffic service flight plan has been filed.
6. Unless otherwise authorised by the responsible air traffic service unit, an air traffic service flight plan
for a flight to be conducted in controiled or adviso airspace, shall be filed at least 30 minutes before
7
departure or, if filed during flight whilst outside o controlled or advisory airspace for a flight to be
conducted in such airspace, it shall be filed with the responsible air traffic service unit at least 10 minutes
before the aircraft is estimated to reach the intended point of entry into the controlled or advisory
airspace.
7. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall ensure that all changes which become applicable to an air
traffic service flight plan before departure or in flight, are reported, as soon as practicable, to the
responsible air traffic service unit.
: Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 8-9
8. If an air traffic service flioht olan has been filed with an air traffic service unit orior to deoarture.
- , and
-
is not activated with an aTr traffic service unit wirhin one hour of origina estimated time of departure, the
air traffic sewice flight plan shall be regarded as canceled and a new air traffic service flight p a n shall be
filed.
9. Where an air traffic service unit is not in operation at the aerodrome of intended landing a report
shall be submitted to an air traffic service unit, by the quickest means of communication available,
immediately before or after landing, in respect of a flight for which an air traffic service flight plan was
submitted and not as yet closed.
10. Subject to the provisions of subreguiation 11, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that the aircraft
adheres to the current air traffic service flioht plan filed for a controlled flioht. unless a reouest for a
change has been made and accepted by the air traffic control unit res6ons:ble for the 'controlled
airspace in which the a:rcraft :s operatinq, or unless an emergency situation arises whicn necessitates
immediate action, in which event the resiionsible air traffic control unit shall, as soon as circumstances
permit, be notified of the action taken and that such action was taken under emergency authority.
11. In the event of a controlled flight inadvertently deviating from its current air traffic service flight plan,
the following action shall be taken:
(a) If the aircraft is off track, action shall be taken forthwith to adjust the heading of the aircraft to regain
track as soon as practicable;
(b) if the average true airspeed at cruising level between reporting points varies, or is expected to vary,
from that given in an air traffic service flight plan by approximately five per cent of the true airspeed,
the responsible air traffic service unit shall be so informed;
,lc)
, if the estimated time at the next aoolicable reoortino ooint. flioht information reoion boundarv. or an
aerodrome of 'ntendeo landing.' whichever 'comes 'first, i s Touno to be in error in excese'of three
minutes from that notified to me responsible air traffic service unit. a revised estimated time sha I be
notified ro such air traffic servce uniias soon as possible; or
.(d)
. if the aircratr deviates from its altitude, action shall be taken forthwith to correct the altitude of the
aircraft.
-
91.03.5 FLIGHT FOLIO
1. The owner or operator of a South African registered aircraft shall ensure that the aircraft carries a
flight folio or any other similar document which contains the prescribed information, at all times.
2. The flight folio shall be kept up-to-date and maintained in a legible manner.
3. All entries shall be made immediately upon completion of the occurrence to which they refer.
4. In the case of maintenance being undertaken on the aircraft, the entry shall be certified by the
person taking responsibility for the maintenance performed.
5. The owner or operator shall retain the flight folio for a period of five years calculated from the date
of the last entry therein.
91.03.6 - FUEL AND OIL RECORD

1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall maintain fuel and oil records for each flight undertaken by
the aircraft under the control of such owner or operator.
2. The pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall enter the fuel and oil records referred to in subregulation 1
in the flight folio.
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91.03.7 CERTIFICATE OF RELEASE TO SERVICE
1. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate -
(a) a South African registered aircraft without holding a valid certificate of release to service signed by
the holder of an appropriately rated aircraft maintenance engineer licence or aircraft maintenance
organisation approval; or
(b) a foreign aircraft without holding a valid certificate equivalent to the certificate referred to in para-
graph (a), issued by an appropriate authority.

Page 8-10
2. The owner or operator shall -
,fa)
,ensure that one c o w of the certificate of release to service or eauivalent certificate is carried
~ -~ on
-
ooard the aircraft io'which it relates and, in the case of a south African registered a'rcraft, a second
copy snall be filed at rhe normal station of the aircraft; and
(b) retain the certificate of release to service for a period of 12 months calculated from the date of issue
of such cenificare of release to service.
-
91.03.8 FLIGHT RECORDER RECORDS
(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft on which a flight recorder is carried, shall
(a) in the case of an accident or incident involving such aircraft, preserve the original recording, as
retained by the flight recorder, for a period of not less than 60 days calculated from the date of the
accident or incident, or until permission for disposal of such recording has been given by the
investigator-in-charge for an appropriate authority, whichever is the latter date;
(b) when the Commissioner so directs, preserve the original recording, as retained by the flight
recorder, for a period of not less than 60 days calculated from the date of such direction or until
permission for disposal of such recording has been given by the Commissioner.
(2) If an aircraft is required under this Part to be fitted with a flight data recorder, the owner or operator
of the aircraft shall -
(a) save the recording for the period of operating time as required by subregulation (l)(a) and (b):
Provided that for the purpose of testing and maintaining a flight data recorder one hour of the oldest
recorded material at the time of testing may be erased;
(b) keep a recording of at least one representative flight made within the preceding 12 months which
includes a take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach and landing, together with a means of
identifying the recording with the flight to which it relates.; and
(c) keep a document which represents the information necessary to retrieve and convert the stored
data into engineering units.
(3) The owner or operator of an aircraft on which a flight recorder is carried shall, within a reasonable
time after being requested to do so by the Commissioner or an appropriate authority, produce any
recording made by such flight recorder which is available or has been preserved.
(4) A cockpit voice recorder recording may be used for purposes other than for the investigation of an
accident or incident only with the consent of all the flight crew members concerned.
(5) The flight data recorder recordings may be used for purposes other than the investigation of an
accident or incident which is subject to mandatory reporting, only when such recordings are -
(a) used by the owner or operator for airworthiness or maintenance purposes only;
(b) de-identified; or
(c) disclosed under secure procedures.
-
91.03.9 LOGBOOKS
(1) The following logbooks shall be kept in respect of South African registered aircraft and in respect of
other specified equipment for the purpose of recording therein the maintenance history of the
equipment to which each relates:
(a) an aircraft loabook for each aircraft;
(b) an engine l o ~ o o o kfor each aircraftengine;
(c) a propeller logbook for each propeller
(2) The provisions of sub-regulation (1) shall not apply to aircraft which do not qualify for the issue of a
certificate of airworthiness.
(3) Logbooks to be kept in terms of sub-regulation (1) shall conform to such format as the Commis-
sioner may from time to time presicribe in an AIC.
(4) Logbooks should preferably be kept at the aircraft's base of operation. Details in respect of mainte-
nance carried out while away from base shall be transferred to the appropriate logbook or logbooks
within 48 hours after the return of the aircraft to its base of operation or entered within 48 hours on

OPERATION OF AIRCRAK
Page 8-11
completion of any manitenance performed on the aircraft or installed equipment at a base other than its
base of operation.
(5) All logbooks to be kept and maintamed in terms of the preceding sub-regulat'ons shall on demand
be made available at all times for inspection by an authorised officer.
(6) The logbooks required to be kept in accordance with this Part shall be p r e s e ~ e din a safe place at
all times and for a period of 6 (six) months after the date of destruction of the airframe, engine or
propeller for which they were kept.
(7) Logbooks shall not be carried in the aircraft to which they relate unless the aircraft is flown to a
place where the logbboks are required for compliance with maintenance of the aircraft. Where a
logbook is carried on board an aircraft, a suitable record of the last inspection performed shall be
maintained at the base of operation of the aircraft.
(8) Entries in the logbooks required to be kept in accordance with this Part shall be made and signed
by the holder of an appropriate licence or by a person approved by the Commissioner, except that
matters that could not have come to the notice of the holder of an appropriate licence or an approved
person, shall be entered and signed by the pilot-in-command.
(9) Any record kept for the purpose of compiling a logbook or any other technical data relating to the
airworthiness of an aircraft or component shall be produced when called for in the event of any
inspection or investigation.
(10) All entries made in logbooks shall furnish the information and particulars provided for in the
relevant logbook.
(11) When repairs to an aircraft, aircraft engine or component or fixed or removable equipment have
been repaired in consequence either of damage caused by a forced landing or of defects which have
occasioned a forced landing or any other incident, the entry or entries made in the relevant logbook or
books in respect of such repairs shall state that they have been so required and shall identify the forced
landing or incident in question.
(12) The logbooks referred to in this Part shall be kept up to date and maintained in ink in a legible
manner and reasonable condition and in accordance with the "Instructions for use" in the relevant
logbook.
(13) In the event that required maintenance records have been lost or destroyed, alternative proof
should be provided that the tasks in question have been performed.
#INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

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91.04.1 USE OF INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT BY PILOT
1. Instruments on an aircraft which are used by a pilot shall be so arranged in such a manner that the
pilot can see their indications readily from his or her station, with the minimum practicable deviation from
the position and line of vision which he or she normally assumes when looking forward along the flight
path.
2. If a single instrument or item of equipment in an aircraft is required to be operated by more than
one pilot, such single instrument or item of equipment shall be installed in such a manner that it can be
readily seen and operated from each pilot station.
3. An aircraft shall be equipped with means for indicating the adequacy of the power being supplied to
the required flight instruments.
-
91.04.2 CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES
1. No owner or oDerator of an aircraft in which fuses are used. shall ooerate the aircraft unless there
are spare fuseiavailaole for use in flight equal to at least ten per cent'or rhree, wnichever is the greater.
of the number of fuses of each ratina reau:red for comolete circuit orotecrion, wnich soare fuses shall be
accessible to the flight crew during fii'ght.'
2. If the ability to reset a circuit breaker or replace a fuse is essential to safety in flight, such circuit
breaker or fuse shall be located and identified in such a manner that it can be readily reset or replaced in
flight.
j Commwcial Pilot Licence

Page 8-12
3. No person shall deactivate a circuit breaker in flight other than in accordance with the aircraft flight
Manual.
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91.04.3 AIRCRAFT OPERATING LIGHTS
1. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate such aircraft by night unless the aircraft is
equipped with -
(a) sewiceable navigation lights; and
(b) (i) two Se~iceablelanding lights; or
(ii) one single sewiceable landing light housing with two separately energized filaments; and
(c) a serviceable rotating beacon or strobe light; and
(d) an electrical torch for each required flight crew member, readily accessible to such crew member
when seated at his or her designated station.
2. Power supplied from the electrical system of the aircraft shall-
lal . .
> , ,orovide adeauate illumination for all instruments and eaui~ment,
used bv the flight crew and
essentia for ihe safe operation of the aircraft; and
(b) oe adequate to provide illumination in all passenger compartments, if any.
-
91.04.4 FLIGHT, NAVIGATION AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT FOR AIRCRAFT
OPERATED UNDER VFR
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft in accordance with VFR, unless such air-
craft is equipped with -
(a) a magnetic compass;
Ib) an accurate time-piece showing the time in hours, minutes and seconds;
c) a sensitive pressure altimeter with a subscale setting, calibrated in hectopascals, adjustable for any
- -
barometric Dressure settina iikelv to be encountered during flight;
(d) an airspeed indicator, and-
(e) if to be operated by night, a chart holder in an easily readable position which can be illuminated.
91.04.5 - FLIGHT, NAVIGATION AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT FOR AIRCRAFT

OPERATED UNDER IFR
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft in accordance with IFR, unless such air-
craft is equipped with -
(b) an accurate time-piece showing the time in hours, minutes and seconds;
lcl a sensitive
,.,-.. -~ - ,oressure
- - - - - altimeter
- ~ with
- a subscaie settina. calibrated in hecto~ascals, .
. adiustable for anv
barometric pressure setting likely to be encounterez'durhg flight;
lo\
> , an airsoeed indicator svstem with heated ~ ' i t otube
t or eauivalent means for ~reventina - malfunction
ing due to either condehsation or icing;
(e) a vertical meed indicator:
jf)'a stabil'sed'direction indicaror;
la) a turn and bank indicator, or a turn co-ordinator incorporating - a slip indicator;
(6) an attitude indicator;
(i) a rate of climb and descent indicator;
(j) a means of indicating, in the cockpit or on the flight deck, the outside air temperature in degrees
Cm- --
-.l-.s i ~ir.,
(k) a chart holder in an easily readable position which can be illuminated for operations by night.
-
91.04.6 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR SINGLE-PILOT OPERATION IN
ACCORDANCE WITH IFR.
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall conduct single-pilot IFR operations in the aircraft unless such
aircraft has been certificated for such operations and is equipped with -
(a)
. . a stability augmentation or automatic flight control system with at least altitude hold and heading
mode; and -
(b) a headset with boom microphone or equivalent and a transmit button on the control wheel or
joystick.

Page 8-13
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91.04.7 MACH NUMBER INDICATOR
No owner or operator of an aircraft with speed limitations expressed in terms of Mach number, shall
operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped with a Mach number indicator.
-
91.04.9 EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATIONS IN ICING CONDITIONS
1. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft in forecast or actual icing conditions
unless such aircraft is certificated and equipped to operate in icing conditions.
2. The owner or operator shall not operate the aircraft in forecast or actual icing conditions by night
unless such aircraft is equipped with a means to illuminate or detect the formation of ice.
3. The means of illumination referred to in subregulation 2, sha.1 be of a rype which does not cause
glare or reflection which may handicap flight deck crew members in the performance of tneir duties.
91.04.14 - SEATS, SEAT SAFETY BELTS, HARNESSES AND CHILD RESTRAINT

DEVICES
1. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped, as
applicable, with -
(a) a seat or berth for each person who is aged two years or more;
(b) a safety belt with or without a diagonal shoulder strap, or a safety harness, for use in each passen-
ger seat for each passenger who is aged two years or more;
(c) a restraining belt for use in each passenger berth;
(d) a child restraint device for each passenger who is less than two years of age;
(e) a safety harness for each flight deck crew member seat, incorporating a device which will automat-
ically restrain the occupant's torso in the event of rapid deceleration; and
(9 a safety harness for each cabin crew member seat: Provided that a safety belt with one diagonal
shoulder strap is permitted if the fitting of a safety harness is not reasonably practical.
2. If the pilot-in-command cannot see all the passenger seats in the aircraft from his or her own seat, a
means of indicating to all passengers and cabin crew members that seat belts should be fastened, shall
be installed.
3. All safety harnesses and safety belts shall have a single point release.
-
91.04.15 STOWAGE OF ARTICLES, BAGGAGE AND CARGO
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless all articles, baggage and cargo car-
ried on board, except those items in use by either the flight crew or by passengers, if such use is not
prohibited by the pilot-in-command in the interest of the safety of the aircraft or its occupants, are
placed -
(a) in a manner which prevents movement likely to cause injury or damage and does not obstruct
aisles and exits; or
(b) in stowages designed to prevent movement likely to cause injury or damage.
91 .O4.l6-STANDARD FIRST AID KIT

1. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped with an
appropriate first aid kit as prescribed.
2. The owner or operator shall carry out periodical inspections of the first aid kit to ensure that, as far
as is practicable, the contents thereof are in a condition necessary for their intended use.
3. The supplies :n the standard firsr aid kit shal be replenished at regu ar intervals, in accoroance with
insrructions conrained on their labels, or as circumstances requlre.
-
91 .O4.l8 SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN IN THE CASE OF PRESSURISED AIRCRAFT
No owner or operator of a pressurised aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped
with supplemental oxygen.

Page 8-14
-
91.04.19 SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN IN THE CASE OF NON -PRESSURISED
AIRCRAFT
No owner or operator of a non-pressurised aircraft shall operate the aircraft at altitudes between 10 000
feet and 12 000 feet for longer than 120 minutes intended flight time, or above 12 000 feet, unless
such aircraft is equipped with supplemental oxygen. (see Note 2 on page (ii) of Contents)
-
91.04.21 HAND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped with ap-
propriate hand fire extinguishers.
-
91.04.26 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMllTER
(I) No owner or operator of -
(a) an aircraft to be operated on extended flights over water or over areas where search and rescue
would be especially difficult;
(b) an aeroplane with a maximum certificated mass exceeding 5700 kilograms;
(c) a helicopter with an approved passenger seating configuration of more than 19 seats; or
(d) any South African registered aircraft engaged in an international commercial air transport operation;
shall operate such aircraft unless it is equipped with one or more approved emergency locator
transmitters (ELTs).
(2) The number and type of emergency locator transmitters, the manner in which these shall be
carried, the specifications to which they shall adhere, the frequencies on which they shall be able to
transmit, and the manner in which they are to be maintained, shall be as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS 91
(3) The following aircraft are exempted from the requirement prescribed in subregulation (1):
(a) aircraft engaged in flights remaining within a radius of 50 nautical miles from their point of departure;
(b) aircraft engaged in the aerial application of chemicals or other substances for agricultural purposes.
and on flights incidental thereto;
(c) a new aircraft on a flight for a purpose associated with its manufacture and preparation for delivery,
but not on its delivery flight;
(d) an aircraft flown for the purpose of moving it to a place to have an approved ELT fitted, or a fitted
ELT repaired, removed or overhauled: Provided that only the required flight crew members may be
carried on board;
(e) an aircraft of which the ELT has been temporarily removed for inspection, repair, modification or
replacement: Provided the necessary logbook entries have been made, a placard stating "ELI not
installed or carried" has been installed in a position easily visible to the flight crew, and a period of
90 days is not exceeded;
(f) aircraft certified for research and development purposes;
(g) aircraft used for showing compliance with regulations, or in crew training, air racing, air display or
market surveys;
(h) aircraft with an approved seating configuration of not more than one person;
(i) aircraft exempted in terms of Part 94; and
(j)any aircraft on aflight or a series of flights for which exemption in writing has been granted by the
Commissioner.
(4) The Commissioner shall maintain a register of all aircraft equipped with 406 MHz ELT's, which shall
contain the following particulars:
(a) the nationalitv and reaistration marks of the aircraft
(b) particulars oithe makfacturers designation and serial number of the aircraft;
(c) the full name and contact details of the registered owner of the aircraft:
id) the make and model numberls of the ELTk;
(e) the 15 digit Unique Identification Number (UIN) provided by the manufacturer of the ELT, or the
aircraft's Mode S transponder code; and
(f) the namels and contact details of the personls who knowls the aircraft's itinerary and who may
be contacted 24 hours a day.
(5) On the payment of the appropriate fee as prescribed in Part 187, an excerpt of the ELT register
shall be furnished by the Commissioner to any person who requests such excerpt.

Page 8-15
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91.04.27 LlFE JACKETS AND OTHER FLOTATION DEVICES
! No owner or operator of -
(a) an aeroplane other than an aircraft referred to in paragraph (b), shall operate the aeroplane
(i) when flying over water an0 beyond gliding d:stance of land in the case of the aeroplane not capabe
of continuma the lliaht to an aerodrome w:th the critcal ~ower-unitbecomina - inooerat~ve
. at anv ~ o i n t
along the roite or fianned diversion; or
(3) when taking off or landing at an aerodrome where the take-off or approach path is so dispose0
over water that in the event of an incident, there woulo be a lidihood of a ditching,
unless such aeroplane is equipped with a life jacket containing a survivor locator light, for each person
on board, stowed in a position easily accessible, with safety belt fastened, from the seat or berth of the
person for whose use it is provided, and an individual infant flotation device, containing a locator survival
liaht for use bv each infant on board:
a
(b) seaplane or an amphibious aeroplane shall operate the seaplane or ampnibious aeroplane unless
such seaplane or ampnibious aeroplane is equipped with -
(i) a life jacket containing a survivor locator light, for each person on board, stowed in a position easily
accessible, with safety belt fastened, from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided,
and an individual infant flotation device, containing a locator survival light for use by each infant on
board: and
(ii) life :ackets, otner than the life jackets referred to in subparagraph (i), for 20 per cent of the number
of Dersons on board such seaplane or amphibious aeroplane, located in the passenaer - comDartment
near the emergency exits and 'readily accessible;
(c) a helicopter, shall o r t e the helicopter over water beyond autorotative distance from land, other
than only fortake-o and lnlt~alclmb, or final approach and landing, unless -
(i) each person on board is wearing a life jacket containing a survivor locator light; and
(ii) such helicopter is equipped with -
(aa) an individual infant flotation device containin a locator survival light for use by each infant on
9
board. stowed in a oosition easilv accessible or the ~ e r s o nin which care the infant is: and
(bb) flota~onequipmerit to ensure asafe ditching: provided that in the case of aerial spraying
operations over water, the owner or operator may apply to the Commissioner for anexemption in
terms of Part 11.
91.04.28- LlFE RAFTS AND SURVIVAL RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR EXTENDED FLIGHTS
OVER WATER
(1) No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft over water at a distance equivalent to -
(a) 120 minutes at normal cruising speed or 400 miles, whichever is the lesser, away from land, if such
aircraft has four engines:
(b) 90 minutes at normal cruising speed or 300 miles, whichever is the lesser, away from land, if such
aircraft has three turbine engines; or
(c) 30 minutes at normal cruising speed or 100 miles, whichever is the lesser, away from land, in the
case of aircraft other than the aircraft referred to in paragraph (a) or (b),
unless such aircraft is equipped with life rafts sufficient to accommodate all persons on board.
(2) The conditions, rules, requirements, procedures or standards for the life rafts and survival raoio
equipment for such extended over-water fI:ghts, shal, be as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91.
#COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

-
91.O5.l COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
(1) Except with the prior written approval of the Commissioner, no owner or operator of an aircraft shall
operate the aircraft, unless such aircraft is equipped with radio communication equipment capable of
maintaining two-way communication with an air traffic service unit.

Page 8-16
(2) The radio communication equipment referred to in subregulation (1) shall be capable of providing
for communication on the aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz.
(3) The radio equipment installed in the aircraft shall be of a type prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS-91.
(4) The insrallation, bonding and screening of the radio communication equipment shall be in accor-
dance with the requirements as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91.
(5) The provisions of this regulation shall not be applicable to the owners or operators of a parachute,
a hang glider or a paraglider.
91.05.2 - NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

(1) No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is equipped with
navigation equipment enabling it to proceed in accordance with its flight plan, the prescribed RNP
types and the appropriate air traffic sewice requirements: Provided that the provisions of this regulation
shall not apply to flights operated in accordance with VFR, if such flights can be accomplished by visual
reference to landmarks.
(2) The aircraft shall be equipped with sufficient navigation equipment to ensure that, in the event of
the failure of one item of equipment at any stage of the flight, the remaining equipment enables such
aircraft to proceed with such flight.
(3) No person shall operate an aircraft in airspace where minimum navigation performance specifica-
tions apply, unless the aircraft is equipped with navigation equipment which complies with the
minimum navigation performance specifications as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91, in the
form of regional supplementary procedures.
(4) In an aircraft required to be operated by two pilots, the navigation equipment referred to in
subregulation (3) shall be visible and usable by each pilot seated at his or her duty station.
(5) For unrestricted operation in airspace where minimum navigation performance specifications apply,
an aircraft shall be equipped with with two long-range navigation systems.
(6) For operation in airspace where minimum navigation performance specifications apply along notified
special routes, an aircraft shall be equipped with one long-range navigation system, unless othenvise
specified.
(7) No person may operate an aircraft under IFR using the VOR system of radio navigation unless the
VOR equipment of that aircraft-
(a) is maintained, checked and inspected under an approved procedure; or
(b) has been operationally checked within the preceding 30 days, and found to be within the limits of
the permissible indicated bearing error as set forth in Document SA-CATS OPS-91.
, -
#AIC 42.1 FILING OF FLIGHT PLANS AND WAKE TURBULENCE SEPARATION DATA
(5) A flight plan filed prior to departure shall comprise the following items:
Aircraft identification and transponder data.
Fliaht rules and tvDe of fliaht.
Ntiinber and typeis) of aikraft and wake turbulence category.
Radio communication, naviqation and approach
. . aid equipment.
. .
Aerodrome of departure aria time.
Flight information region boundaries and estimated times.
-
Criiisina soeed and fliaht level.
Route;t be followed.
Aerodrome of destination and estimated time of arrival.
A ternate aerodrome(s).
A ertina action reauired.
Fuel eEdurance. '
Total number of persons on board.
Emergency and survival equipment and colour of aircraft.
Other pertinent information.

Page 8-17
(6) A flight plan filed in flight shall comprise the following items:
\ Aircraft registration.
Flight rules.
Type of aircraft.
Aerodrome of de~arture.
Cruising speed and flight level.
Route to be followed and estimated time of arrival.
Alternate aerodrome for IFR flights.
Alerting action required.
Total number of persons on board.

RULES OF THE AIR
CHAPTER 9 Page 9-1
#FLIGHT RULES
-
91 .O6.l LANDING ON ROADS
No pilot shall use a public road as a place of landing or take-off in an aircraft except
(a) in the case of an emergency involving the safety of the aircraft or its occupants;
(b) for the purpose of saving human lives; or
(c) when involved in civil defence or law enforcement operations: Provided that at all times reasonable
care is taken for the safety of others with due regard to the prevailing circumstances.
-
91.06.2 DROPPING OBJECTS, SPRAYING OR DUSTING
Except in an emergenc or unless granted special permission by the Commissioner, no article shall be
dropped from an aircrai in flight other than -
(a) fine sand or clean water used as ballast; or
(b) chemical substances forthe purpose of spraying or dusting.
'
-
91 .O6.3 PICKING UP OBJECTS
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft in flight shall not permit objects to be picked up, except
(a) with tne prior wrirten approval of the Commissioner, or
(b) if icensed to do so under the International Air Services Act. 1993, or the Air Services Licensing Act.
1990.
-
91.06.4 TOWING
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft in flight shall not permit anything to be towed by the aircraft, ex-
cept -
(a) with the prior wrtren approval of the Commissioner; or
(b) if licensed to do so under the International Air Servces Act, 1993, or the Air Services Licensing Act,
1990.
91.06.5 - OPERATION OF VEHICLE OR VESSEL TOWED AIRCRAFT

(1) Except with the prior written approval of the Commissioner and subject to such conditions as he or
she may impose, an aircraft which is intended, for the purposes of flight, to be towed by a vehicle or
vessel travelling on the surface or to be moored on the surface, shall not -
(a) be flown higher than 150 ft above the surface on which the towing vehicle or vessel is travelling or
to which such aircraft is moored;
(b) be flown closer than five nautical miles from the boundary of an aerodrome; or
(c) take-off from, land on or be flown above any public road.
(2) The provisions of subregulation (l)(a) and (b) shall not apply to the winching or towing of gliders at
the aerodrome of departure.
-
91.06.6 PROXIMITY AND FORMATION FLIGHTS
No pilot shall operate an aircraft
(a) in such proximity to other aircraft so as to create a collision hazard;
(b) in formation flight, except by arrangement with the pilot-in-command of eacn aircraft in the forma-
tion:
.... ., or
-.
(c) in formation flight while carrying passengers for commercial purposes.

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-2
-
91.06.7 RIGHT OF WAY
1. An aircraft which has the right of way, shall maintain its heading and speed, but nothing in these
provisions shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action as
will best avert collision.
2. An aircraft which is obliged, by these provisions, to keep out of the way of another aircraft, shall
avoid passing over or under the other aircraft, or crossing ahead of such aircraft, unless passing well
clear.
3. When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger of collision,
each aircraft shall alter its heading to the right.
4. When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft which has the other
aircraft on its right shall give way, except in the following circumstances:
(a) Power driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders and balloons;
(b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons;
(c) gliders shall give way to balloons;
(d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are -
(i) seen to be towing other aircraft or objects;

(ii) carrying an underselling load or are engaged in wincing operations; and
(iii) being towed or tethered.
5. An aircraft which is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking aircraft, whether climb-
ing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken aircraft by altering its
heading to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve
the overtaking aircraft from its obligation until such aircraft is entirely past or clear: Provided that where a
right hand circuit is being followed at an aerodrome, the overtaking aircraft shall alter its heading to the
left.
6. An aircraft in flight or operating on the ground or water, shall give way to other aircraft landing or on
final approach to land.
1.
(a) When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of land-
:n, the aircraft at the niaher eve. shal. aive wav to the aircratl at the lower level, but the larter aircraft
shall not take advantage of this provision to cljt in front of another aircraft which is on final approach
to land, or to overtake such aircraft.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a), power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give
way to gliders.
8. An aircraft about to take-off, shall not attempt to do so until there is no apparent risk of collision
with other aircraft.
9. An aircraft which is aware that another aircraft is compelled to land, shall give way to such aircraft.
10. For the purposes of this regulation, an overtaking aircraft is an aircraft which approaches another
aircraft from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of
the latter aircraft, and will therefore be in such a position with reference to the other aircraft, that by
night it should be unable to see the other aircraft's wing tip navigation lights.
-
91.06.8 FOLLOWING LINE FEATURES
An aircraft flying at or below 1500 feet above the surface and following a power line, a road, a railway
line, a canal, a coastline or anv other line feature within one nautical mile of such line feature. shail flv
to the right of such power line, road, railway line, canal, coastline or other line feature, except when
the aircraft is instructed to do otherwise by an air traffic service unit.
-
91.06.9 AIRCRAFT SPEED
1. Unless otherwise authorised by the Commissioner, no person shall, outside controlled airspace and
below flight level 100, fly an aircraft at an indicated air speed of more that 250 knots.

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-3
2. Unless otherwise authorised or required by an air traffic service unit, no person shall fly an aircraft
within a control zone or an aerodrome traffic zone at an indicated air speed of more than -
(a) 160 knots, in the case of a reciprocating engine aircraft; or
(b) 200 knots, in the case of a turbine-powered aircraft:
Provided that if the minimum safe indicated air speed for a particular flight is greater than the maxi-
mum indicated air speed prescribed in this regulation, the aircraft may be flown at the minimum safe
indicated airspeed.
-
91.06.10 LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED BY AIRCRAFT
The lights which have to be displayed by aircraft by night, on water or on the manoeuvring area of an
aerodrome, shall be as prescribed in SA-CATS-OPS 91.
#SUMMARY OF AEROPLANE LIGHTS FROM DOCUMENT SA-CATS-OPS 91
(a) an unobstructed red light on the left wing-tip, projected above and below the horizontal plane
through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees to left;
(b) an unobstructed green light on the right wing-tip, projected above and below the horizontal plane
through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees to right;
(c) an unobstructed white light on the tail, projected above and below the horizontal plane rearward
through an angle of 140 degrees equally distributed on the left and right sides.
-
91 .O6.ll TAXI RULES
1. Aircraft which are landing or taking off, shall be given right of way by other aircraft and vehicles.
2. An aircraft shall, after landing, unless otherwise authorised or instructed by an air traffic service unit,
move clear of the runway in use as soon as it is safely possible to do so.
3. A vehicle which is towing an aircraft shall be given right of way by vehicles and by other aircraft
which are not landing or taking off.
4. An aircraft shall be given right of way by a vehicle which is not towing an aircraft,
5. An aircraft or vehicle which is obliged by the provisions of this regulation to give right of way to an-
other aircraft, shall, if necessary in the circumstances in order to do so, reduce its speed or stop.
6. If danger of collision exists between an aircraft or vehicle and another aircraft or vehicle, such of the
following procedures as may be appropriate in the circumstances shall be applied:
(a) When the two are approaching head-on or nearly head-on, each shall turn to the right;
(b) when one is overtaking the other, the one which is overtaking shall keep out of the way of the other
by turning to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative positions of the two shall absolve
the one which is overtaking from this obligation, until it is finally past and clear of the other;
(c) subject to the provisions of subregulation 2, when the two are converging, the one which has the
other on its right, shall give way to the other and shail avoid crossing ahead of the other unless
passing well clear of it.
7. A vehicle moving along a runway or taxiway, shail as far as practicable keep to the right side of the
runway or taxiway.
8. When an aircraft is being towed, the person in charge of the towing vehicle shall be responsible for
compliance with the provisions of this regulation.
9. Nothing in this regulation shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft or the person in charge of
a vehic e, from rhe responsibility for tadng such action as will best aia to aven collision.
-
91.06.12 OPERATION ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME
1. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft operated on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome, shall be respon-
sible for compliance with the following rules:

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-4
(a) Observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision;
(b) conform with or avoid the attern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation;
1
(c) make all turns to the left w en approaching for a landing and after taking off, unless otherwise
instructed by an air traffic service unit, or unless a right hand circuit is in force: Provided that a
helicopter may, with due regard to other factors and when it is in the interest of safety, execute a
circuit to the opposite side;
(d) land and take-off, as far as practicable, into the wind unless otherwise i n s t ~ c t e d
by an air traffic
service unit;
(e) fly across the aerodrome or its environs at a height of not less than 2000 feet above the level of the
such aerodrome: Provided that if circumstances require such pilot-in-command to fly at a height of
less than 2000 feet above the level of the aerodrome, he or she shall conform with the traffic pattern
at such aerodrome; and
(f) taxi in accordance with the ground control procedures which may be in force at the aerodrome.
2. If an aerodrome control tower is in operation, the pilot-in-command shall also, whilst the aircraft is
within the aerodrome traffic zone -
(a) maintain a continuous radio watch on the frequency of the aerodrome tower responsible for provid-
ing aerodrome control service at the aerodrome, establish two-way radio communication as
necessarv
- - - - - - for aerodrome control ourooses and obtain such clearances as necessarv for his or her
movemehsas may be necessary for ihe protection of aerodrome Traffic; or
Ib\ if this is not oossible. keeo a watch for and comolv wth such clearances as mav oe issued bv
\ t
visual mean's.
3. If an aerodrome flight information service unit is in operation, the pilot-in-command snall also, whilst
the aircraft is within the aerodrome traffic area -
(a) maintain a continuous radio watch on the frequency of the aerodrome flight information service unit
resoonsible for orovina aerodrome fliaht information service at the aerodrome. establish two-wav
rad~ocommunidation as necessary f& aerodrome flight information service purposes and obtain
informat~onin resoect of the surface wind, runwav in use and alt:meter setting - and in resoect of
aerodrome traffic on the manoeuvring area and in the aerodrome traffic area; or
(b) if this is not possible, keep a watch for visual signals which may be displayed or may be issued by
the aerodrome flight information service unit.
4. An aircraft which is unable to communicate by radio shall, before landing at an aerodrome, make a
circuit of the aerodrome for the purpose of observing the traffic, and reading such ground markings and
signals as may be displayed thereon, unless it has the consent of the appropriate air traffic service unit
to do otherwise.
-
91.O6.l3 SIGNALS
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft in flight shall, upon 0 b s e ~ i n gor receiving any of the signals as
prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91, take such action as may be required by the interpretation of
the signal as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS91.
#SUMMARY OF SIGNALS FROM DOCUMENT SA-CATS-OPS 91
(a) To aircraft in flight:
LIGHT SIGNAL MEANING
A steady green light "Cleared to land"
A steady red light "Give way to other aircraft and continue circling"
A series of green flashes "Return for landing"
This signal shall be followed at the proper time by a steady green light.
A series of red flashes "Airport unsafe: do not land"
A series of white f ashes "Land at this aerodrome and oroceed to aoron"
Stead red on final approach "Notwithstanding any previous instructions, do not land for
the time being"
Commercial Pflot Licence

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-5
(b) To aircraft on the ground:
A steady green light "Cleared for take-off"
A steady red light "Stop"
A series of green flashes "Cleared to taxi"
A series of red flashes "Clear landing area in use"
A flashing white light "Return to starting point on airport"
91 .O6.l4- WATER OPERATIONS

(1) In areas in which the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea are in force, aircraft
operated on the water shall comply with the provisions thereof.
(2) Aircraft in flight near the surface of the water shall, as far as possible, keep clear of all vessels and
avoid impeding their navigation.
-
91.06.15 REPORTING POSITION
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft
(a) f ying in conrro.led arspace;
(b) flying in advisory airspace; or
(cj on a-flight for which alerting action is being provided -
shall ensure that reDorts are made to the res~onsibleair traffic service unit, as soon as ~ossibie.of the
tme and level of passing each compulsory report:ng point, together with any other requ:ied information,
and he or she shall further ensure that Dosition reports are similarv made in relation to addirional
reporting points, if so requested by the responsible'air traffic serviceLnit and that, in the absence of
designated reporting points, position reports are made at the intervals specified bv the responsible air
traffic service unit orpublished by the Commissioner for that area.
-
91 .O6.l6 MANDATORY RADIO COMMUNICATION IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft to be operated in or crossing a controlled airspace shall ensure
that, before the aircraft enters such airspace, two-way radio contact is established with the responsible
air traffic service unit on the desianated radio freauencv, and shall ensure. while the aircraft is within.
and unril :t leaves, the controlled &space, tnat coritinuok raoio watch is maintained and that such fur-
ther two-wav radio communication as such air traffic service unit mav rewire, is established: Provided
that -
(a) the air traffic service unit may permit an aircraft not capable of maintaining continuous two-way
radio communication, to fly in the control area, control zone or aerodrome traffic zone for which it is
responsible, if traffic conditions permit, in which case the flight shall be subject to such conditions as
such air traffic service unit deems necessary to ensure the safety of other air traffic; and
Ib) in the case of radio failure. a fliaht for which an air traffic service fliaht ~ l a was
n filed and activated
' by the air traffic service unit onreceipt of a departure time, may c h h u e in controlled airspace if the
communication falure procedures are complied w'th.
-
91.06.17 MANDATORY RADIO COMMUNICATION IN ADVISORY AIRSPACE
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft to be operated in advisory airspace shall ensure that, before the
aircraft approaches or enters such airspace -
(a) two-way radio communication with the responsible air traffic service unit is established on the
designated radio frequency;
.
,ib) if such communication is not ~ossibie.two-wav radio communication is established with anv air
traffic service unit which is capable 'of relaying messages to and from the responsibl&air traffic
service unit: or
(c) if such communication is not poss~ble,broadcasts are made on the designated radio frequency
aivina information on the aircratt's intention to enter the airspace, an0 such ~ilot-'n-commandshall
6nsuFe that, while the aircraft is within the advisory airspace and until i t departs therefrom, a
continuous radio watch is made on the designated radio frequency and that -
(i) such further two-way radio communication as the responsible air traffic service unit may require,
is established with any other air traffic service unit which is capable of relaying messages to and
from such responsible air traffic service unit;

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-6
(ii) if such communication is not possible, such further two-way radio communication is established
with any other air traffic service unit which is capable of relaying messages to and from the
responsible air traffic service unit, as such responsible air traffic service unit may require; or
(iii) if such communication is not possible, broadcasts are made on the designated radio frequency
giving information on passing reporting points and when leaving the airspace concerned:
Provided that -
(aa) an aircraft maintaining a Selcal watch while operating within an advisory route in the Johan-
nesburg flight information region and whose Selcal call-sign has been communicated to the
Johannesburg flight information centre, shall be deemed to be maintaining a continuous ra-
dio watch; and
(bb) in the case of a radio failure, a flight for which an air traffic service flight plan was filed and
activated by an air traffic service unit on receipt of a departure time, may continue in advisory
airspace if communication failure procedures are complied with.
-
91.06.18 COMPLIANCE WITH AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE AND
INSTRUCTIONS
The pilot of an aircraft shall -
la)
, , c o m ~ l vwith anv air traffic control clearance which is obtained, unless the oilot obtains an amended
cleaiake;
. not oDerate the aircraft contraw to an air traffic control instruction in an area which air traffic control
.(b)
is provided; and
(c) when deviating from an air traffic control clearance or instruction, notify the air traffic control unit of
the deviation, as soon as practicable.
-
91.06.19 PROHIBITED AREAS
1. The Commissioner may by notice in an Alp, AIC or NOTAM declare any area to be a prohibited
area and shall, for the purposes of the prohibition contained in subregulation 2, when so declaring an
area to be a prohibited area -
(a) specify a height above the ground surface of such area, or
(b) specify an altitude in respect of such area, as the Commissioner may deem expedient, in the notice
in question.
2. No person shall fly an aircraft whatsoever in the airspace above a prohibited area
(a) below the height specdied in terms of subregulation 1 (a); or
(b) below the altitude specitled in terms ot subregulation I (o), as the case may be,
in respect of the prohibited area in question.
-
91.06.20 RESTRICTED AREAS
1. The Commissioner may by notice in the AIP, AIC or NOTAM declare any area to be a restricted area
and shall, when so declaring an area to be a restricted area, specify in the notice in question -
(a) the nature and extent of the restriction applicable in respect of the area in question; and
(b) the authorisation under which flights in such restricted area shall be permitted.
2. No person shall, in contravention of a restriction contemplated in subregulation 1(a), fly any aircraft
to which the said restriction applies, in any restricted area, unless the flight in question has been
permitted by virtue of an authorisation contemplated in subregulation 1(b).
#VISUAL FLIGHT RULES

-
91.06.21 VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD
Every VFR flight shall be so conducted that the aircraft is flown with visual reference to the surface by
day and to identifiable objects by night and at no time above more than three eighths of cloud within a
radius of five nautical miles of such aircraft and -

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-7
(a) in the case of aircraft excluding helicopters, under conditions of visibility and distance from cloud
equal to, or greater than, the conditions specified in the following table:
AIRSPACE FLIGHT DISTANCE GROUND VISIBILITY
VISIBILITY FROM CLOUDS AND CEILING
Control Zones Five km Horizontally: Ground visibilitv at airoort

2 000 ft.
Vertically:
500 ft
Aerodrome Traffic Five km Horizontally:
Zone (ATZ) 2 000 feet
(not part of Vertically: ceiling: not less than
CTR) or Aerodrome 500 feet 1500 feet.
Traffic Area (ATA)
NOTES:
(1) Control Zones: Minima not applicable to special VFR flights.
(2) ATZ and ATA's: When a pilot in an aircraft maintains two-way radio communication with the aero-
drome control tower or aerodrome flight information service unit, the pilot may, in respect of a
cross-country flight, leave or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or aerodrome traffic area, as the case
may be, when the ground visibility is equal to or greater than five km and the ceiling is equal to or
higher than 500 feet.
EXCLUDING VISIBILITY FROM CLOUD AND CEILING
CTR's, ATZ's
or ATA's
At or below One and Clear of cloud
1 000 feet a half km
above the
surface by
day only
At or below Five km Horizontally:
1 500 feet above 2 000 feet
the surface by Vertically: 500 feet
night only
From above Five km Horizontally:
1000ftto 1500ft 2 000 feet
above the Vertically: 500 feet
surface by day
only
EXCLUDING VISIBILITY FROM CLOUD AND CEILING
CTR's. ATZ's
From above Five km Horizontally:

1 500 feet above 2 000 feet
the surface up Vertically: 500 feet
and including flight
level 100
From above flight Eight km Horizontally:
level 100 up to one and a half km
and including Vertically: 1 000 ft
flight level 200
by day and night

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-8
Above flight level Eight km Horizontally:
200 by day and one and a half km
Night Vertically: 1 000 ft
VFR flights shall not be conducted above flight level 200
-
91.06.22 SPECIAL VFR WEATHER MINIMA
A pilot-in-command may conduct special VFR operations in weather conditions below the conditions
prescribed in regulation 91.06.21 within a control zone -
(a) under the terms of an air traffic control clearance;
(b) by day only;
(c) with a cloud ceiling of at least 600 feet and visibility of at least 1500 m;
(d) in an aircraft equipped with two-way radio equipment capable of communicating with an air traffic
s e ~ i c unit
e on the appropriate frequency; and
(e) if leaving the control zone, in accordance with instructions issued by an air traffic service unit prior
to departure.
-
91.06.23 RESPONSIBILITY TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER VFR FLIGHT IS PERMllTED
Outside a control zone or an aerodrome traffic zone or an aerodrome traffic area, the ascertainment of
whether or not weather conditions permit flight in accordance with VFR, shall be the responsibility of
the pilot-in-command of an aircraft, and whenever weather conditions do not permit a pilot to maintain
the minimum distance from cloud and the minimum visibility required by VFR, the pilot shall comply
with IFR.
#INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES

-
91.06.24 COMPLIANCE WITH IFR
A flight conducted above flight level 200 shall be flown in compliance with IFR.
-
91.06.25 AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT
Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and radio navigation apparatus appropriate to the
route to be flown.
-
91.06.26 CHANGE FROM IFR TO VFR FLIGHT
1. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft who elects to change the conduct of the flight of an aircraft from
compliance with IFR to compliance with VFR shall, if a flight plan was submitted for the flight, notify the
air traffic service unit concerned that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate to such air traffic
service unit the intended changes to be made to the current flight plan.
2. When an aircraft ooeratina under IFR is flown in or encounters visual meteoroloaical conditions. the
pilot-in-command s'nail notcancel its IFR flght unless it is anticipated, and intendec?, that the flight will be
continue0 for a reasonaole perioo in uninterrupreo v'sua meteorological conditions.
-
91.06.27 IFR PROCEDURES
1. Unless otherwise authorised by the responsible air traffic service unit, aircraft flown in compliance
with the rules contained in this Division, shall comply with IFR procedures applicable in the relevant
airspace.
2. Subject to the provisions of regulation 91.06.25, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft may execute, or
endeavour to execute, a cloud break or let-down procedure at an aerodrome, or nominate an aerodrome
as an alternate aerodrome: Provided that the requirements relating to cloud break or let-down
procedures and to flights under IMC, as published by the Commissioner in the NOTAM, can be
complied with.

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-9
AIRCRAFT ON OTHER THAN SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES

I
-
* 9 l .O6.28 FOREIGN MILITARY AIRCRAFT
No foreign military aircraft shall fly over or land in the Republic except on the express invitation or with
the express permission of the Minister, but any such aircraft so flying over or landing in the Repubiic
shall be exempt from these Regulations to such an extent and on such conditions as are specified in
the invitation or permission.
#91.06.29 - IDENTIFICATION AND INTERCEPTION OF AIRCRAFT

1. An intercepted aircraft shall carry out the instruction of an intercepting aircraft, as prescribed in these
Regulations.
2. When an aircraft is intercepted, the pilot-in-command shall forthwith establish radio contact with the
intercepting aircraft on 1213 MHz, if the aircraft is so equipped, and if radio contact has not already
been established.
3. When the intercepting aircraft cannot establish radio contact or contact in any other practical way
with the intercepted aircraft, visual signals as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91 shall be used:
#EXTRACTED FROM DOCUMENT SA-CATS-OPS 91
SIGNAL BY INTERCEPTING MEANING RESPONSE BY
AIRCRAFT INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT
First Series
(a) Rocking wings while Follow me away Rocking wings.

in front and to left from a ~rohibitedarea
of intercepted alc
(b) Rocking wings while Follow me to a Rocking wings.
in front and to landing terrain.
right of intercepted aircraft,
(c) When (a) and (b) have Follow intercepting aircraft.

been acknowledged, makin
a slow level turn mto desire
course.
1
Night
(a) As for da and in Follow me away Rocking wings if considered safe
addition fkshing navigational from a prohibited or and showing steady landing light
and, if available, landina
at irregular intewals
-
- liahts restricted area if carried.
(b) As for day and in addition Follow me to a Rocking wings if considered safe
flashing navigational and, if landing terrain. and showing - light
- sready landinq - if
available, landings lights at carried.
irregular intervals.
(c) As for day, and in Follow intercepting aircraft.

addition flashing navigational
and, if available~land'hglights
at irregular intervals when (a)
and (6) have been acknowledged.
Weather conditions or the terrain may require the intercepting aircraft to take up a position in front and
to the right of the intercepted aircraft to complete the successive turn to the right.

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-10
SIGNAL BY INTERCEPTING MEANING RESPONSE BY INTERCEPTED
AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT
Second Series
Day or night
An abrupt break away of You may proceed. Rocking wings if considered safe,
90" or more without crossing at night showing steady landing
the line of flight of the light if carried.
intercepted aircraft
Third Series
Day
Circling landing area, Land on this landing Same as interceptor and proceed to
lowering landing gear area. land (where applicable) if
and overflying the considered safe, at night showing
direction of landing. steady landing light if carried.
Night
As for day and showing steady landing light.
Fourth Series
Day
First or Second series Landing terrain Rocking wings (if fixed landing gear)
dependent on what further unsuitable. or raising gear (whichever applicable)
action intercepting aircraft requires while passing over landing terrain at a
to be taken either: height exceeding 1000 feet but not
(a) "Follow me"; or exceeding 2 000 feet.
(b) "You may proceed"
The visual signals shall be used as follows:
1. When an aircraft has been intercepted for identification purposes only, the interceptmg aircraft shall
use the second series to show that the aircraft may proceed;
2. When an aircraft is to be led away from a prohibited or restricted area, the appropriate part of the
first series shall be used, and the second series shall be used when the purpose has been achieved
and the aircraft is released;
3. When an aircraft is required to land, the appropriate part of the first series shall initially be used,
followed by the third series when in the vicinity of the designated landing area;
4. When the p~lotof the intercepted aircraft considers the landing area designated as unsuitable for his
or her aircraft type, he or she shail use the fourth series to indicate this, upon which new instructions
shail be given by the intercepting aircraft;
5. When an intercepted aircraft is in distress, the distress signals shall be used, where practical.
#AIR TRAFFIC RULES

-
91.06.30 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE PROCEDURES
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft to be operated in controlled airspace shall
(a) - .
~, ensure that an air traffic se~icefliaht~ l a is
scribed in regulation 91.03.4;
-
n submitted and chanaes thereto are notifies as Dre-
.(b). ensure that radio contact is established with the resoonsible air traffic sewice unit and that radio
communication is mainrained as prescribed in reguiation 91.06.16; and
(c) comply with air traffic control clearances and :nsrructions:
Provided that

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-1 1
(i) the pilot-in-command of an aircraft may deviate from an air traffic control clearance in exceptional
circumstances, but such deviation shall be reported to the responsible air traffic service unit as soon
as possible; and
(ii) the pilot-in-command of an aircraft may propose an amendment to an air traffic control clearance,
but such amendment shall not be applied until acceded to by the responsible air traffic service unit.
-
91.06.31 PRIORITY
An air traffic service unit may, with regard to arrivals and departures, give priority to aircraft operating
in accordance with an air traffic service flight plan clearance over aircraft not so engaged.
#HEIGHTS AND INSTRUMENT APPROACH AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

91.06.32 - MINIMUM HEIGHTS
1. Except when necessary for taking off or landing, or except with prior written approval of the
Commissioner, no aircraft -
(a) shall be flown over built-up areas or over an open-air assembly of persons at a height less than
1000 feet above the highest obstacle, within a radius of 2000 feet from the aircraft;
(b) when flown elsewhere than specified in aragraph (a), shall be flown at a height less than 500 feet
-
above the around or water. unless the h h t can be made without hazard or nuisance to persons or
property onthe ground or water; and
(c) shall circle over or do repeated over fhghts over an open-air assembly of persons at a height less
than 3000 feet above the surface.
2. Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or with the express permission of the Commissioner,
an aircraft shall at night, in IMC, or when operated in accordance with IFR, be flown -
(a) at a heignt of at least 1 000 feet above the nighest terrain or obsracle within 5 nautical mdes of the
., -
aircraft in fliant wnere the neioht of such terrain or obstacle ooes not exceed 5 000 feet aoove sea
level; or
(b) at a helght of at least 2 000 feet above the highest terrain or obstacle within 5 nautical miles of the
aircraft in flight where the height of such terrain or obstacle exceeds 5 000 feet above sea level:
Provided that within areas determined by the Commissioner the minimum height may be reduced to
1 000 feet above the highest terrain or obstacle within 5 nautical miles of the aircraft in flight and
provided furthermore that the aircraft is flown in accordance with such procedures as the
Commissioner may determine.
-
91.06.33 SEMI-CIRCULAR RULE
1. Unless otherwise directed by an air traffic service unit, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft in level
flight shall fly at an appropriate flight level selected according to magnetic track.
2. Aircraft flown in accordance with VFR at a height of less than 1500 feet above the surface, shall not
be required to comply with the provisions of subreguiation 1, unless if otherwise directed by an air traffic
service unit.
3. A flight conducted from flight level 200 and above, shall be flown in compliance with IFR.
#EXTRACTED FROM DOCUMENT SA-CATS-OPS 91
From 000 to 179 From 180 to 359
IFR VFR IFR VFR

RULES OF THE AIR
Page 9-12
210 220
230 240
250 260
270 280
IFR IFR
290 310
330 350
etc. etc.
-
91.06.34 STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH TO AND DEPARTURE FROM AN
AERODROME
When an instrument approach to, or instrument departure from, an aerodrome is necessary, the pi-
lot-in-command of an aircraft shall use the standard instrument approach and departure procedure as
published by the Commissioner in the AIC, AIP, AIP SUP or NOTAM.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 10 Page 10-1
#91.07.1 - ROUTES AND AREAS OF OPERATION

The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that -
(a) operations are only conducted along such routes or within such areas, for which approval or au-
thorisation has been obtained, where required, from the appropriate authority concerned;
(b) the performance of the aircraft intended to be used, is adequate to comply with the minimum flight
altitude requirements; and
(c) the equipment of the aircraft intended to be used, complies with the minimum requirements for the
planned operation.
-
#91.07.2 MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
1. No pilot-in-command shall operate an aircraft at altitudes below -
(a) altitudes established by the owner or operator, which provide the required terrain clearance, taking
into account the operating limitations referred to in Subpart 9 (Performance Operating Limitations);
and
(b) the minimum altitudes referred to in Subpart 6 (Rules of the Air), except when necessary for take-off
and landing.
2. The method of establishing minimum flight altitudes referred to in subregulation (l)(a), shall be as
prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 91.
3. Where the minimum flight altitudes established by the appropriate authority of a foreign State are
higher than the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in this regulation, the minimum flight altitudes
established by such appropriate authority shall apply in respect of a South African registered aircraft
flying in the airspace of the foreign State concerned.
#91.07.3 - USE OF AERODROMES

1. No pilot shall use, and no owner or operator shall authorise the use of, an aerodrome as a destina-
tion or alternate destination aerodrome, unless such aerodrome is adequate for the type of aircraft and
operation concerned.
2. Except in an emergency, no pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall take-off or land by night, unless
the place of take-off or landing is equipped with night flying facilities.
#91.07.5 - AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA

1. No pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall use an aerodrome as a destination or aternate aerodrome,
unless the o~eratinaminima for such aerodrome, establ'shed bv the amro~riateauthority of the State in
which the aerodrome is situated, can be complied with.
2. The aerodrome operating minima for a specific type of approach and landing procedure shall be
applicable if -
(a) the ground equipment shown on the respective instrument approach and landing chart required for
the mtended Drocedure, s o~erative:
(b) the a rcraft systems requirea'for tne type of approach, are operative;
(c) the required aircraft performance criteria are complied with: and
id) the flight deck crew is qualified to conduct the type of approach.
3. In determining or establishing the aerodrome operating minima applicable to any particular opera-
tion, the owner or operator shall take into account -
(a) the type, performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft;
(b) the composition of tne f ight deck crew, their competence and experience;
(c) the dimensions and characteristics of the runways;
(d) the adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids;

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-2
le\,
, . , , oath.. as
the eouioment available in the aircraft for the ouroose of navioation or control of the flioht
appr&r/ate, during the take-off, approach, flare, 'lanoing or dssed approach;
.(fl
. the obstacles in the a!JIJroach
, . .,
and missed aooroach areas and the clmb-our areas and necessarv
clearance;
(a) the obstacle clearance altitude or heioht for the instrument a~!Jroachorocedures:
(h) the means to oetermine and report m~teorologicalcond~tionsjano
(i) the ava lability and adequacy of emergency services.
4. The Aerodrome Operating Minima are those prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 91
#91.07.6 - THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT

1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall establish operational procedures designed to ensure that
the aircraft being used to conduct precision approaches, crosses the threshold by a safe margin, with
such aircraft in the landing configuration and attitude.
2. The operational procedures applicable to Category II and Category Ill approaches, shall be
approved by the Commissioner.
#91.07.7 - PRE-FLIGHT SELECTION OF AERODROMES

1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall select destination or alternate aerodromes in accordance
with regulation 91.07.5 when planning a flight.
2. The owner or operator shall select a departure, destination or alternate aerodrome only when the
serviceability status of the aerodrome permits safe operation of the type of aircraft concerned.
3. The owner or operator shall select and specify in the air traffic service flight plan a take-off alternate
aerodrome, if it would not be possible for the aircraft to return to the aerodrome of departure due to
meteorological performance reasons.
4. The take-off alternate aerodrome referred to in subregulation 3, shall be located within
(a) twenty (20) minutes flying time from the departure aerodrome in the case of a single-engine
aeroplane; or
(b) one hour flight time at one-engine cruising speed according to the standard conditions based on the
actual take-off mass for a twin-engined aircraft; or
(c) two hours flight time at one-engine inoperative cruising speed according to the aircraft flight man-
ual referred to in Regulation 91.03.2, in still-air standard conditions based on the actual take-off mass
for three-engine and four-engine aircraft;
provided that if the aircraft flight manual referred to in Regulation 91.03.2, does not contain a one-engine
inoperative cruising speed as referred to in paragraphs (b) and (c), the speed to be used for calculation,
shall be the speed which is achieved with the remaining engine set at maximum continuous power.
5. The owner or operator of a helicopter shall select at least one alternate aerodrome for each IFR
flight, unless the meteorological conditions prevailing are such that, for the period from one hour before
until one hour after the expected time of arrival at the destination aerodrome, the approach from the
minimum sector altitude and landing can be made in VMC.
6. The owner or operator of an aeroplane shall select at least one destination alternate aerodrome for
each IFR flight, unless -
(a) two suitable non-intersecting runways area available at the destination aerodrome; and
(b) the meteorological conditions prevailing are such that, for the period from one hour before until one
hour after the expected time of arrival at the destination aerodrome, the approach from the minimum
sector safe altitude and landing can be made in VMC; or
(c) the destination aerodrome is isolated and no adequate destination aerodrome exists.
7. The owner or operator shall select two destination alternate aerodromes when
(a) the appropriate weather reports or forecasts for the destination aerodrome, or any combination
thereof, indicate that during a period commencing one hour before and ending one hour after the
estimated time of arrival, the weather conditions will be below the applicable planning minima; or
(b) no meteorological information can be obtained.
I
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-3
8. The owner or operator shall specify the destination alternate aerodrome in the air traffic service flight
plan.
9. The owner or operator shall specify en route alternate aerodromes for extended long range opera-
tions with twin-engine aeroplanes and shall specify such en route alternate aerodromes in the air traffic
service flight plan.
When planning a flignt the owner or operator shall only select an aerodrome as a destination or
alternate aeroorome, if the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or a combination thereol. are at or
above the applicable planning m'inima for a period of one hour before to one hour after the estimated
time of arrival of the aircraft at the aerodrome.
#91.07.8 - PLANNING MINIMA FOR IFR FLIGHTS

1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall not select an aerodrome as a take-off alternate aerodrome
for a flight to be conducted wholly or partly in accordance with IFR under IMC, unless the appropriate
weather reports orforecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that, during a period commencing one
hour before and ending one hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather
conditions will be at or above the applicable landing minima as prescribed in regulation 91.07.5.
2. The ceiling shall be taken into account when the only approaches available are non-precision or
circling approaches.
3. Any limitation related to one-engine inoperative operations shall be taken into account.
4. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall only select the destination aerodrome or destination alter-
nate aerodrome when the appromiate weather reports or forecasts. or anv combination thereof, indicate
thar, during a period comnienchg one nour beiore and end:ng one hdur after rhe estimated time of
follows:
le -
arrival at the aerodrome, the weather conditions will be at, or above, rhe a,~. ~ l ' c a b~.annina
min'ma as
(a) Planning minima for a destination aerodrome -
(i) RVR or visibility specified in accordance with regulation 91.07.5; and

(ii) for a non-precision approach or a circling approach, the ceiling at, or above, MDAIH;
and
(b) planning minima for a destination alternate aerodrome shall be as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS 91.
5. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall not select an aerodrome as an en route alternate aero-
drome unless the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that,
durina a ~ e r i o d
commencino one hour before and endino one hour after the estimated time of arrival at
the ikodrome, the weather conditions will be at or zbove the planning minima as prescribed in
Document SA-CATS-OPS 91.
6. The owner or operator shall not select an aerodrome as an ETOPS route alternate aerodrome unless
the appropriateweather reports or forecasts, or a combination thereof, indicate that, during a period
commencing one hour before and ending one hour after the estimated rime of arriva. at the aerodrome,
the weather conditions will be at or-above the planning minima as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS 91, and in accordance with the ETOPS approval of the owner or operator.
-
#91.07.9 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
1. On a flight to be conducted in accordance with IFR, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not -
(a) commence take-off; or
(b) continue beyond the in-flight decision point, unless information is available indicating that
conditions will, at the estimated time of arrival of such aircraft, be at, or above, the applicable
aerodrome operating minima -
(i) at the destination aerodrome; or

(ii) where a destination alternate aerodrome is required, at the destination aerodrome and
one destination alternate aerodrome, or at two destination alternate aerodromes.
2. On a flight conducted in accordance with VFR, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-4
commence take-off unless current meteorological reports, or a combination of current reports and
forecasts, indicate that the meteorological conditions along the route, that part of the route to be flown
under VFR, shall, at the appropriate time, be such as to render compliance with the provisions
prescribed in this Part possible.
-
#9l .O7.lO VFR OPERATING MINIMA
The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that
(a) VFR flights are conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules;
(b) special VFR flights are not commenced when the visibility is less than 3 km and not otherwise
conducted when the visibility is less than the visibility prescribed in subregulation 91.06.22(d).
-
#91.07.11 MASS AND BALANCE
1. The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that, during any phase of the operation, the load-
ing, mass and the centre of gravity of the aircraft complies with the limitations specified in the approved
aircraft flight manual, or the operations manual as the case may be, if the limitations therein are more
restrictive.
2. The owner or operator shall establish the mass and centre of gravity of the aircraft by actual weigh-
ing prior to initial entry into operation and thereafter at intervals of five years.
3. The accumulated effects of modifications and repairs on the mass and balance of the aircraft, shall
be accounted for and properly documented by the owner or operator.
4. The aircraft shall be weighed in accordance with the provisions of subregulation 2, if the effect of
modifications on the mass and balance is not accurately known.
5. The owner or operator shall determine the mass of all operating items and flight crew members
included in the dry operating mass of the aircraft, by weighting or by using the appropriate standard
mass.
6. The influence of the mass of the operating items and flight crew members referred to in
subregulation 5, on the centre of gravity of the aircraft shall be determined by the owner or operator of
such aircraft.
7. The owner or operator shall establish the mass of the traffic load, including any ballast, by actual
weighing, or determine the mass of the traffic load in accordance with the appropriate standard
passenger and baggage.
8. The owner or operator shall determine the mass of the fuel load by using the actual specific gravity
or, if approved by the Commissioner, a standard specific gravity.
-
#91.07.12 FUEL AND OIL SUPPLY
(1) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not commence a flight unless he or she is satisfied that
the aircraft carries at least the planned amounr of fuel and oi to complete the f1:qht
- safely,
. takina
- into
~
account operating and meteorological conditions and the expected deiays.

(2) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that the amount of usable fuel remaining in-flight, is not less
than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome or, in the case of a helicopter, a suitable landing
place, where a safe landing can be made.
(3) If the usable fuel on board the aircraft is less than the final reserve fuel, the pilot-in-command of
such aircraft, shall -
(a) in the case of an aeroplane, declare an emergency: or
(b) in rhe case of a helicopter, land as soon as possible.
(4) The method of calculating the amount of fuel to be carried for each flight shall be as prescribed in
Document SA-CATS-OPS 91, as follows:
1 Commercial Pilof Licence

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-5
#PLANNING CRITERIA FOR AEROPLANES (extracted from Document SA-CATS-OPS 91)
1 An owner or operator must base the fuel policy. including calculation of the amount of fuel to be car-
ried, by an aeroplane on the following planning criteria:
(1) The amount of
(a) taxi fuel, which must not be less than the amount, expected to be used prior to take-off. Local
condit'ons at the departure aerodrome and APU consumplion must oe taken into account;
(b) trip fuel, which must include -
(i) fuel for take-off and climb from aerodrome elevation to initial cruising level altitude.
taking into account the expected departure routing;
li) fuel from top of climb to top of descent, including any step climbldescent;
III) fuel from top of descent to the point where the approach 1s initiated, taking into
account the expected arrival procedure; and
(iv) fuel for approach and landing at the destination aerodrome;
(c) contingency fuel, which must be the higher of item (i) or (ii) below:
(i) Either:
5% of the planned trip fuel or, in the event of in-flight replanning, trip fuel for the remainder of the
flight; or
not less than 3% of the planned trip fuel or, in the event of in-flight replanning, trip fuel for the
remainder of the flight, subject to the approval of the Commissioner, provided that an en route
alternate is available; or
an amount of fuel sufficient for 20 minutes flying time based upon the planned trip fuel consumption:
Provided that the owner or operator has established a fuel consumption monitoring programme for
individual aeroplanes and uses valid data determined by means of such a programme for fuel
calculation; or
an amount of fuel not less than that which would be required to fly for 15 minutes at holding speed
at 1 500 feet (450 m) above the destination aerodrome in standard conditions, when an owner or
operator has established a programme, approved by the Commissioner, to monitor the fuel
consumption on each individual rout/aeroplane combination and uses this data for a statistical
analysis to calculate contingency fuel for that routelaeroplane combination; or
(ii) an amount to fly for 5 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 feet (450 m) above the destination
aerodrome in standard conditions;
(c) alternate fuel, which must be sufficient for -
(i) a missed approach from applicable MDAIDH at the destination aerodrome to missed
approach altitude, taking into account the complete missed approach procedure;
(ii) a climb from missed approach altitude to cruising levellaltitude;
(iii) the cruise from top of climb to top of descent;
(iv) descent from top of descent to the point where the approach is initiated, taking into
account the expected arrival procedure; and
(v) executing an approach and landing at the destination alternate aerodrome;
(vi) if two destination alternates are required, alternate fuel must be sufficient to proceed to
the alternate which requires the greater amount of fuel;
(e) final reserve fuel, which must be -
(i) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fly for 45 minutes; or
(ii) for aeroplanes with turbine power units,fuel to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at
1 500 feet (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions, calculated with
the estimated mass on arrival at the alternate or the destination, when no alternate is
required;
(f) the minimum additional fuel which must permit -
(i) holding for 15 minutes at 1 500 feet (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in standard
conditions, when a flight is operated under IFR without a destination alternate; and
(ii) following the possible failure of a power unit or loss of pressurisation, based on the
I 1 Commercial Pilot Licence

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-6
assumption that such a failure occurs at the most critical point along the route, the
aeroplane to:
descend as necessary and proceed to an adequate aerodrome; and
hold there for 15 minutes at 1 500 feet (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions;
and
make an approach and landing,
except that additional fuel is only required, if the minimum amount of fuei calculated in accordance
with subparagraphs (l)(b) to (e) above is not sufficient for such an event;
(g) extra fuel, which is at the discretion of the pilot-in-command.
(2) Decision point procedure
If an owner's or operator's fuel policy includes planning to a destination aerodrome via a decision point
along the route, the amount of fuel should be the greater of item (a) or (b) below:
(a) The sum of
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii) trip fuel to the destination aerodrome, via the decision point;
(iii) contingency fuel equal to not less than 5% of the estimated fuel consumption from the
decision ~ o i nto
t the destination aerodrome:
(iv) alternate iuel, if a destination alternate is required;
(v) final reserve fuel;
(vi) additional fuel; and
(vii) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command; or
(b) the sum of.
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii) the estimated fuel consumption from the departure aerodrome to a suitable en route
alternate, via the decision point;
(iii) contingency fuel equal to not less than 3% of the estimated fuel consumption from the
departure aerodrome to the en route alternate;
(iv) final reserve fuel;
(v) additional fuel; and
(vi) extra fuei, if required by the pilot-in-command.
(3) Isolated aerodrome procedure
If an owner's or operator's fuel policy includes planning to an isolated aerodrome for which a destination
alternate does not exist, the amount of fuel at departure must include -
(a) taxi fuel;
(b) trip fuel;
(c) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with subparagraph (l)(c) above;
(d) additional fuel if required, but not less than
(i) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fly for 45 minutes plus 15% of the
flight
- time planned to be spent at cruising level, or two hours, whichever is the lesser;
or
(ii) for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fly for two hours at normal cruise consump-
tion after arriving overhead the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel; and
(e) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command.
(4) Pre-determined point procedure
If an owner's or operator's fuel policy includes planning to a destination alternate where the distance
between the destination aerodrome and the destination alternate is such that a flight can only be routed

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-7
via a predetermined point to one of these aerodromes, the amount of fuel must be the greater of item (a)
or (b) below:
(a) The sum of -
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii),
, trio fuel from the deoarture aerodrome to the destination aerodrome. via the
piedetermined point
(iii) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with subparagraph (l)(c) above;
(iv) additional fuel if required, but not less than -
for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fue. ro fly for 45 minutes plus 15% of the flignt time
planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours, whichever is less; or
for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fly for two hours at normal cruise consumption after
arriving overhead the destination aerodrome,
including final reserve fuel; and
(v) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command; or
(b) the sum of -
(i) taxi fuel
(ii) trip fuel from the departure aerodrome to the alternate aerodrome, via the
predetermined point;
(iii) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with subparagraph (I)(c) above;
(iv) additional fuel if required, but not less than -
for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fly fro 45 minutes; or
for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 feet (450 m)
above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions,
including final reserve fuel; and
(v) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command.
#91.07.13 - REFUELLING OR DEFUELLING WITH PASSENGERS ON BOARD

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that the aircraft is not refuelled or defuelled with
aviation gasoline or wide-cut type fuel when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking
such aircraft.
(2) In cases other than the cases referred to in subregulation (I), necessary precautions shall be taken
and the aircraft shall be properly manned by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an
evacuation of such aircraft by the most practical and expeditious means available.
#91.07.14 - SMOKING IN AIRCRAFT

(1) No person shall smoke in a South African registered aircraft or in any foreign registered aircraft
when in or over the Republic, unless and except in so far as smoking is permissible in accordance with
the flight manual referred to in regulation 91.03.2 or other equivalent document for such aircraft.
(2) In an aircraft in which smoking is permitted, smoking shall nevertheless be prohibited -
(a) when the aircraft is on the ground;
(b) during takeoff; and
(c) during an approach to land.
(3) In all South African registered aircraft, notices shall be displayed in a prominent place in all passen-
ger and flight crew compartments, indicating to what extent and when, smoking is permitted or
prohibited.
#91.07.15 - INSTRUMENT APPROACH AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that the instrument approach and departure

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-8
procedures, established by the appropriate authority of the State in which the aerodrome to be used, is
located, are used.
Notwithstanding the provisions mescribed in subreaulation (1). a ~ilot-in-commandmav acceDt an
air traftc contrd clearance to deviate from a publish&d approacji or'departure route: provided thst -
(a) obstacle clearance criteria are observed and full account is taken of the o~eratinaconditions: and
(b) the final approach is flown visually or in accordance with the established hstrument approact1
procedure.
-
# 9 l .O7.l6 NOISE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES
No person shall operate an aircraft contrary to noise abatement procedures established for an aero-
drome in terms of the provisions of Part 139.
#91.07.17 - SUBMISSION OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE FLIGHT PLAN

The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that a flight is not commenced unless an air traffic
service flight plan referred to in regulation 91.03.4, has been filed, or adequate information has been
deposited in order to permit alerting services to be activated if required.
#91.07.18 - SEATS, SAFETY BELTS AND HARNESSES

(1) Before take-off and landing, and whenever deemed necessary in the interests of aviation safety, the
pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall ensure that each person on board such aircraft, occupies a seat or
berth with his or her safety belt or harness, where provided, properly secured.
(2) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that multiple occupancy of aircraft seats does not occur other
than by on adult and one infant, who is properly secures by a child restraint device.
-
#91.07.19 PASSENGER SEATING
The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that passengers are seated where, in the event that
and emergency evacuation is required, such passengers may best assist and not hinder evacuation
from the aircraft.
#91.07.20 - PASSENGER BRIEFING

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that -
(a) passengers are verbally briefed about safety matters, parts or all of which may be given by an
audio-visual oresentation:
8~
(b) in aircrafi~engagedin commercial air transport operations, passengers are provided with a safety
briefing card on which picture type instructions indicate the operation of emergency equipment and
exits likely to be used by passengers; and
(c) in an emergency during flight, passengers are instructed in such emergency action as may be
appropriate to the circumstances.
(2) The owner or operator shall ensure that, before take-off -
(a) passengers are briefed, to the extent applicable, on -
(i) whether smoking is prohibited or permitted;

(ii) when the back of the seat is to be in the upright position and the tray table stowed;
I:"
111)
IV)
the location of emergency exits;
the location and use of floor proximity escape path markings;
(v) the stowage of carry-on baggage;
(vi) any restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices; and
(vii) the location and the contents of the safety briefing card; and
(b) passengers receive, to the extent applicable,a demonstration of -
(i) the use of safety belts or safety harnesses, including the manner in which the safety
belts or safety harnesses are to be fastened and unfastened;
(ii) the location and use of oxygen equipment and the extinguishing of all smoking
materials when oxygen is being used; and
I C~rnmercialPilot Licence
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-9
(iii) the location and use of life jackets.
(3) The owner or operator shall ensure that, after take-off, passengers are reminded of -
a) whether smoking is prohibited or permitted;
b) the use of safety belts or safety harnesses.
(4) The owner or operator shall ensure that, before landing, passengers are reminded of -
(a) whether smoking is prohibited or permitted;
(b) the use of safety belts or safety harnesses;
(c) when the back of the seat is to be in the upright position and the tray table stowed, if applicable;
(d) the re-stowage of carry-on baggage;
(e) any restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices.
(5) The owner or operator shall ensure that, after landing, passengers are reminded of -
(a) whether smoking is prohibited or permitted; an0
(b) the use of safety belts or safety harnesses.
#91.07.21 - EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that emergency equipment, carried or installed in
the aircraft in order to meet the requirements prescribed in this Part and the MEL, is in such condition
that it will satisfactorily perform its design function.
(2) The pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall ensure that the emergency equipment concerned remains
easily accessible for immediate use by the flight crew members.
#91.07.22 - ILLUMINATION OF EMERGENCY EXITS

When an aircraft, which is equipped with an emergency lighting system referred to in regulation
91.04.25. is in flight and below 1000 feet above ground level, or on the ground with passengers on
board -
(a) the emergency lighting system shall be switched on, or
(b) the normal cabin lighting system shall be switched on and the emergency lighting shall be armed.
-
91.07.23 USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
(1),
, The ~ilot-in-commandof an aircraft shall ensure that fliaht crew members enaaaed in ~erformlna
outies essential to the safe operation of the aircraft in Tlight, use supplemen~al-oxygelicontinu&sly
when rhe fliaht deck Dressure altitude exceeds 10 000 feet for more than 60 minutes, and at all tlmes
when the fliiht deck pressure altitude exceeds 12 000 feet. (see Note 2 on page (ii)of Contents)
(2) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall ensure that, with the exce tion of supersonic aeroplanes,
when a flight is conducted above FL410, at least one pilot at the piKt station wears an oxygen mask
when the other pilot leaves the flight deck for any reason.
-
91.07.24 APPROACH AND LANDING CONDITIONS
Before commencing an approach to land, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall satisfy himself or
herself that, according to the information available to him or her, the weather at the aerodrome and the
condition of the runway or touchdown area intended to be used, will not prevent a safe approach,
landing or missed approach, having regard for the performance information contained in the aircraft
flight manual referred to in regulation 91.03.2 or similar document.
-
91.07.25 COMMENCEMENT AND CONTINUATION OF APPROACH
(1) When operating in IMC and in accordance with IFR the pilot-in-command of an aircraft may com-
mence an approach regardless of the reported RVR or visibilty, but the approach shall not be
continued beyond the outer marker or equivalent published position, unless the reported RVR or
visibility for the runway or touch-down area is equal to, or better than, the applicable operating minima.
(2) Where RVR is not available, the pilot-in-command may derive an RVR value by converting the
1 Commercial Pilot Licence

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-10
reported visibility in accordance with the provisions as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 91.
(3) If, after passing the outer marker or equivalent published position in accordance with the provisions
of subregulation (I), the reported RVR or visibility falls below the applicable minima, the
pilot-in-command may continue the approach to decision altitudelheight or minimum descent
altitudelheight.
(4) The ~ilot-in-commandmav continue the amroach below decision altitudelheiaht or minimum
descent altitudeheight and tne lanoing may be completed: Provided that the required visua reference
's established at the decision altitudelheignt or minimum descent altitudelheight and is ma'ntained.
(5) Where no outer marker or equivalent published position exists, the pilot-in-command shall decide
whether to continue or abandon the approach before descending below 1000 feet above the
aerodrome on the final approach segment.
#91.07.26 - IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that no person, and no person shall, simulate emer-
gency situations in the aircraft affecting the flight characteristics of such aircraft when passengers are
on board such aircraft.
#91.07.27 - TURNING HELICOPTER ROTORS

No person engaged in helicopter operations, shall permit helicopter rotors to be turned under power
without a qualified pilot at the controls of such helicopter.
#91.07.28 - STARTING OF ENGINES

(1) Except when the brakes are se~iceableand are fully applied, chocks shall be placed in front of the
wheels of an aeroplane before starting the engine or engines, and a competent person shall be seated
at the controls when the engine or engines are running.
(2) Where the pilot of an aeroplane is the only competent person present and it has been necessary
for chocks to be used, he or she shall ensure that the controls of the aeroplane are left unattended for
as short a time as possible when removing the chocks.
#91.07.29 - ACROBATIC FLIGHTS

(1) No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically so as to endanger air traffic.
(2) Except by individual permission from the Commissioner, aircraft shall not be flown acrobatically-
(a) unless the manoeuver can be concluded and the aircraft brought on an even keel at a height of not
less than 2000 feet above around or water:
(b) within a 5 nautical mile disFance on an aerodrome reference po'nt of an aerodrome kensed ana
-
amroveo in terms of Part 139 unless at a neiaht not less tnan 4 000 feet above around level:
(c) in ?hevicinity of air traffic s e ~ : c eroutes;
s or
(d) over any populous area or public gathering.
*LOW VISIBILITY OPERATIONS

-
91.08.1 AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA
The aerodrome operating minima shall be the aerodrome operating minima as prescribed in Subpart 6,
and the provisions of regulations 91.07.5, 121.07.7, 127.07.7 and 135.07.7 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
91.08.2 GENERAL OPERATING RULES FOR LOW-VISIBILITY OPERATIONS

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that no Category II or Ill operations are conducted
with the aircraft unless -
(a) such aircraft is certified for operations with decision heights below 200 feet or no decision height,

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-11
-
and eouiooed in accordance with this Part or an eouivalent reoulation acceoted bv the
~ommi&oner;
(b)
~, a suitable svstem for recordina such aooroach or automatic-landina success and failure is estab-
lished and haintaineo to monsor the overall safety of the operation:
(c) the ooerations are approve0 bv the Commissioner: and
(d) decision height is determined by means of a radioaltimeter.
(2) The pilot-in-command shall not conduct low-visibility take-offs with RVR of less than 150 m for Cate-
gory A, 6, C and D aeroplanes, or RVR of less than 200 m for Category E aeroplanes, unless approved
by the Commissioner.
(3) The categories referred to in subregulation ( Z ) , are established on the basis of 1.3 times the stall
speed of the aeroplanes in the landing configuration at maximum certificated mass and are as follows:
(a) Category A - Less than 91 kts indicated airspeed;
(b) Category I3 - 91 kts indicated airspeed or more, but less than 121 kts indicated airspeed;
(c) Category C - 121 kts indicated airspeed or more but less than 141 kts indicated airspeed;
(d) Category D - 141 kts indicated airspeed or more but less than 166 Ms indicated airspeed;
(e) Category E - 166 Ms indicated airspeed or more but less than 21 1 kts indicated airspeed.
-
91.08.3 AERODROME CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOW-VISIBILITY OPERATIONS
(1) No pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall use an aerodrome for Category II or Ill operations, unless
the aerodrome is approved for such operations by the appropriate authority of the State in which the
aerodrome is located.
(2) the owner or operator of an aircraft intended to be used in low-visibility operations, shall verify that
low-visibility procedures have been established, and are in force, at the aerodromes where low-visibility
operations are to be conducted.
-
91.08.4 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS FOR LOW-VISIBILITY OPERATIONS
The owner or operator of an aircraft shail ensure that, prior to conducting low-visibility take-off or Cate-
gory II and Ill operations -
(a) each flight deck crew member -
(i) has completed the training and checking requirements as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS-91, including simulator training in operating to the limiting values of RVR and
decision height appropriate to the owner's or operator's Category iI or Ill approval; and
(ii) is qualified in accordance with the requirements as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-91;
and
(b) the flight deck crew qualification is specific to the operation and the aircraft type.
-
91.08.5 OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR LOW-VISIBILITY OPERATIONS
(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall establish procedures and instructions to be used for
low-visibility take-offs and Category II and Ill operations.
(2) The pilot-in-command shall satisfy himself or herself that-
(a) the status of the visual and non-visual facilities is sufficient prior to commencing a low-visibility
take-off or a Category II or Ill approach;
(b) appropriate low-visibility procedures are in force according to information received from an air traffic
service unit, before commencing a low-visibility take-off or a Category Ii or ill approach; and
(c) the flight deck crew members are properly qualified to carry out a low-visibility take-off in a RVR of
less than 150 m in a Category A,B,C and D aeroplane, or 200 m in a Category E aeroplane, or a
Category II or Ill approach.
-
91.08.6 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT FOR LOW-VISIBILITY OPERATIONS
.
,(1) The ooerator of an aircraft shall include in the operations manual referred to in regulation 121.04.2,
127.04.2, 135.04.2, as the case may be, the minimum equipment which snall beserviceable at the
commencemenr of a low-visibilitvtake-off or a Category
- II or II approach in accordance with the aircraft
flight manual referred to in regulation 91.03.2.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-12
(2) The pilot-in-command shall satisfy himself or hersell that the status of the aircraft and the relevant
airborne systems thereof, is appropriate for tne specific operation to be conducted.
*PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS

-
91.09.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
(1) the owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that the aircraft is operated in compliance with -
(a) the terms and conditions of the certificate of airworthiness issued in respect of such aircraft;
(b)
. . rhe operating limitations, tne markings
- and placards prescribed by the appropriate
.. . authority of tne
Stateof Registry; and
(c) the mass limitat~onsprescribed in Part 21.
(2) In complying with subregulation (I), the owner or operator shall take account of airframe configura-
tion, environmental conditions and the operation of systems which may have an effect on the
performance of the aircraft, when appropriate.
(3) The operator of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operation, shall comply with the
provisions of the appropriate regulations in Part 121, Part 127 or Part 135 as the case may be.
-
91.09.2 HELICOPTER OPERATING LIMITATIONS
(1) Performance Class 3 helicopters shall only be operated in conditions of weather and light, and over
such routes and diversions therefrom, whlch may permit a safe forced landing to be executed in the
event of an engine failure.
(2) The provisions of subregulation (1) shall mutatis mutandis apply to performance Class 2 helicopter
prior to the defined point after take-off and after the defined point before landing.
(3) Only performance Class 1 helicopters shall be permitted to operate from elevated heliports in
built-up urban areas.
-
91.09.3 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
For performance purposes, helicopters are classified as follows:
(a) Class 1 helicopter - a helicopter with performance such that, in case of critical power unit failure,
the helicopter IS able to land on the rejected take-off area or safely continue the flight to an appropriate
landing area, depending on when the failure occurs;
(b) Class 2 helicopter - a helicopter with performance such that, in the case of critical power unit fail-
ure, the helicopter is able to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs prior to a defined
point after take-off or a defined point before landing, in which case a forced landing may be required;
and
(c) CiGs 3 helicopter - a helicopter with performance such that, in case of power unit failure at any
point in the flight profile, a forced landing has to be performed.
-
91.09.4 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
For performance purposes, aeroplanes are classified as follows:
(a) Class A aeroplanes
(i) multi-engine aeroplanes powered by turbo-propeller engines with a maximum approved passenger
seating configuration of more than nine seats or a maximum certificated mass exceeding 5 700
kilograms; and
(ii) multi-engine turbojet-powered aeroplanes;
(b) Class I3 aeroplanes - propeller-driven aeroplanes w~tha maximum approved passenger seating
configuration of nine seats or less, and a maximum certificated mass of 5 700 6:ograms or less:
(c) Class C aeroplanes - aeroplanes owered by two or more reciprocating engines with a maximum
approved passenger seating confguration of more than nine seats or a maximum certificated mass
exceeding 5 700 kilograms; and

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Page 10-13
(d) Class D aeroplanes - single engine aeroplanes.
*SUBPART 10 : MAINTENANCE
-
91.10.1 GENERAL
No owner, operator or pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless such aircraft is
maintained and released to service in accordance w~ththe provisions of Part 43.

AUR TRANSPORT OPERATUONS

SWALL AEROPLANES
-
135.01.1 APPLICABILITY
(1) This Part shall apply to -
(a) aeroplanes with a maximum certificated mass of 5700 kilograms or less, engaged in commercial air
transport operations within the Republic;
(b) aeroplanes with a maximum certificated mass of 5 700 kilograms or less, registered in the Republic,
engaged in commercial international air transport operations;
c) persons acting as flight crew members of aeroplanes registered in the Republic; and
d) persons who are on board an aeroplane operated under this Part.
(2) For the purposes of this Part, an aeroplane registered in another State and operated by the holder
of an operating certificate issued in the Republic, shall be deemed to be registered in the Republic.
(3) The provisions of Part 91 shall mutatis mutandis apply to an aeroplane operated in terms of this
Part.
135.01.2 - EXEMPTIONS
(1) The Commissioner may exempt any aeroplane or person involved in emergency operations from
the provisions of this Part, on the conditions as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-135.
(2) An application for an exemption shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Part 11.
-
135.01.3 ADMISSION TO FLIGHT DECK
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that no person is admitted
to, or carried on the flight deck of the aeroplane unless such person is -
(a) aflight crew member assigned to the flight;
(b) an authorised officer, inspector or authorised person; or
(c) permitted by, and carried in accordance with, the instructions contained in the operations manual
referred to in regulation 135.04.2
(2) The final decision regarding admission of any person to the flight deck shall be the responsibility of
the pilot-in-command.
(3) The admission of any person to the flight deck shall not interfere with the operation of the
aeroplane.
(4) Any person carried on the flight deck shall be made familiar with the applicable procedures.
-
135.01.4 DRUNKENNESS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall not permit, and no person shall
enter or be in, the aeroplane while under the influence of alcohol or a drug having a narcotic effect, to
the extent where the safety of such aeroplane or its occupants is, or is likely to be, endangered.
(2) The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that any person referred to in subregulation (1)
is -
(a) refused embarkation; or
(b) if such person is on board, restrained or disembarked.

Page 11-2
FLIGHT CREW
-
M35.02.1 COMPOSITION OF FLIGHT CREW
(1) The minimum number and composition of the flight crew shall not be less than the minimum
number and composition specified in the aeroplane flight manual referred to in subregulation 135.04.4.
(2) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall allocate additional flight crew
members when it is required by the type of operation, and the number of such additional flight crew
members shall not be less than the number specified in the operations manual referred to in regulation
135.04.2.
(3) The operator shall ensure that the flight crew members
(a) are competent to perform the duties assigned to them; and
(b) hold the appropriate valid licences and ratings.
(4) The flight crew shall include at least one member who holds a valid radiotelephony operator licence
or an equivalent document issued by an appropriate authority, authorising such member to operate the
type of radio transmitting equipment to be used.
(5) When deemed necessary for the safe conduct of a flight, the flight crew shall include at least one
member who is proficient in navigating over the route to beflown.
(6) For operations under IFR or by night in a small commercial air transport turbo-propeller or turbojet
aeroplane, an operator shall ensure that the minimum flight crew is two pilots: Provided that in the case
of a turbojet aeroplane, a single-pilot operation is allowed if -
(a) the aeroplane has been certificated for single-pilot IFR operation; and
(b) the operator has included in the operations manual, referred to in subregulation 135.04.2, a conver-
sion and recurrent training programme for pilots which includes the additional requirements for a
single-pilot operation.
(7) The operator snall designate one pi or among the fight crew as pilot-in-command of a small
commercial air transport aeroplane and the p~lot-in-command
may delegate tne conduct of the f1:ght to
anorher suitaoly qualified p~lot.
-
"135.02.2 IN-FLIGHT RELIEF OF FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish procedures in accor-
dance with the provisions of this regulation, to prevent inexperienced flight crew members from doing
duty together on the same flight.
(2) A flight deck crew member may be relieved in flight of his or her duties at the controls of a small
commercial air transport aeroplane by another suitably qualified flight deck crew member.
(3) A pilot assigned to the pilot-in-command station may be relieved by another pilot who -
(a) is the holder of the appropriate valid pilot licence (aeroplane) and ratings;
(b) has completed -
(i) the conversion training and checking, including type rating training prescribed in Subpart 3;
(ii) the recurrent training and checking prescribed in Subpart 3; and
(iii) in the case of scheduled public air transport service operations, recency, route and aerodrome
qualifications prescribed in regulation 135.02.4; and
(c) may not operate below FL200 unless he or she is the holder of the applicable type rating and has
been assigned to the pilot-in-command station.
(4) The co-pilot of a small commercial air transport aeroplane may be relieved by -
(a) another suitably qualified pilot; or
(b) a cruise-relief co-pilot who holds a valid commercial pilot licence (aeroplane) and instrument rating
and who has completed -
(i) the conversion training and checking, other than take-off and landing training, prescribed in

Page 11-3
Subpart 3;
(ii) the recurrent training and checking, other than take-off and landing training, prescribed in
Subpart 3.
(5) A cruise-relief co-pilot referred to in subregulation (4) shall -
(a) not operate as co-pilot below FL200; and
(b) shall undergo simulator recency and refresher flying skill training at intervals not exceeding six
months.
(6) When any additional flight crew member is carried to provide in-flight relief for the purpose of
extending a flight time and duty period, such flight crew member shall hold qualifications which comply
with the requirements of the operational duty which he or she is required to carry out during such
in-flight relief period.
-
*135.02.3 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER EMERGENCY DUTIES
(1) An operator and, where appropriate, the pilot-in-command of a small commercial air transport
aeroplane, shall assign to each flight crew member concerned, the necessary functions to be
performed in an emergency or a situation requiring emergency evacuation.
(2) The functions referred to in subregulation (1) shall be such as to ensure that any reasonably
anticipated emergency can be adequately dealt with and shail take into consideration the possible
incapacitation of individual flight crew members.
(3) A flight crew member shall not accept an assignment of emergency functions unless such flight
crew member has been trained to perform emergency functions in accordance with the requirements in
subpart 3.
-
*135.02.4 RECENCY, ROUTE AND AERODROME QUALIFICATIONS
.(1). A ~ i l oshall
t not act as ~ i l ~ t - i n - c ~ m m aofnad small commercial air transoort aero~laneused in a
scheduled puol:c air transport service operation, unless the pilot has within the preceding 12 months
demonstrated to the operator of such aeroplane an adequate knowledge of -
(a) the route to be flown;
(b) the aerodromes to be used;
(c) the procedures applicable to flight paths over densely inhabited areas and areas of higher traffic
density; and
(d) obstructions, physical layout, lighting, approach aids and arrival, departure, holding and instrument
approach procedures including operating minima.
If a route requires a specific type of navigation qualification, the pilot-in-command shall within the
12 months immediately preceding a flight on such route, demonstrate his or her ability to the operator
of the small commercial air transport aeroplane by -
(a) flying over a route or area as pilot-in-command using the applicable special type of navigation
system; or
(b) flying over a route or area under the supervision of a suitably qualified pilot using the applicable
special type of navigation system.
-
*135.02.5 FLIGHT TIME AND DUTY PERIODS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shail
(a) establish a scheme for the regulation of flight time and dury periods for each Light crew member;
(b) include the scheme referred to in paragraph (a) in the operat'ons manual referred to in regulation
-- -
. .nd..-7',
135
(c) -
~,ensure that each fliaht crew member comolies with the ~rovisions
paragraph (a);
of the scheme referred to in
(d) not cause or permit any flight crew member to fly in the aeroplane if such operator knows or has
been made aware that such flight crew member -
(i) will exceed the flight time and duty periods prescribed in subregulation (l)(a) while on flight
duty; or
(ii) is suffering from or, having regard to the circumstances of the flight to be undertaken, is likely
i Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 11-4
to suffer from fatigue which may endanger the safety of the aeroplane or its flight crew members
and passengers; and
(e) not schedule a flight crew member for active flight duty for a period exceeding eight consecutive
hours during any given flight time and duty period unless authorised in the scheme referred to in
paragraph (a),
(2) The provisions to be included in a scheme referred to in subregulation (1) shall be as prescribed in
Document SA-CATS-OPS-135.
TRAINING AND CHECKING

GENERAL
-
"135.03.1 TRAINING OF FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish and maintain a ground
and flight training programme for flight crew members in his or her employ.
(2) The operator shall ensure that -
(a) each flight crew member receives training in accoroance witn tnis Subpan and the appropriate
syllabus n Document SA-CATS-OPS-135;
- - ..
.(b). the trainina sha.1onlv be orovided bv the holder of an aviation trainina oraanisation aooroval issued
in terms ofpart 141;'and '
(c) each flight crew member passes a written examination with regard to all the subjects of the training
syllabus referred to in paragraph (a).
(3) The provisions of this part shall apply in respect of full-time and part-time employed flight crew
members.
"135.03.2 - INITIAL TRAINING OF FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS

A flight crew member employed by the operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall
have successfully completed the initial training and skill tests as prescribed in Part 61.
PILOT TRAINING
#135.03.3 - CONVERSION TRAINING
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that -
(a) a fliaht deck crew member comoletes a tvoe conversion course in accordance with the a0IIlicable
' reqiirements prescribed in Pari 61, when changing from one type of aeroplane to anoiher type or
class for which a new type or class rating is required:
(b) a flight deck crew member completes thz operator's type conversion course before commencing
unsupe~isedoperational flying -
(i) when changing to an aeroplane for which a new type or class rating is required; or
(ii) when employed by such operator;
(c) type conversion training is conducted by a competent person in accordance with the detailed
course syllabus included in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.2, and as
prescribed in Document SA-CAT-OPS-135;
(d) the amount of training required by the operator's type conversion course is determined after due
note has been taken of the flight deck crew member's previous training as recorded in the training
records referred to in regulation 135.04.8;
(e) the minimum standards of qualification and experience required of flight deck crew members
before undertaking type conversion training are specified in the operations manual referred to in
.renulation
- a -. -.. -. 135.04.2
. - -.- . .-
(f) each flight deck crew member undergoes the checks prescr~bedin regulation 135.03.7(2) and (4)
and the training and checks prescribed in regulation 135.03.7(6) belore commencing operational
flying; and
(g) if multi-crew operations are contemplated, flight deck crew resource management tra.ning as
prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-135is incorporated :n the conversion course.

Page 11-5
(2) In the case of changing aeroplane type or class, the check prescribed in regulation 135.03.7(2)
may be combined with the type or class rating skill test prescribed in Part 61.
(3) The operator's type conversion course and the type or class rating course prescribed in Part 61,
may be combined.
(4) The operator's type conversion course shall include the items, and shall be conducted in the order
as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS-135.
(5) When a flight deck crew member has not previously completed the operator's type conversion
course, such operator shall ensure that, in addition to subregulation (4), the flight deck crew member
undergoes general first aid training and, if applicable, ditching procedures training using the
appropriate equipment in water.
-
*135.03.4 DIFFERENCES TRAINING AND FAMILIARISATION TRAINING
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that a flight deck crew
member completes differences training when -
(a) operating another variant of an aeroplane of the same type or another type of the same class
currently operated; or
(b) a change of equipment or procedures on types or variants currently operated, requires the acquisi-
tion of additional knowledge.
(2) The operator shall ensure that a flight deck crew member completes familiarisation training when -
(a) operating another aeroplane of the same type or variant; or
(b) a change of equipment or procedures on types or variants currently operated, requires the acquisi-
tion of additional knowledge.
(3) The operator shall specify in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.2 when differ-
ences training or familiarisation training is required.
-
*135.03.5 UPGRADING TO PILOT-IN-COMMAND
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that, for an upgrade to
pilot-in-command from co-pilot, and for a pilot joining as pilot-in-command, a minimum level of
experience is specified in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.2;
#135.03.6 - PILOT-IN-COMMAND HOLDING COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE

The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that -
(a) a holder of a commercial pilot licence does not operate as a pilot-in-command of an aeroplane
certificated in the aeroplane flight manual referred to in regulation 135.04.4 for single-pilot operations
unless -
(i) when conducting passenger carrying operations under VFR outside a radius of 50 nautical miles
from an aerodrome of departure, the pilot has a minimum of 300 hours total flight- time on aeroplanes
or holds a valid instrument rating; or
(ii) when operating on a multi-engine type under IFR, the pilot has a minimum or 400 hours total flight
time on aeroplanes which includes 200 hours as pilot-in-command of which 100 hours have been
under IFR including 40 hours multi-engine operation: Provided that the 200 hours pilot-in-command
may be substituted bv hours operatinq as co-pilot on the basis of two hours co-pilot is eauivalent to
one hour as pilot-in-command! Provided further that These hours are gained within an established
multi-pilot flight crew system prescribed in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.2;
(b) in addition to paragraph (a)(ii), when operaring under IFR as a single pilot, me requirements
prescribed in regulation 135.02.1 (6) are complied with;
-
*135.03.7 RECURRENT TRAINING AND CHECKING
(a) each flight deck crew member undergoes recurrent training and checking and that all such training

Page 11-6
and checking is relevant to the type or variant of aeroplane on which the flight deck crew member is
licensed to operate;
(b) a recurrent training and checking programme is included in the operations manual referred to in
regulation 135.04.2;
(c) recurrent training is conducted by -
(i) a competent person, in the case of ground and refresher training;

(ii) a type rated instructor, in the case of aeroplane or flight simulator training;
(iii) competent personnel in the case of emergency and safety equipment training and checking;
or
(iv) competent personnel, in the case of flight deck crew resource management training;
(d) recurrent training is conducted by -
(i) an examiner, in the case of operator proficiency checks; and

(ii) a pilot-in-command designated by the operator in the case of operational checks; and
(e) when multi-crew operations are contemplated, each flight deck crew member undergoes operatol
proficiency checks every six calendar months as part of a normal flight deck crew complement.
(2) The operator shall ensure that, in the case of the operator proficiency check referred to in
subregulation (l)(e) -
.(a1, each fliaht deck crew member underaoes such checks to demonstrate his or her comnetence in
carryng our normal, abnormal and emergency procedures; and
- deck crew rnemoer will
1b) such check is conducted without external visual reference when the fliaht
be required to operate under IFR.
(3) Upon successful completion of the operator proficiency check referred to in subregulation (l)(e),
the operator shall issue a certificate of competency to the flight deck crew member concerned, which
certificate shall be valid for a period of six calendar months calculated from the last day of the calendar
month in which such certificate is issued.
(4) The operator shall ensure that, 'n the case of an operational check, each flight oeck crew member
.
underaoes the operational checrc on the aero~laneto demonstrate his or her cometence in carrvina
out nnknal operations specified in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.2
-
1
,51
, Unon successful comnletion of the onerational check referred to in subreaulation 141. the onerator
shall issue a certificat; of competencito the fiight decrc crew member conc&ned, whidh certificate shall
oe valio for a oer~odof 12 calendar months calculated from the ast dav of the ca.enaar monrh in whicn
such certificaie is issued.
(6) The operator shall ensure that, in the case of emergency and safety equipment training and
checking, each flight deck crew member undergoes training and checking on the location and use of
ail emergency and safety equipment carried.
1,71, Unon successful comnletion of the emeraencv and safetv eauinment check referred to in
subregulation (6), the'operaror sha I issuga cbrtiflcate of bonipetency to the fiight deck crew member
concerned. which certificate shall be vahd for a oeriod of 12 calendar months calculated from the last
day of the calendar month in which such certificate is issued.
(8) The operator shall ensure that, in the case of flight deck crew resource management training, each
flight deck crew member undergoes such training as part of the recurrent training as prescribed in
Document SA-CATS-OPS-I 35.
(9) the operator shall ensure that, in the case of ground and refresher training, each flight deck crew
member undergoes such training every 12 calendar months.
-
*135.03.8 PILOT QUALIFICATION TO OPERATE IN EITHER PILOT'S SEAT
The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that
(a) a pilot to be assigned to operate in either pilot's seat, completes the appropriate training and
checking; and
(b) the training and checking programme is -
(i) specified in the operations manual referred to in regulation 135.04.3; and

Page 11-7
(ii) is undertaken in accordance with the appropriate syllabus as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS 135.
*135.03..9 - ADVANCED QUALIFICATION PROGRAMME

(1) The period of validity for the training referred to in regulation 135.03.7 may be extended if the
Commissioner has approved an advanced qualification programme established by the operator.
(2) The advanced aualification Droaramme shall contain trainina and checkina which establishes and
maintains a proficiency that is-not less than the proficiency referred to-in regulations 135.03.3(4),
135.03.4, 135.03.5 and 135.03.7
DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

-
iV135.04.1 DOCUMENTS TO BE RETAINED ON GROUND
(a) a copy of the operational flight plan;
(b) copies of the relevant parts of the flight folio;
(c) the load and trim sheet:
(d) the passenger list or cargo manifest;
(e) the special loads notification, if applicable; and
(f) a general declaration in the case of an aeroplane engaged in international flights,
are retained in a safe place at the first point of departure in respect of each fliaht
- undertaken bv the
aeroplane.
(2) The documents referred to in subregulation (1) shall be retained for a period of at least 90 days.
-
#135.04.2 OPERATIONS MANUAL
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall draw up an operations manual
containing all the information required under this Part and setting out the manner in which such
operator will operate the air service for which such operator is licensed in terms of the International Air
Services Act, 1993 (Act no 60 of 1993), or the Air Services Licensing Act, 1990 (Act No 115 of 1990), as
the case may be.
(2) the operator shall submit the operations manual in duplicate to the Commissioner for approval.
(3) If the Commissioner is satisfied that the operator .
(a) will comply with the provisions of regulation 135.06.7; and
(b) will not operate the air service concerned contrary to any provision of the Act, the International Air
Services Act, 1993, the Air Services Licensing Act, 1990 or the Civil Aviation Offences Act, 1972, the
Commissioner shall certifv in writina on both copies of the operations manual that such manual has
been approved, and shall-return on6 copy of the'approved operations manual to the operator.
(4) The operator shall submit and amendment to an approved operations manual in duplicate to the
Commissioner.
(5) If the Commissioner is satisfied that the operator will comply with the provisions of subregulation
. . . and (b), the Commissioner shall certifv in writing on both copies of the amendment to the
.(3)(c)
approved operations manual that such amendment hasbeen approved, and shall return one copy of
the approved amendment to the operator.
(6) The operator shall at all times operate the small commercial air transport aeroplane in accordance
with the approved operations manual or an approved amendment thereto.
(7) The operator shall
(a) ensure that all operations personnel are able to understand the technical language used in those
sections of the operations manual which pertain to their duties;
(b) ensure that every flight is conducted in accordance with the operations manual and that those parts
of the operations manual which are required for the conduct of a flight, are easily accessible to the
flight crew members on board;

Page 11-8
(c) make the operations manual available for the use and guidance of operations personnel;
(d) provide the flight crew members with their own personal copy of the sections of the operations
manual which are relevant to the duties assianed to them:
(e) keep the operations manual up to date; and-
(f) keep the operations manual in a safe place.
(8) The contents of the operations manual shall not contravene the conditions contained in the operat-
ing certificate issued to the operator in terms of regulation 121.06.3.
(9) The structure and contents of the operations manual referred to in subregulation (1) shall be as
#135.04.3 - AEROPLANE OPERATING MANUAL

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall compile and make available an
aeroplane operating manual for use the the flight crew members in such operator's employ.
(2) The aeroplane operating manual shall contain -
(a) the normal, abnormal and emergency procedures relating to the aeroplane:
(b) details of the aeroplane system; and
(c) the checklists to be used by the flight crew members.
(3) The operaror shall provide each flignt crew member with a copy of those pans of the aeroplane
operat'ng manual, which are relevant to the operational duties assigned to such flighr crew member.
(4) The operator shall ensure that the aeroplane operating manual is provided in a hard copy or in an
approved electronic format.
(5) The aeroplane operating manual shall be included in the operations manual referred to in regulation
135.04.2.
#l35.04.4 - AEROPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL

The aeroplane flight manual referred to in regulation 91.03.2 may be included in the aeroplane operat-
ing manual referred to in regulation 135.04.3.
#135.04.5 - OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that, where practical, an
operational flight plan is completed for each fiight undertaken by the aeroplane.
(2) the operational flight plan and its use shall be contained in the operations manual referred to in
regulation 135.04.2.
(3) All entries in the operational flight plan shall be current and permanent in nature.
(4) The items to be contained in the operational flight plan shall be as prescribed in Document
SA-CATS-OPS 135.
(5) The operational flight plan shall be retained by the operator for a period of at least 90 days.
-
*135.04.6 FLIGHT TIME AND DUTY PERIOD RECORDS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall -
(a)
. . maintain current flight
- time and duty . period
. records of all flight
- crew members in such operator's
employ;
(b) retain the flight time and duty period records for a period of 15 calendar months calculated from
the date of the last flight of each flight crew member.
.(2). A fliaht crew member in the art-time e m ~ l o vof an oDerator shall maintain his or her own fliaht
timeand duty per'od records'ano shall provide copies'thereof to the operator ro enable such operator
-
to ensure that such flight crew member does not exceed the h i t s mescribed in the fliaht time ano d u b
scheme of the operator referred to in regulation 135.02.5.

Page 11-9
-
*135.04.7 RECORDS OF EMERGENCY AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall compile a list of all the survival
and emergency equipment to be carried in the aeroplane and shall have such list available at all times
for immediate communication to rescue co-ordination centres.
(2) The survival and emergency equipment list shall be included in the operations manual referred to in
(3) The format and minimum information to be included in the survival and emergency equipment list
shall be as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 135.
-
*135.04.8 FLIGHT CREW MEMBER TRAINING RECORDS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall maintain the records of all training
and proficiency checks undertaken by the flight crew members in such operator's employ, and such
records shall incorporate certificates indicating the successful completion of such training and
proficiency checks.
(2) The operator shall retain the record of each flight deck crew member for a period of at least three
years and the record of all other flight crew members for a period of at least 12 months from the date
on which the flight crew member concerned has left the employ of such operator.
(3) the certificates referred to in subregulation (1) shall be made available by the operator to the flight
crew member concerned on request.
M35.04.9 - LOAD AND TRIM SHEET

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane -
(a) registered in the Republic with a maximum certificated mass exceeding 1 600 kilograms, and which
is operated into, within or from the Republic under -
(i) a Class I or Class II licence issued in terms of the Domestic Air Services Regulations, 1991;
or
(ii) a Class I or Class II licence issued in terms of the International Air Services Regulations,
1993; or
(b) registered in a foreign State and operated into, within or from the Republic under -
(i) a Class I or Class II licence issued in terms of the Domestic Air Services Regulations, 1991 ;
or
(ii) a foreign operator's permit issued in terms of the International Air Services Regulations,
1993,
shall ensure that no flight is undertaken by the aeroplane unless the person superintending the loading
of such aeroplane has completed and cert~fieda load and trim sheet.
(2) A load and trim sheet shall be completed in duplicate and one copy shall be carried in the aero-
plane and one copy shall be retained in accordance with the provisions of regulation 135.04.1.
(3) The load and trim sheet shall be retained by the operator for a period of at least 90 days calcu.
lated from the date on which the flight was undertaken.
(4) The minimum contents of a load and trim sheet shall be as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS
135.
#135.04.10 - AEROPLANE CHECKLIST

The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall, in addition to the aircraft checklist re-
ferred to in regulation 91.03.3, compile and make available to the flight crew and other personnel
members in such operator's employ, a checklist of the procedures to be followed by such flight crew
and personnel members when searching for concealed weapons, explosives or other dangerous de-
vices.

Page 11-10
AEROPLANE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

*135.05.1 - APPROVAL OF INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that a flight does not
commence unless the instruments and equipment required under this Subpart, or otherwise installed
on the aeroplane, are -
(a) subject to the provisions of subregulation (2), approved an0 installed in accordance with the
requirements, including - operarional
. and airworthiness requirements applicable
.. to such instruments
and equipment; and
(b) in a condition for safe operation of the kind being conducted, except as provided for in the MEL.
(2) The operator shall not be required to obtain approval for the -
Ia) fuses referred to in regulation 91.04.2;

b) intrinsically safe electric torches referred to in regulation 91.04.3(1)(d);
(c) accurate time piece referred to in regulations 91.04.4 and 91.04.5;
(d) first aid equipment referred to in regulation 91.04.16;
(e) survival equipment referred to in regulation 91.04.29; and
(f) sea anchors and equipment for the mooring, anchoring or manoeuvring of seaplanes and
amphibious aeroplanes on water, referred to in regulation 91.04.30.
I
-
#135.05.2 FLIGHT, NAVIGATION AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT FOR
AEROPLANES OPERATED UNDER VFR.
(1) The operator of small commercial air transport aeroplane shall not operate the aeroplane in accor-
dance with VFR, unless such aeroplane is equipped with -
(b) an accurate time-oiece showing the time in hours. minutes and seconds;
(c) a sensitive pressure altimeter wt'h a subscaie setting, calibrated in hectopascal, adjustable for any
baromerric pressure setunq - likely to be encountered durinq- flight;
-
(d) an airspeed indicator;
(e) a vertical speed indicator;
(f) a turn and slip indicator or a turn co-ordinator, incorporating a slip indicator;
(g) an attitude indicator;
(h) a stabilised direction indicator; and
(i) a means of indicating on the flight deck the outside air temperature in degrees Celcius.
(2) If two pilots are required to operate a small commercial air transport aeroplane, the second pilot's
station shall be equipped with -
(a) a sensitive pressure altimeter with a subscale setting, calibrated in hectopascai, adjustable for any
barometric pressure setting likely to be encountered during flight;
(b) an airspeed indicator;
(c) a vertical speed indicator;
(d) a turn and slip indicator or a turn co-ordinator, incorporating a slip indicator;
(e) an attitude indicator;
(f) a stabilised direction indicator.
(3) For flights, the duration of which does not exceed 60 minutes, which take off and land at the same
aerodrome, and which remain within 25 nautical miles of such aerodrome, the instruments specified in
subreguiation (l)(f),(g) and (h), and subregulation (2)(d), (e) and (9, may be replaced by a single turn
and shp indicator , or a turn co-ordinator. Incorporating a slip indicator, or both attitude indicator and a
slip indicator.
(4) A small commercial air transport aeroplane being operated by night shall be equipped in
accordance with the flight and navigation instruments referred to in regulation 135.05.3
#135.05.3 - FLIGHT, NAVIGATION AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT FOR

AEROPLANES OPERATED UNDER IFR.
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall not operate the aeroplane in
accordance with IFR, unless such aeroplane is equipped with -

Page 11-1 1
(b) an accurate time-piece showing the time in hours, minutes and seconds;
,
any barometric pressure setting likely to be encountered during flight;
.
Ic), two sensitive oressure altimeters with subscale settinas, calibrated in hectooascal.. adiustable for
-
.(dl. an a'rsoeeo ind~catorsvstem with heated 'oitor tube or eauivalent means for ~revenr:namalluncrion-
ing due to either condebsation or icing;
(e) a vertical speed indicator;
(9 a turn and slip indicator or a turn co-ordinator, incorporating a slip indicator;
(g) an attitude indicator;
Ih) a stabilised direction indicator: and
ji)'a means of inoicating on the flight deck the outside air temperature in degrees Ce.cius; and
". an alternate solrrce of static pressure for the altimeter and the airS!Jeed and vertical S ~ e e d
lil
indicators.
(k) a chart holder in an easily readable position which can be illuminated, if to be operated by night.
(2) If two pilots are required to operate a small commercial air transport aeroplane, the second pilot's
station shall be equipped with -
(a) a sensitive pressure altimeter with a subscale setting, calibrated in hectopascal, adjustable for any
barometric pressure setting likely to be encountered during flight, which may be one of the two
altimeters required under subregulation (l)(c);
(b) an airspeed indicator system with heated pitot tube or equivalent means for preventing malfunction-
ing due to either condensation or icing;
(c) a vertical speed indicator;
(d) a turn and slip indicator or a turn co-ordinator, incorporating a slip indicator;
(e) an attitude indicator; and
(9 a stabilised direction indicator.
-
#135.05.4 ALTITUDE ALERTING SYSTEM
The operator of a small turbojet-powered commercial air transport aeroplane shall not operate the aero-
plane unless such aeroplane is equipped with an altitude alerting system capable of -
(a)
. . alerting the fliaht deck crew members uoon amroaching preselected altitude in either ascent or
oesceit in suvcient time to estab ish eve. flight at suchpreselected altituoe; and
(0) alerting the flight deck crew members when deviating - above or below a preselected altitude by at
least an auralsignal.
-
M35.05.5 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
(1) The operator of a small pressurised commercial air transport aeroplane shall not operate the aero-
plane unless such aeroplane is equipped with airborne weather radar equipment whenever such
aeroplane is being operated by night or in IMC in areas where thunderstorms or other potentially
hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable with airborne weather radar, may be expected
to exist along the route.
(2) The Commissioner may, in the case of a propeller-driven pressurised small commercial air transport
aeroplane, approve the replacement of the airborne weather radar equipment referred to in
subregulation (1) with other equipment capable of detecting thunderstorms and other potentially
hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable with airborne weather radar equipment.
#135.05.6 - FLIGHT DECK CREW INTERPHONE SYSTEM

The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane on which more than one flight deck crew
member is required, shall not operate the aeroplane unless such aeroplane is equipped with a flight
deck crew interphone system, including headsets and microphones. Not of a hand-held type, for use
by all flight deck crew members.
-
#135.05.7 MEANS FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane with passenger emergency exit sill
heights -
(a) which are more that 1,83 metres above the ground with the aeroplane on the ground and the
landing gear extended; or
(b) which will be more than 1,83 metres above the ground afler the collapse of, or failure to extend one

Page 11-12
or more legs of the landing gear and for which a type certificate was first applied for on or after 1
March 1998,
shall not operate tne aeroplane unless such aeroplane has equipment or devces available at each exit
to enable passengers and f1:gnt crew members to reach the ground safely 'n an emergency.
(2) The equipment or devices referred to in subreaulation (1) need not be provided at overwing exits if
the oesignated place on the aeroplane structureat whicn ihe escape route terminares, is essihan 1.83
metres from the grouna with tne aeroplane on the ground, the landing gear extended and the flaps in
the take-off or landing position, whichever flap positbn is higher from theground.
(3) In an aeroplane required to have a separate emergency exit for the flight deck crew and -
(a) for which the lowest point of the emergency exit is more than 1,83 metres above the ground with
the landing gear extended; or
(b) for which a type certificate was first applied for on or after 1 March 1998, and for which the lowest
point of the emergency exit will be more than 1,83 metres above the ground after the collapse or, or
failure to extend one or more legs of the landing gear,
there shall be a device to assist the flight deck crew members in reaching the ground safely in an
emergency.
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
#l35.07.l- ROUTES AND AREAS OF OPERATION
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeropiane shall ensure that operations are only
conducted along such routes or within such areas, for which -
(a) in the case of scheduled public air transport service operations -
(i) ground facilities and services, including meteorological services, are provided which are
adequate for the planned operation; and
(ii) appropriate chats and map are available;
(b) approval or authorisation has been obtained, where required, from the appropriate authority
concerned;
(c) if a tw'n-engine aeroplane is used, adequate aerodromes are available within tne time or distance
limitations as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 135; and
(d) if a single-engine aeropiane is used, surfaces are available which permit a safe forced landing to be
executed.
(2) The operator shall ensure that -
(a) the performance of the aeroplane intended to be used, is adequate to comply with minimum flight
altitude requirements; and
(b) the equipment of the aeroplane intended to be used, complies with the minimum requirements for
the planned operation.
-
#135.07.6 MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish minimum flight altitudes
and the methods to determine such minimum minimum flight altitudes for all route segments to be
flown which provide the required terrain clearance, taking into account the operating limitations referred
to in Subpart 8 and the minimum altitudes prescribed in Subpart 6 of Part 91.
(2) The operator shall take into account the following factors when establishing minimum flight
altitudes:
Ia) the accuracy with which the position of the aeroplane can be determined;
b) the ~0SSibleinaccuracies in the indications of the altimeters used:
(cj the characteristics of the terrain along the routes or in the areas where operations are to be
conducted;
(d) the probability of encountering unfavourable meteorological conditions; and

Page 11-13
(e) possible inaccuracies in aeronautical charts.
(3) In complying with the provisions of subregulation (Z), the operator shall give due consideration to -
(al corrections for temoerature and oressure variations from standard values:
(bj tne air traffic control requiremenis; and
(c) any contingencies which may occur along the planned route.
#135.07.7 - AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish aerodrome operating
minima in accordance with the ~rovisionsof subreaulations .(2..
)..(3). and (4) and in coniunction with the
instrument approach and landing charts for each aerodrome intended to be used either as destination
or alternate aerodrome.
(2) Tne operator shall establish aerodrome operating minima for each aerodrome planned to be used.
which shall not be lower than the values as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 91.
(3) The method of determining aerodrome operating minima shall be approved by the Commissioner.
(4) The aerodrome operating minima established by the operator shall, not be lower than any aero-
drome operating minima established by the appropriate authority of the State in which the aerodrome is
located: Provided that if such appropriate authority approves such lower aerodrome operating minima
established by the operator, the lower aerodrome operating minima shall apply.
#135.07.8 - SMOKING IN AEROPLANE

No person shall smoke in a South African registered aeroplane when such aeroplane is used in a
scheduled air transport service operation and has departed from and will be landing within the Repub-
lic.
-
*l35.07.9 FUEL POLICY
.(1). The oDerator of a small commercial air transoort aeroolane shall establish a fuel oolicv for the
purpose of flight planning and in-flignt replannng to ensure that every flight carries suffic/ent fuel for the
planned operation and reserve fuel to cover the deviations from the planneo operation.
(2) The operator shall ensure that the planning of a flight is only based upon -
(a) procedures, tables or graphs which are contained in or derived from the operations manual referred
to in regulation 135.04.2, or current aeroplane-specific data;
(b) the operating conditions under which the flight is to be conducted including -
(i) realistic aeroplane fuel consumption data;
(ii) anticipate masses;
(iii) expected meteorological conditions; and
(iv) air traffic service procedures and restrictions.
(3) The operator shall ensure that the calculation of usable fuel required by such aeroplane for a flight
includes -
(a) taxi fuel;
(b) trip fuel;
(c) reserve fuel consisting of -
contingency fuel as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 135;
f1)1) alternate fuel, if a destination alternate aerodrome is required;
.(iii). two-hours island holdina fuel in situations where the destination aerodrome is remote or no
suitable alternate aerodrome exists;
(iv) final reserve fuel;
(v) additional fuel, if required by the type of operation; and
(d) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command.
(4) The operator shall ensure that in-flight replanning procedures for calculating usable fuel required
when a flight has to proceed along a route or to a destination aerodrome other than originally planned
includes -
1 Commeroial Pilot Licence

Page 11-14
(a) trip fuel for the remainder of the flight;
(b) reserve fuel consisting of -
(i) contingency fuel;
(ii)
.. -
alternate fuel, if a destination alternate aerodrome is rewired, includina selection of the
departure aerodrome as the destination alternate aerodiomei
by the type of operation; and
(c) extra fuel, if required by the pilot-in-command.
# l 3 5 . 0 7 . I l - INSTRUMENT APPROACH AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

The oDerator of a small commercial air transoort aero~lanemav imolement instrument aooroach and
departure proceoures, other than instrument approach 'and depirture procedures referred 'to in regula-
tion 91.07.16(1), if required: Provided that such instrument a.~. ~ r o a cand
h de~artureorocedures have
been approved by - .
(a) the appropriate authority of the State in which the aerodrome to be used is located; and
(b) the Commissioner.
-
M35.07.12 NOISE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES
(1) The operator of a small commerciai air transport aeroplane shall establish operating procedures for
noise abatement.
(2) Take-off and climb procedures for noise abatement specified by the operator for any one aeroplane
type shall be the same for all aerodromes.
#135.7.13 - CARRIAGE OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that an infant is only
carried when properly secured with a child restraint device or in the arms or on the lap of an adult
passenger.
(2) lnfants shall not be seated in front of exits.
(3) lnfants shall not be carried behind a bulkhead unless a child restraint device is used during critical
phases of flight and during turbulence.
(4) When an infant is carried in the arms or on the lap of a passenger, the seat belt, when required to
be worn, shall be fastened around the passenger carrying or nursing the infant, but not around the
infant.
(5) When an infant is carried in the arms or on the lap of a passenger on a small commerciai air trans-
port aeroplane, the name of the infant shall be bracketed on the passenger list with the name of the
person carrying or nursing the infant.
(6) An infant may be seated in a car-type infant seat, approved for use in an aeroplane, provided it is
secured to the aeroplane seat.
(7) A car-type infant seat referred to in subregulation (6) shall not be located in the same row or a row
directly forward or aft of an emergency exit.
*135.07.14 - CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS WITH DISABILITY

(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish procedures, including
identification, seating positions and the handling in the event of an emergency, for the carriage of
passengers with a disability.
(2) The operator shall ensure that
(a) the pilot-in-command of the aeroplane is notified when a passenger with a disability is to be carried
on board;
(b) a passenger with a disability is not seated in the same row or a row directly forward or aft of an
emergency exit;

Page 11-15
(c) individual briefings on emergency procedures are given to a passenger with a disability and his or
her able-bodied assistant appropriate to the needs of such passenger; and
(d) the person giving the briefing shall enquire as to the most appropriate manner of assisting the
passenger with a disability so as to prevent pain or injury to such passenger.
(3) In the case of the carriage of a stretcher patient in the aeroplane -
(a) the stretcher shal. be secured in such aeroplane so as to prevent it from moving under the
maximum accelerations likely to oe experienced in flighr and in emergency alighting such as
(b) the pacent shall be secured by an approved harness to the stretcher or aeroplane structure; and
(c) an able-bod~eoassistant sha I accompany each stretcher patient.
(4) A mentally disturbed person shall not be carried in the aeroplane unless -
(a) accompanied by an able-bodied assistant; and
(b) a medical certificate has been issued by a medical practitioner certifying such mentally disturbed
person's suitability for carriage by air, and confirming that there is no risk of violence from such
person.
(5) The operator shall undertake the carriage of a mentally disturbed person who, according to his or
her medical history, may become violent, only after special permission has been obtained from the
Commissioner by such operator.
(6) A passenger with a splinted or artificial limb may travel unaccompanied provided he or she is able
to assist himself or herself.
(7) The affected limb or supporting aids of a passenger referred to in subregulation (6) shall not
obstruct an aisle or any emergency exit or equipment.
(8) If a passenger with a splinted or artificial limb cannot assist himself or herself then he or she shall
be accompanied by an able-bodied assistant.
-
*135.07.15 LIMITATIONS ON CARRIAGE OF INFANTS, CHILDREN AND
PASSENGERS WITH DISABILITY
(1) Only one passenger with a disability or one unaccompanied minor may be carried in a small
commercial air transport aeroplane.
(2) An able-bodieo assistant shall accompany a passenger with a disablity who cannot assist himself
or herself, and such ass'stanr shall be assigned w'th the responsibility of the safety of such passenger.
(3) The operator may establish procedures, other than the procedures referred to in subregulations (1)
and (2), for the carriage of infants, children, and passengers with a disability: Provided that such
procedures -
(a) do not jeopardse aviation safety; and
(b) prior written approval is ootained from the Comm'ssioner.
-
*135.07.16 CARRIAGE OF INADMISSIBLE PASSENGERS, DEPORTEES OR
PERSONS IN CUSTODY
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish procedures for the
carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees or persons in custody to ensure the safety of the
aeroplane and its occupants.
(2) The pilot-in-command of the aeroplane shall be notified by the operator of such aeroplane prior to
departure, of the intended carriage, and the reason for the carriage, of any such persons referred to in
subregulation (1).
(3) For the purposes of rh~sregulat~on'~naom~sslblepassenger" means any person wno s not ent~tled
to board rhe aero~laneand includes those Dersons who are not in the Dossesslon of a val'd Dassenaer
ticket, passport o i visa.
-
I Commercial PPllof Licence

Page 11-16
*135.07.17 - CARRY-ON BAGGAGE

I (1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish adequate procedures to
ensure that only such baggage is carried onto the aeroplane and taken into the passenger cabin as
can be adequately and securely stowed.
(2) The minimum requirements for the procedures referred to in subregulation (1) shall be as
-
#135.07.18 SECURING OF PASSENGER CABIN AND GALLEY
(1) Before take-off and landing and whenever deemed necessary in the interests of aviation safety, the
pilot-in-command of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that -
,(a)
, alleaui~ment. -- -
. baaaaae and loose articles in the cabin of the aeroplane. lncludina oassenaer
service'items and flight crew member's and passenger's personal effens, are properly &cured and
stoweo so as to avoid the possibility of iniurv to persons or damaqe lo such aeroplane throuah the
movement of such articles caused by in-flighfturbulence or by unusual accelerations or manoeivres;
and
(b) all aisles, passage ways, exits and escape paths are kept clear of obstructions.
(2) All solid articles shall be placed in approved stowage areas in the aeroplane, at all times whenever
the seat belt lights are illuminated or when so directed by the pilot-in-command of such aeroplane.
(3) For the purpose of subregulation (2) "approved stowage area" means
(a) the area under a passenger seat; or
(b) a locker, overhead or other, utilised in accordance with the placarded mass limitation of the locker.
(4) No take-off or landing shail be commenced by the pilot-in-command of the aeroplane, unless he or
she has been informed of the safe condition of the cabin.
-
*135.07.19 PASSENGER SERVICES
(1) Except when in use, all items provided for passenger services, including food containers, thermos
flasks and servicing trays, shail be carried in their respective stowages and secured against movement
likely to cause injury to persons or damage to the aeroplane.
(2) All items referred to in subregulation (1) shall be stowed during take-off and landing or during
emergency situations, as directed by the pilot-in-command of the aeroplane.
(3) Any item which cannot be accommodated in the stowage, referred to in subregulation (I), shall not
be permitted in the cabin of the aeroplane.
(4) Securing of the cabin shall be completed before the approach for landing of the aeroplane is
commenced.
(5) If passenger services are provided while the aeroplane is on the ground, no passenger service
equipment shall obstruct the aisles or exits of the aeroplane.
-
*135.07.20 INCIDENTS AND DEFECTS
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall establish adequate inspection and
reporting procedures to ensure that defective equipment are reported to the pilot-in-command of the
aeroplane before take-off.
(2) The procedures referred to in subregulation (1) shall be extended to include the reporting to the
operator of ail incidents or the exceeding of limitations that may occur while the flight crew are
embarked on the aeroplane and of defective equipment found on board.
(3) Upon receipt of the reports referred to in subregulation (2), the operator shall compile a report and
submit such report on a monthly basis to the Commissioner.
J Commercial Pilot Licence

Page 11-17
*AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS

-
135.08.1 CLASSIFICATION
(1) The classification for performance limitation purposes is prescribed in regulation 91.09.4.
(a) a Class A aeroplane is operated in accordance with the performance operating limitations
prescribed in Division One
(b) a Class I3 aeroplane is operated in accordance with the performance operating limitations
prescribed in Division Two
(c) a Class D aeroplane is operated in accordance with the performance operating limitations
prescribed in Division Three
(3) Where specific design characteristics of an aeroplane prevents compliance with the regulations in
Division One, Two or Three of this Subpart, the operator shall, notwithstanding the provisions of
subregulation (2), ensure that the aeroplane is operated in accordance with such standard that a level
of safety equivalent to the level of safety prescribed in the appropriate Division of this Subpart is
maintained.
I
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135.08.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL CLASSES OF AEROPLANES
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that the mass of the aero-
plane, at the start of the take-off, is not greater than the mass at which the requirements prescribed in
the appropriate Division can be complied with for the flight to be undertaken, allowing for expected
reductions in mass as the flight proceeds.
12),
, The ooerator shall ensure that the approved performance data contained in the aeroplane flieht
manual prescribed in regulation 135:04.4, i s used to determine compliance with ttie requirements
..
prescribed in the appropriate Division supplemented as necessarv with other approved data prescribed
/n the appropriate Divisibn.
(3) A twin-engine propeller-driven small commercial air transport aeroplane which does not comply with
the requirements as prescribed in Document SA-CATS-OPS 135 for take-off and for landing shall, for
the purposes of this Subpart, be deemed to be a single-engine aeroplane, to be operated in
accordance with the performance operating limitations prescribed in Division Three.
*DIVISION ONE: CLASS A AEROPLANE

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135.08.3 GENERAL
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall ensure that, for oetermining compliance with the
requ'rements prescribed in tns Division, the approved performance data in the aeroplane flight manual
prescribed in regulation 135.04.4. is supplemented as necessary with other approved data if tne
approved perlormance data in such aeroplane flignt manual are insufficient in respect of -
(a) accounting for reasonably expected adverse operating conditions such as take-off and landing on
contaminated runways; and
(b) consideration of engine failure in all flight phases.
(2) The operator shall ensure that, in the case of a wet and contaminated runway, performance data
determined in accordance with an approved method is used.
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135.08.4 TAKE-OFF
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall ensure that the take-off mass of the aeroplane does not
exceed the maximum certificated mass for the pressure altitude and the ambient temperature at the
aerodrome of departure.
(2) The operator shall comply with the following requirements when determining the maximum perrnit-
ted take-off mass of the aeroplane at the aerodrome of departure:

Page 11-18
(a) the require0 acceerate-stop distance shall not exceed tne accelerate-stop d:stance available;
.(b)
. the required take-off distance shall not exceed the ta6e-off aistance available, with a clearway
distance not exceeding half of the take-off run available;
(c) the required take-off run shall not exceed take-off run available;
, - - -
(d), comoliance with the orovisions of this subreoulation shall be shown usino a sinale value of V. for
the r'ejecred ano coniinued take-off; and
.(el. on a wet or contaminated runwav, the take-off mass shall not exceed the take-off mass ~ermitted
for a take-off on a dry runway uider the same conditions.
(3) When determining the maximum permitted take-off mass prescribed in subregulation (2), the opera-
tor shall take account of -
(a) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
Ib) the ambient temoerarure at the aerodrome:
(cj the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(d) the runwav slope in the direction of take-off;
(ej brake eneigy; '
(f) tyre speed limit;
(g) pilot reaction time;
(h) not more than 50 per cent of the reported head-wind component or not less than 150 per cent of
the reported tail-wind component; and
(i) the loss, if any, of runway length due to alignment of the aeroplane prior to take-off.
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135.08.5 NET TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH
) (1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall ensure that the net take-off flight path clears all obstacles
by a vertical distance of at least 35 feet or by a horizontal distance of at least 90 metres plus 0,125 x D,
where D is the horizontal distance the aeroplane has travelled from the end of the take-off distance
available.
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), the operator shall take account of -
(a) the mass of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-off run;
(b) the pressure altituoe at tne aerodrome;
(c) rhe ambient temperature at the aerodrome; and
(d) nor more than 50 per cent of the reported head-wind component or not less than 150 per cent of
the reported tail-wind component.
(3) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), track changes shall not be allowed up to
the point on the net take-off flight path where a height of 50 feet above the take-off surface has been
achieved and thereafter, up to a height of 400 feet, it is assumed that the aeroplane is not banked by
more than 15": Provided that-
(a) above 400 feet height, ban6 angles greater than 15", but not more than 25",may oe scheduled; and
(b) adequate allowance is made for rne effect of bank angle on operatinq speeds and flqht
- path,
' including the distance increments resulting from increased operating $eeds.
(4) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (1) in those cases where the intended flight
path does not require track changes of more than IY, the operator shall not be required to consider
those obstacles which have a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 300 metres, if the pilot is able to maintain the required navigation accuracy through the obstacle
accountability area; or
(b) 600 metres, for flights under all other conditions.
path does require track changes of more than IF, the operator shall not be required to consider those
obstacles which have a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 600 metres if the pilot is able to maintain the required navigation accuracy through the obstacle
accountability area; or
(b) 900 metres for flights under all other conditions.
(6) The operator shall establish contingency procedures to satisfy the requirements prescribed in this
regulation in order to provide a safe route avoiding obstacles to enable the aeroplane to land safely at
the aerodrome of departure or at a take-off alternate aerodrome, if so required.

Page 11-19
135.08.6. - EN ROUTE WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE

I (1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall demonstrate that the on-engine inoperative en route flight
path data for the aeroplane, shown in the aeroplane fiight manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.4,
appropriate to the meteorological conditions expected for the flight, complies with subregulation (2) or
(3) at all points along the planned route.
(2) The net flight path shall have a positive slope at 1500 feet above the aerodrome, where the landing
is assumed to be made after engine failure.
(3) At altitudes and under meteorological conditions where icing protection systems on the net flight
path shall be taken into account.
(4) The slope of the net flight path shall be positive at an altitude of at least 1000 feet above ail terrain
and obstructions along the route within 10 nautical miles on either side of the intended track.
(5) The net flight path shall permit the aeroplane to continue flight from the cruising altitude to an
aerodrome where a landing can be made in accordance with regulation 135.08.8 or 135.08.9, as the
case may be, the net flight path clearing vertically, by at least 2000 feet, all terrain and obstructions
along the route within 10 nautical miles on either side ofd the intended track in accordance with the
provisions of sub regulations (1) to (4): Provided that -
(a) the engine is assumed to fail at the most critical point along the route, and allowance is made for
indecision and navigation error;
(b) account is taken of the effects of winds on the fiight path; and
(c) the aerodrome where the aeroplane is assumed to land after engine failure complies with the
following criteria:
(i) the performance requirements at the expected landing mass are complied with; and
(ii) weather reports and forecasts, or any combination thereof, and field condition reports
Indicate that a safe landing can be accomplished at the estimated time of arrival.
(6) When complying with the provisions of this regulation, tne operaror may reduce the width margins
referred to in subrequlations
- . . and (5),
(4) . . to five nautical miles if the required naviqat:on
- accuracy can be
achieved.
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135.08.7 LANDING AT DESTINATION AND ALTERNATE AERODROMES
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane, deter-
mined in accordance with the provisions of regulation 135.08.2(1), does not exceed the maximum
landing mass specified for the altitude and the ambient temperature expected for the estimated time of
landing at the destination and alternate aerodrome.
(2) For instrument approaches with decision heights below 200 feet, the operator shall verify that the
approach mass of the aeroplane, takina into account the take-off mass and the fuel expected to be
consumed in flight, allows a'missed approach gradient of climb of at least 2.5 per cent in the approach
configurat'on with one engine inoperative, or an approved alternative procedure.
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135.08.8 LANDING ON DRY RUNWAYS
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shall ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane deter-
mined in accordance with the provisions of regulation 135.08.2(1) for the estimated time of landing,
allows a full-stop landing from 50 feet above the threshold within 70 per cent of the landing distance
available at the destination aerodrome and at any alternate aerodrome: Provided that the
Commissioner may permit the use of a screen height of less than 50 feet, but not less than 35 feet, for
steep approach and short-landing procedures.
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), the operator shall take account of
(a) the pressure alritude at the aerodrome; and
.Ibl the
, not more than 50 oer cent of the reoorted head-wind comoonent or not less than 150 oer cent ol
reported tail-wind component. '
(3) For dispatching the aeroplane in accordance with subregulation (I), it shall be assumed that

Page 11-20
(a) such aeroplane wd lano on the most favourable runway, in still air; and
fb) such aero~lanewill land on the runwav most likelv to be assianeo considerino the orobable wind
' speed and direction and the ground handling characteristics-of the aeroplane, and considering other
conditions such as landing aids and terrain.
(4) If the operator is unable to comply with the provisions of subregulation (3)(b) for the destination
aerodrome, the aeroplane may be dispatched if an alternate aerodrome is designated which permits
full compliance with the provisions of subreguiation (I), (2) and (3).
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135.08.9 LANDING ON WET AND CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane shail ensure that, when the appropriate weather reports or
forecasts, or a combination thereof, indicate that the runway at the estimated time of arrival may be wet,
the landing distance available is at least 115 per cent of the required landing distance determined in
accordance with the provisions of regulation 135.08.8.
(2) The operator shall ensure that, when the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or a combination
thereof, indicate that the runway at the estimated time of arrival may be contaminated, the landing
distance available must be at least the landing distance determined in accordance with the provisions
of subregulation (1) or at least 115 per cent of the landing distance determined in accordance with
approved contaminated landing distance data or an equivalent thereof, whichever is the greater,
(3) A landing distance on a wet runway shorter than the landing distance required by the provisions of
subregulation (I), but not less than the landing distance required by the provisions of regulation
135.08.8(1), may be used if the aeroplane flight manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.4 includes
specific additional information on landing distances on wet runways.
*DIVISION TWO: CLASS 6 AEROPLANE

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135.08.10 GENERAL
The regulations in this Division shall apply to -
(a) the operator of a Class A aeroplane which does not comply with the performance operating limita-
tions prescribed in Division One on the date of commencement of the Regulations, and who may, until
30 June 1998, operate the aeroplane under performance operating limitations approved by the
Commissioner: Provided that such limitations shail not be less restrictive than the performance
operating limitations prescribed in this Division; and
(b) the operator of a Class B aeroplane.
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135.08.11 TAKE-OFF
(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane prescribed in regulation 135.08.10, or a Class B aeroplane,
shall ensure that the take-off mass of the aeroplane does not exceed the maximum certificated mass for
the pressure altitude and the ambient temperature at the aerodrome of departure.
(2) The operator shall ensure that the take-off distance, as specified in the aeroplane flight manual
prescribed in regulation 135.04.4, multiplied by a factor of 1.3, does not exceed the take-off run
available.
(3) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (2), the operator shall take account of -
(a) the mass of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-off run; and
(b) the requirements prescribed in regulation 145.08.4(3).
135.08.12 - TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH

shall ensure that the net take-off flight path clears all obstacles by a vertical margin of at least 295 feet
plus 0,125 x D, where D is the horizontal distance the aeroplane has travelled from the end of the
take-off distance available except as prescribed in subreguiations (3) and (4).
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), it shall be assumed that -

Page 11-21
(a) tne take-OHflight path begins at a height of 50 feet above the take-OHsurface at the end of the
take-OHdistance prescribed in regulation 135.08.11(2) and ends at a height - of 1500 feet above the
take-off surface;
(b) the aeroplane is not banked before such aeroplane has reached a height of 50 feet above the
take-off surface, and that thereafter the angle of bank does not exceed 15";
(c) failure of the critical engine occurs at the point of the all-engines take-off flight path where the loss
of visual reference for the purpose of avoiding obstacles is expected to occur;
(d) the gradient of the take-off flight path from 50 feet to the assumed engine failure height is equal to
the average all-engines gradient during climb and transition to the en route configuration, multiplied
by a factor of 0,77; and
(e) the gradient of the take-off flight path from the height reached in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph (d) to the end of the take-off flight path, is equal to the one-engine inoperative en route
climb gradient shown in the aeroplane flight manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.4.
path does not require track changes of more than IF,the operator shall need not consider obstacles
which have a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 300 metres, if the flight is conducted under conditions allowing visual course guidance navigation,
or if navigation aids are available enabling the pilot to maintain the intended flight path with the same
accuracy; and
path requires heading changes of more than 15", an operator need not consider obstacles which have
a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 600 metres for flights under conditions allowing visual course guidance; or
(b) 900 metres for flights under all other conditions.
(5) When complying with the provis:ons ol tnis regulation, an operator shall take account of the
requirements prescribe0 in regulation 135.08.5(2).
-
135.08.13 EN ROUTE
shall be able to demonstrate that the aeroplane, in the meteorological conditions expected for the flight,
and in the event of the failure of one engine, with the remaining engine or engines operating with the
maximum continuous power conditions specified, is capable of continuing flight at or above the
relevant minimum altitudes for safe flight stated in the operations manual prescribed in regulation
135.04.2, to a point 1000 feet above an aerodrome at which the performance requirements can be
complied with.
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (1) -
(a) the aeroplane shall be assumed not to be flying at an altitude exceeding the altitude at which the
rate of climb equals 300 feet per minute with all engines operating within the maximum continuous
power conditions specified in regulation 135.04.2; and
(b) the assumed en route gradient with one-engine inoperative shall be the gross gradient minus 0,5
per cent gradient.
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135.08.14 LANDING AT DESTINATION AND ALTERNATE AERODROMES
The operator of a Class A aeroplane prescribed in regulation 135.08.10, or a Class B aeroplane, shall
ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane does not exceed the maximum landing mass specified
for the altitude and the ambient temperature expected for the estimated time of arrival at the destina-
tion and alternate aerodrome.
-
shall ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane for the estimated time of arrival, allows a full-stop
landing from 50 feet above the threshold with 70 per cent of the landing distance available at the
destination aerodrome and any alternate aerodrome: Provided that the Commissioner may permit the
use of a screen height of less than 50 feet, but not less than 35 feet, for steep-approach and
short-landing procedures.
1 Commercial Pilot Ucence

Page 11-22
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), the operator shall take account of -
(a) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(b) the runway slope in the direction of take-off; and
(c) the requirements referred to in regulation 135.08.8(2)(a) an0 (b).
(3) For dispatching the aeroplane in accordance with the provisions of subregulation (I), it shall be
assumed that -
(a) such aeroplane will land on the most favourable runway, in still air; and
(b) such aeroplane will land on the runway most likely to be assigned considering the probable wind
speed and direction and the ground handling characteristics of the aeroplane, and considering
landing aids and terrain.
(4) If the operator is unable to comply with the provisions of subregulation (3)(b) for the destination
full compliance with the provisions of subregulations (I), (2) and (3).
135.08.16 - LANDING ON WET AND CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS

(1) The operator of a Class A aeroplane prescribed in regulation 135.08.10, or a Class B aeroplane
shall ensure that. when the aoorooriate weather reoorts or forecasts. or a combination thereof, indicate
that the rLnway at the estimaieb tiine of arr'val may be wet, the landing distance available is at ieast 115
oer cent of the reauireo landinq distance determined in accordance with rhe provisions of requlation
distance available is at least the required approved landing distance.
subregulation (I), but not less than the landing distance required by the provisions of regulation
135.08.15(1), may be used if the aeroplane flight manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.4 includes
specified additional information on landing distances on wet runways.
#DIVISION THREE: CLASS D AEROPLANE

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135.08.17 GENERAL
The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall not operate the aeroplane
(a) by night; or
(b) in IMC except under special VFR or under special conditions as approved by the Commissioner.
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135.08.18 TAKE-OFF
(1) The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall ensure that the take-off mass of the aeroplane does not
exceed the maximum certificated mass for the pressure altitude and ambient temperature at the
aerodrome of departure.
(2) The operator shall ensure that the take-off distance, as specified in the aeroplane flight manual
-
orescribed in regulation 135.04.4, multi~liedbv a factor of 1.3, does not exceed the take-off run
available.
(3) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (2), the operator shall take account of .
(a) the mass of the aeroplane ar the commencement of the take-off roll; and
(b) the requirements prescribed in regulation 135.08.4(3).
135.08.19 - TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH

(1) The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall ensure that the take-off flight path of the aeroplane
clears all obstacles by a vertical margin of at least 295 feet plus 0.125 x D, where D is the horizontal
distance the aeroplane has travelled from the end of the take-off distance available, except as provided
in subregulations (3) and (4).
I Commercial Pilof Licence

Page 11-23
(2) When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), it shall be assumed that -
(a) the take-off flight path begins at a height of 50 feet above the take-off surface at the end of the
take-off distance required by regulation 135.08.12(2) and ends at a height of 1500 feet above the
take-off surface;
(b) the aeroplane is not banked before such aeroplane has reached a height of 50 feet above the
take-off surface, and that thereafter the angle of bank does not exceed 15";
(c) engine failure occurs at the point of the take-off flight path where the loss of visual reference for the
ouf~oseof avoidina obstacies is exoected to occur:
(d) ihe'gradient of thelake-off f.ight paih from 50 feet to the assumed engine failure height is the
gradient during climb and transition to rhe en route conf~gurarion, multiplied by a factor of 0.77
path does not require track changes of more than IF,the operator shall need not consider obstacles
which have a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 300 metres, if the flight is conducted under conditions allowing visual course guidance navigation,
or if navigation aids are available enabling the pilot to maintain the intended flight path with the same
accuracy; and
path requires heading changes of more than I F , an operator need not consider obstacles which have
a lateral distance greater than -
(a) 600 metres for flights unaer conditions allowing visual course guioance; or
(b) 900 metres for flights under a.l other conditions.
(5) When complying with the provisions of this regulation, an operator shall take account of the
requirements prescribed in regulation 135.08.5(2).
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135.08.20 EN ROUTE
(1) The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall be able to demonstrate that the aeroplane, in the
meteorological conditions expected for the flight, is capable of continuing flight at or above the relevant
minimum altitudes for safe flight stated in the operations manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.2, to a
point 1000 feet above an aerodrome at which the performance requirements can be complied with.
(2) When complying with the prov'sions of subregulation (1) the aeroplane shall be assumed not to be
f l v m at an altituae exceedinq the altitude at which the rare of climo eauals 300 feet oer mmute within
the maximum continuous power conditions specified in the aeroplane flight manual prescribed in
135.08.21 - LANDING AT DESTINATION AND ALTERNATE AERODROMES

The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane does not ex-
ceed the maximum landing mass specified for the altitude and the ambient temperature expected for
the estimated time of arrival at the destination and alternate aerodrome.
-
(1) The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall ensure that the landing mass of the aeroplane for the
estimated time of arrival, allows a full-stop landing from 50 feet above the threshold with 70 per cent of
the landing distance available at the destination aerodrome and any alternate aerodrome: Provided that
the Commissioner may permit the use of a screen height of less than 50 feet, but not less than 35 feet,
for steep-approach and short-landing procedures.
(2)When complying with the provisions of subregulation (I), the operator shall take account of -
(a) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(b) the runway slope in the direction of take-off; and
(c) tne requirements referred to in regulation 135.08.8(2)(a) and (b).
(3) For dispatching the aeroplane in accordance with the provisions of subregulation (I), it shall be
assumed that -

Page 1 1-24
(a) such aeroplane will land on the most favourable runway, in sti.1 air; and
Ibl such aeroolane will land on the runwav most likelv to be assmed cons~derlnqthe probable wind
' speed and direction and the ground handling.characterisiics of the aeroplane, and considering
landing aids and terrain.
(4) If the operator is unable to comply with the provisions of subregulation (3)(b)for the destination
(2)and (3).
full compliance with the provisions of subregulations (I),
-
135.08.23 LANDING ON WET AND CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS
(1) The operator of a Class D aeroplane shall ensure that, when the appropriate weather reports or
forecasts, or a combination thereof, indicate that the runway at the estimated time of arrival may be wet,
the landing distance available is at least 115 per cent of the required landing distance determined in
accordance with the provisions of regulation 135.08.22.
distance available is at least the required approved landing distance.
subreaulation (1). but not less than the landina distance reauired bv the provisions of reaulation
135.0i.22(1),may be use0 if the aeroplane fligm manual prescribed in regulation 135.04.4includes
specified additiona. informarion on landmg distances on wet runways.
-
135.09.1 GENERAL
The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall not operate the aeroplane unless such
aeroplane is maintained in accordance with the regulations in Part 43.
-
135.09.2 AEROPLANE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
(1) The operator of a small commercial air transport aeroplane shall ensure that the aeroplane is
maintained in accordance with an aeroplane maintenance schedule established by the operator,
(2) The schedule shall contain details, including frequency, of all maintenance required to be carried
out on the aeroplane.
(3) The schedule shall Include a reliability programme if the Commissioner determines that such a
reliability programme is necessary.
(4) The schedule referred to in subregulation (I)and any subsequent amendment thereof shall be
approved by the Commissioner.
-
135.09.3 MAINTENANCE CONTRACTED TO APPROVED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
ORGANISATION
If maintenance on a small commercial air transport aeroplane is carr:ed out by the holder of an aircrafr
maintenance orqanisation approval with the appropriate rating issued in terms of Part 145, the operator
of the aeroplane shall ensuie that all contracted maintenance is carried out in accordance with regula-
tions in Part 43.

AERODROMES
GENERAL
#139.01.1 - APPLICABILITY
(1) This part shall apply to -
(a) the licensina of areas demarcated for the devel0Dment of aerodromes:
(b) tne icens'ng and operation of aerodromes; and '
(c) the approval or licensing and operation of heliports
(2) No place in the Republic shali be used as a place of landing or departure by an aeroplane with a
maximum certified mass exceeding 5700 kilograms, and used in commercial transport operations,
unless it has been licensed in terms of the regulations contained in this part.
(3) No area on any land, water or building shali be used for the landing or take-off of aircraft if the air
traffic in such area will in any way interfere with existing established procedures regarding controlled
airspace.
#139.01.2 - USE OF MILITARY AERODROMES AND HELIPORTS

(1) Su~jectto tne approval of the Minister of Defence, the Commissioner may, upon application in writ-
ina by any operator of an aircrafr who desires to use a mi,itary aerodrome or heliport for civil aviarion
ptkp0ses;auihorise the use of the military aerodrome or helipoit for such purposes:
(2) An authorisation referred to in subregulation (1) may be granted under such conditions and for
such period which the Commissioner may determine, if the Commissioner is satisfied that the use of
such military aerodrome or heliport by such operator will not jeopardise aviation safety.
#l39.Ol.3 - RESTRICTIONS
The Commissioner may impose restrictions as to the use of an aerodrome or a heliport and may limit
or totally prohibit the operation of any aircraft -
(a) not equipped with radio equipment; or
(b) the radio equipment of which is not complimentaly to the radio equipment installed for the control
of air traffic at such aerodrome or heliport, if the Commissioner is satisfied that such restriction,
limitation or prohibition is necessary in the interests of aviation safety.
*139.01.4 - PUBLICATION OF RESTRICTIONS AND DEVIATIONS

The Commissioner shall, upon the
(a) imposition of any restricrion, limitation or pronibirion referred to in regulation 139.01.3;
(b) issuing of an aerodrome licence 'n terms of regulation 139.02.13;
(c) renewal of an aerodrome licence in terms of regulation 139.02.17;
(d) issuing of a heliport licence in terms of reguation 139.03.13; or
(e) renewal of a heliport licence in terms of regulation 139.03.17.
publish in an AIP, according to the provisions of Part 175 -
(i) ~articularsof the restriction. limitation or ~rohibitionreferred to in .~ a r -a a.r a ~.(a);
..
h
jii) the category for which the aerodrome is iicensed;
(iii) the restrictions, if any, relating to non-compliance with, or deviations from -
(aa) the appropriate aerodrome design, operation or equipment standards prescribed in this
Part; or
(bb) the appropriate airspace classification requirements prescribed in Part 172;
(iv) the restrictions, if any, relating to non-compliance with or deviations from -
(aa) the appropriate heliport design, operation or equipment standards prescribed in this Part; or

AERODROMES
Page 12-2
(bb) the appropriate airspace classification requirements prescribed in Part 172.
#139.01.5 - FLIGHTS BY NIGHT

The Commissioner may prohibit flights by night from or at any aerodrome or any heliport at which ade-
quate facilities for night flights are lacking or where the terrain or other objects in the vicinity of the
aerodrome or the heliport are such as to endanger operators of aircraft used in night flights.
#139.01.10 - SAFETY MEASURES AGAINST FIRE

No person shall on a licensed aerodrome or heliport -
(a) smoke, or bring an open flame into
(i) any place where such act is prohibited by a notice displayed; or
(ii) any place within 15 metres of an aircraft or of any vehicle used for the supply of fuel to an aircraft 01
a store or dump of liquid fuel or explosives;
(b) wilfully give false fire alarm;
(c) tamper or interferes with any fire hose reel, hydrant or any other item of equipment provided for
fire-fighting purposes;
(d) keep, store, discard or discharge any flammable liquid, gas, signal flares or other like material
except in an aircraft in the receptacle appropriate for the purpose or in a place on the aerodrome or
heliport specifically approved by the aerodrome or heliport operator for the purpose; or
(e) store or stack any material or equipment in a manner which constitutes, or is likely to constitute, a
fire hazard.
-
#139.01.12 USE OF RUNWAYS OR TAXIWAYS AND LANDING AT OR TAKING FROM
AERODROME
Save in an emergency -
(a) or on the direction of the aerodrome operator given in terms of regulation 139.01.14, no person
shall move an aircraft in the restricted area except on a runway or taxiway;
(b) no person shall move an aircraft or vehicle onto a runway or a taxiway or go onto a runway or
taxiway -
(i) without the permission of the air traffic service unit operating at the licensed aerodrome, if the air
traffic service unit is manned at the time;
(ii) except according to the instructions issued by the air traffic sewice unit operating at such
aerodrome, if the air traffic sewice unit is not manned at the time;
(iii) except in a manner that shall not endanger aircraft traffic, if the air traffic service unit is not manned
at the time and no instructions have been issued by such air traffic service unit;
(c) or with the approval of such holder, no person shall use a portion of a licensed aerodrome other
than a runway for landing an aircraft or for taking-off: and
(d) no person shall land on a runway an aircraft fitted with a tail skid nor take-off from a runway using
such aircraft.

QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 13 Page 13-Q1
1. The medical re-examination for a pilot engaged in commercial operations may be deferred, if such
pilot is based outside of the Republic, on the condition that an acceptable medical report is obtained
locally. The period of deferment shall be:
(a) two consecutive periods, each of three months,
(oj a single period d tnree months.
(c) a smgle period of six months.
2. The number of hours as pilot-in-command required for an Instrument Rating are:

(a) 100 hours,
(b) 150 hours,
(c) 200 hours.
3. Before carrying passengers in an aeroplane, by day, the pilot-in-command must have completed:
- ..
lal 3 take-offs and landinas in the same class and cateaow within the orecedina 90 davs.
(bj 3 take-otfs and land:n& in the same type within tnepreceding 90 days.
(c) 3 take-offs and landings in tne same type, class and category within me preceding 90 days
4. For operations under IFR in a small commercial air transport turbo-propeller aeroplane, an operator
shall ensure that the minimum flight crew is:
la\ - ---
,-,.twn
.. nilntn
r.. ,
(b) two pilots except when the aeroplane has been certificated for single-pilot IFR operation,
(c) one pilot, provided that a se~iceabiethree-axis auto-pilot is fitted.
5. A flight plan which has not been activated shall be cancelled:

(a) 30 minutes after stated or revised ETD,
(b) 1 hour after stated or revised ETD,
(c) 45 minutes after stated or revised ETD.
6. When over-flying an aerodrome, an aircraft shall not be flown at less than:
(a) 2 000 feet above aerodrome elevation,

lbl 1 500 feet above aeroorome elevation.
(cj 1 000 feet above aerodrome elevation:
7. Within a Control Zone (CTR) or Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ), unless authorised by ATC, a
reciprocating engined aircraft may not be flown at more than:
a) 200 knots,
b) 160 knots,
(c) 150 knots.
8. Outside of controlled airspace and below FlOO an aircraft may not fly faster than:
(a) 200 knots IAS,

(b) 250 knots IAS,
(c) 300 knots IAS.

QUESTIONS
Page 13-Q2
9. The semi-circular rule must be complied with and flight levels used for all flights above:
(a) 2 000 ft AGL,
(b) 1 000 ft AGL,
(c) 1 500 ft AGL.
10. No person shall act as piiot-in-command of an aircraft on an instrument approach to an aerodrome

in IMC unless he has carried out two instrument approaches or a skill test:
(a) with:n the 12 months immediately preceding such approach,
(b) within the 90 days immediately preceding such approach,
(c) within tne 6 months immediately preceding sucn approach.
11. No pilot who is not a part of a multi-pilot crew of an aircraft shall have:
(a) flown more than 10 hours during the preceding seven days,
(b) flown more than 38 hours during the preceding 14 days,
(c) flown more than 100 hours during the preceding 30 days.
12. Provid'ng tnat the requirements regarding maintenance ol comperency are complied with, an
instrument rating shall be valid for:
(a) 3 months;
(b) 6 months;
(c) 12 months.
13. An aircraft which has filed an air traffic service flight plan:
(a) will always have prioriy over an ajrcraft which has not,
(b) will only have priority I operatmg In accordance with IFR,
(c) may be given priority over other aircraft.
14. For operations at night in a small commercial air transport turbo-propeller aeroplane, an operator
shall ensure that the minimum flight crew is:
la)
\ - , two
~ - oilots
,-
(b) two pilots except when the aeroplane has been certificated for shgle-pilot IFR operation,
(c) one piot, provided that a serviceable three-axis auto-pilot is fitted.
15. Where a right hand circuit is being followed at an airfield, an aircraft wishing to overtake another
aircraft may:
(a) overtake the slower aircraft by passing on its right;
(b) overtake the slower aircraft by passing on its left;
(c) not overtake the slower aircraft.
16. Included in the total flight time required for the issuing of an instrument rating are:
(a) 100 hours of flight time as piiot-in-command; of which 50 hours shall be cross-country flight time
and not less than 40 hours instrument time;
(b) 150 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command; of which 40 hours shall be cross-country flight time
and not less than 50 hours instrument time;
(c) 100 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command; of which 20 hours shall be cross-country flight time
and not less than 40 hours instrument time.

QUESTIONS
Page 13423
17. A commercial pilot may act as pilot-in-command in certificated single-pilot operations in commercial
air transport for distances greater than 50 nm radius from the aerodrome of departure, and in
compliance with VFR, provided that:
(a) he or she is authorised to do so by the aircraft operator,
(b) he or she is the holder of a valid instrument rating,
-
(cj the aircraft is a multi-engine type.
18. Except when necessary for taking off and landing, or except with prior written approval of the
Commissioner, no aircraft shall be flown over built up areas at a height:
(a) of not less than 1 000 feet above the highest obstacle within a radius of 2 000 feet from the
aircraft~.
(0) of not less than 3 000 feet above the hignest obstacle with a radius of 2 000 feet from me aircraft,
(c) of not less than 1 500 feet above the highest obstacle within a radius of 2 000 feet from tne aircraft.
19. The pilot of an aeroplane, operating on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome where there is no air
traffic service unit, shall be responsible for:
(a) making all turns to the right if other air traffic is obseweo ooing so,
(b) making all turns to the left unless a r:ght hand circuit is in force,
(c) making turns to the left or right, providing tnere is no risk of col.ision.
20. An altitude alerting system shall be carried:

(a) in all aircraft 0~eratedin commercial air transoortation.
(b)in a small turbb propeller-driven aeroplane when operated in single-p lot commercial air transport,
(c) In a small turbojet-powered commercial air transpon aeroplane.
21. Cloud ceiling as defined in Part 1 of the Civil Aviation Regulations, 1997, means:
(a) the height above the surface of the base of the lowest cloud below 10 000 feet, covering more than
half the sky,
.(b)
. the heiqht above the surface of the base of the lowest cloud below 20 000 feet, coverinq
- less than
half thesky,
(c) the height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud situated below 20 000
feet and covering more than half the sky.
22. The selection of flight levels in accordance with the semi-circuiar rule is based on:
(a) magnetic track,

(b) magnetic heading,
(c) true track.
23. Lights to be displayed by heavier-than-air aircraft are:

(a) a red light on the right wing, a green ight on the left wing and a white ight on the tal,
(0) a re0 light on the left wing.a green light on tne right wing and white light on the tail,
(c) a green light on the right wing, a white light on the left wing and red light on the tail.
24. When two aircraft are on a converging track:
(a) the one which has the other on its left shall give way and must avoid passing ahead of the other,
unless well clear of it,
(b) the one which has the other on its right shall give way and must avoid passing ahead of the other,
unless well clear of it,
(c) both aircraft shall alter heading to the left and maintain so until the possibility of collision is well
avoided.
I
: Commercial Pilot Licence
QUESTIONS
Page 13424
25. Flight time, as defined in Part 1 of the Civil Aviation Regulations, 1997, means:
(a) the total time occupied in flight together w:th the rime occupied from the moment the aircraft first
moves under its own power for the .purpose
. of tak:na
- off until the moment it comes to rest ar the end
of the flight,
(b) the time from the moment the aircraft commences its take-off until the moment it completes its next
landing,
(c) the time from the moment the aircraft commences its take-off until the engine is shut down.
26. A commercial pilot may act as pilot-in-command in certificated single-pilot operations in commercial
air transport on an IFR flight, provided that his or her total flying hours include:
(a) a minimum of 400 hours total flight time, of which 100 hours have been under IFR,
(b)
. . a minimum of 300 hours total flight
- rime, of which 40 hours have been acquired on multi-engine
aircraft,
(c) 200 hours pilot in command and a minimum of 40 hours of instrument flight time.
27. A Class I medical certificate shall be issued for a period not exceeding -
(a) 12 calendar months in the case of an applicant who is less than 40 years of age,
(b) 12 calendar months irrespective of the age of the applicant,
(c) 24 calendar months.
28. An automatic emergency locator transmitter must be carried:

(a) in every aircraft operated in commercial air transport,
Ib) in any South African registered aircraft engaged in international air transport,
c) only when search and rescue is required.
29. An aircraft operating on an IFR flight plan has been cleared to start and taxi to the runway in use.
As the aircraft commences to taxi across the apron, a tractor towing an aircraft approaches from the
right. The pilot of the aircraft should:
(a) continue taxiing as he has right of way and has been cleared to start and taxi in terms of his IFR
flight plan,
(b) stop and allow the towed aircraft to pass,
(c) wait for the tower to clear either himself or the vehicle across the apron.
30. An aircraft, on being intercepted by day, observes the intercepting aircraft rocking its wings while in
front and to the left. This means:
(a) follow me away from a prohibited area;
Ib) follow me to a landing terrain;

c) follow me away from a restricted area.
31. A load and trim sheet shall be carried in:

(a) all aircraft with a maximum certificated mass exceeding 1 600 kg,
-
-.
lbl a commercial air trans~ortaeroolane with a maximum cetiiicated mass exceedina 1 600 ka.
jcj all aircraft with a maximum certiiicated mass exceeding 5 700 kg.
32. A load and trim sheet shall be retained, by the operator, for a period of at least:
(a) 90 days from the date on which the fii ht was undertaken,
(b) 6 months from the date on which the light was undertaken,
(c) 60 days from the date on which the flight was underta6en.

QUESTIONS
Page 13-Q5
33. In aircraft in which smoking is permitted, smoking shall nevertheless be prohibited:
la) until the aircraft has reached cruisina altitude.
(bj during the take-off and approach toland, or when the aircrall is on the ground,
(c) when meals are being served.
34. From 1 500 feet above the surface to FL 100 flight visibility and distance from cloud for VFR flights
must be:
(a) one nautical miles and clear of cloud;
(b) 5 km visibility, 2 000 feet horizontally and 500 feet vertically;
(c) 5 km visibility, 1 nm horizontally and 1 000 feet vertically.
35. From above FL 100 up to including FL 200 flight visibility and distance from cloud for VFR flights
must be:
la) 5 km visibilitv. horizontallv 2 000 feet and 500 feet verticallv:
(6)8 krn visibili& horizontalfi 1.5 km and 1 000 feet verticallyi '
(c) 8 km visibilty, horizonta.ly 1.5 km and 500 feet vertica1.y.
36. An aircraft is maintaining a true track of 162", drift 5" left, variation 15" W. The correct flight level for
this flight is:
a) FOBO;
Ib) F085;
(c) F090.
37. An aircraft is maintaining F280. A faster aircraft maintaining the same track and electing to fly at the
next higher level should select:
(a) F300,
(b) F310,
(c) F320.
38. When operating in IMC in accordance with IFR, the pilot-in-command may:
(a) only commence an instrument approach if the reported RVR or visibility complies with the applica-
ble operating minima,
(b) not continue an instrument approach beyond the outer marker unless the reported RVR or visibility
complies with the applicable operating minima,
(c) not commence an instrument approach unless RVR is available.
39. On an air traffic service flight plan, the letter Y inserted in Item 8, Flight Rules, indicates that:
I a) the aircraft will operate VFR first and then IFR,

b) the aircraft will operate IFR first and then VFR,
(c) the aircraft requires special VFR clearance.
40. On an air traffic service flight plan, the term VFR inserted in the level section of Item 15 indicates
that:
(a) the aircraft will be operated VFR first and then IFR,
(b) the aircraft requires special VFR clearance,
(c) the flight will be conducted outside of controlled airspace.

QUESTIONS
Page 13-Q6
Unlicensed aerodromes may be used:
(a) by all aircraft used in commercial air transport operations, provided that the aerodrome owner's
permission has been obtained,
(b) b aircraft used in commercial air transport operations provided that the maximum certificated mass
orthe aircraft does not exceed 5 700 kg,
(c) by any aircraft used in commercial air transport operations, at the discretion of the
pilot-in-command
A flight plan for a flight to be conducted in Controlled Airspace or Advisory Airspace, must be
submitted at least:
(a) 60 minutes oefore departure;
fb) 30 minutes before departure;
(cj 45 minutes before departure:
For commercial air transport operations a Class D aeroplane may:

(a) fly in IMC for a period of 20 minutes,
(b) not fly in IMC,
(c) fly in IMC only with the prior approval of an air traffic service unit.
44. A South African registered aircraft involved in an accident outside the Republic shall be reported as
soon as possible to the:
la)
,~ owner
, .. .
of the aircraft. then to the nearest oolice station in that count^ and then to the appropriate
aviation authority of'tnat country ana the'commissioner,
,fb)
, to the nearest police station withh that countw in which the accident occurred and rhen to the
~ommissionei,
(c) to the appropriate aviation authority of the country in which the accident occurred and then to the
Commissioner.
45. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall not permit objects to be picked up except:
(a) where the aircraft is suitably equipped and such operation is authorised in the operating manual of
the aircraft.
(b) if such p ~ c up
k can be made witnout nuisance or hazard to property or persons on the ground.
(c) witn the prior written approval of the Commissioner.
46. The requirements for the issuing of a commercial pilot licence include:
(a) that the applicant be not less than 18 years of age and have completed 200 hours of flight time of
which 120 hours shall be pilot-in-command,
.(b). that the applicant be not less than 18 vears of aqe and have completed not less than 200 hours of
f.ight time including 20 hours of cross:country flbht time as pilot-in-command,
(c) that the applicant be not less than 18 years of age and have completed 200 nours of flight time of
which 15b'hours shall be pilot-in-command.
47. No person shall act as a flight crew member of an aircraft:

(a) within 24 hours following blood donation,
(b) within 72 hours followina blooo donation.
(cj within 48 hours following blood donation.
48. A non-pressurised aircraft may be operated at altitudes between 10 000 feet and 12 000 feet:
(a) for any period of time witnout supplemental oxygen, provided no passengers are carried.
fb) for anv period of time without s u ~ ~ l e m e n toxvaen.
al provided the aircraft remains VMC,
(cj for peiiods longer than 120 minutes provided the aircraft is equipped with supplemental oxygen.
j Commercial Pilot Licence

QUESTIONS
Page 13-Q7
49. A hand operated fire extinguisher must be carried:
-
(a) onlv on commercial air transDort fliahts.
(bj on 911aircraft,
(c) on all passenger carrying flights.
50. In an aircraft equippeo with an emergency lightng system, the system shall eirher be switched on
or, the cabin lignting shall be switched on and the emergency lignting system armed:
(a) for all flights,
(b) when in flight and below 1 000 feet above ground level, or on the ground with passengers on
board,
(c) prior to commencing descent in IMC.

QUESTIONS
Page 13-A1
AVEX AIR TRAINING (PTY) LIMITED
AIR LAW - ANSWER SHEET
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
20 un
a b c
a b c
34 U n
a b c a b c
4 4 m
a b c a b c
5 2 m 53 m

QUESTIONS
Page 13-A2
AVEX AIR TRAINING ( P N ) LIMITED
AIR LAW - ANSWER SHEET
a b c
a b c a b c
23 Wl
a b c
38 WI
a b c a b c
47 1 1 481 -
a b c
5 ~ C m

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AIR LAW

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE

, 1 Commercial Pilot Licence

CHAPTER PAGE SUBJECT

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

) Commercial Pilot Licence

# - indicates examination level knowledge,

) Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

I Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

*CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL ClVlL AVIATION

) Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Lioence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

#ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES

12.02.2 - NOTIFICATION OF INCIDENTS

12.02.2 - NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS OUTSIDE THE REPUBLIC

12.02.4 - PARTICULARS OF NOTIFICATION

(1) Type, model, nationality and registration marks of the aircraft;

Commercial Pilot Licence

*REPORTING AND REOPENING OF INVESTIGATION

Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

(1) amateur-built aircraft; and

#47.00.3 - REQUIREMENT FOR AIRCRAFT MARKING

Commercial Pilot Licence

t Commercial Pilot Licence

I Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

#ANR 3.9 -TYPE RATINGS (EXCLUDING HELICOPTERS)

#ANR 3.10 -TYPE RATINGS (OUTSIDE THE REPUBLIC)

) Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

#ANR 3.14 - NIGHT FLIGHT RATINGS: REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION

I Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

Commercial Pilot Licence

(i) private pilot: aeroplane and helicopter;

; Commercial Pilot Licence

I Commercial Pilot Licence

(b) (i) if medical conclusion requires that -

4. No flight crew member shall-

I Commercial Pilot Licence

#67.00.10 - FOREIGN MEDICAL ASSESSMENTS

I Commercial Pilot Licence

) Commercial Pilot Licence

1 #9l .01.2- AUTHORITY OF PILOT-IN-COMMAND

Commercial Pilot Licence

#91.01.7 - ADMISSION TO FLIGHT DECK

*91 .01.8 - UNAUTHORISED CARRIAGE

#91.01.9 - PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES