Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline PDF
Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline PDF
Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline PDF
Lesson 2 - Quiz
1. Please identify each of the following as an atom, an element, an ion, a molecule, or a compound:
A. H2O
B. NH4+
C. NH3
D. H2
E. C6H12O6
F. H3O+
G. F-
H. Na
I. Ar
J. O22-
● Diatomic elements
a. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2
● Allotropes – Elemental molecules with different formulas. i.e. O2 and O3
● Ionic compounds – metal and nonmetal (can be polyatomic too)
● Molecular compounds – two or more nonmetals
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
A. MgF2
B. FeCl3
C. SnF2
D. SnF4
E. Fe(NO3)2
F. NH4Cl
G. Al2O3
H. FeCl2
A. Ammonium chloride
C. Magnesium sulfate
D. Ammonium sulfate
A. FeCO3
B. Fe(CN)3
C. MgSO4
D. Al(OH)3
E. CsNO3
F. Zn3(PO4)2
G. (NH4)2SO4
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Lesson 7 - Quiz
1. Please give the name or chemical formula for each of the following molecular compounds:
A. Tetraphosphorus hexasulfide
B. PCl3
C. Dinitrogen tetroxide
D. Cl2O3
E. SF6
2. Please give the name or chemical formula (whichever one isn’t provided) for each of the following molecular
acids:
A. HCN
B. H2SO3
C. HClO4
D. H2SO4
E. Hydroiodic acid
F. HClO3
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
3. Please give the name or chemical formula (whichever one isn’t provided) for each of the following molecular
acids:
A. H3PO4
B. HNO3
C. H2CO3
D. HI
E. H3PO3
F. HNO2
G. Hydrobromic acid
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A. On average, hummingbirds fly at 30 miles/hour. Convert this speed to m/s. (Note: 1 m = 3.28 feet and 1 mile
= 1.61 km.)
B. The Brooklyn Bridge is 277 feet tall. Convert this to meters. (1 m = 3.28 feet.)
C. In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 2.998 x 108 m/s. Convert this to miles per hour. (Note: 1 mile = 1.61
km.)
A. What is the mass in kilograms of 18.5 gallons of gasoline? (Note: the density of gasoline is 0.70 g/mL.)
B. What is the density, in g/cm3, of a 1.5 kg cube whose edges are each 5 cm?
C. The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/mL. What volume (in L) would a 50.2 g sample of aluminum occupy?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Significant Figures
1. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant:
a. 1005 kg (four sig-figs); 7.03 cm (three sig-figs)
2. Zeroes at the start of a number are never significant:
a. 0.02 g (one sig-fig); 0.0026 cm (two sig-figs)
3. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant only if the zeroes are AFTER the decimal point:
a. 0.0200 g (three sig-figs); 3.0 cm (two sig-figs)
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Lesson 13 - Quiz
1. After carrying out the following operation, the reported value should have how many significant figures?
(6.943 cm – 5.81 cm) × 3.23 cm
A. 2.
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. II only
E. I, II, and III
3. Which of the following has the same number of significant figures as the number 1.00310?
A. 5 × 106
B. 299.782
C. 7.92
D. 9.234
E. 300
https://bootcamp.com/blog/general-chemistry-lab-techniques-cheatsheet
https://bootcamp.com/blog/general-chemistry-lab-techniques-cheatsheet
Absorbance = εcl
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Lesson 2 Quiz
A: molecule, compound; B: ion; C: molecule, compound; D: molecule; E: molecule, compound; F: ion; G: ion; H: element; I: element; J: ion
Magnesium fluoride; Iron (III) chloride; Tin (II) fluoride; Tin (IV) fluoride; Iron (II) nitrate; Ammonium chloride; Aluminum oxide; Iron (II) chloride
Lesson 7 Quiz
86,400 seconds; 8,760 hours; 7 x 1016 kg; 5.2 x 109 seconds; 2 x 106 cm; 70 feet/second
Lesson 13 Quiz
B; C; B
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Chapter 1: Stoichiometry
Lesson 1 – The Mole and Molecular Weights
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2. Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are combination, decomposition, or combustion
reactions:
____C3H6 + ____O2 → ____CO2 + ____H2O
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Percent Composition
1. What is the percentage of carbon in C6H12O6 ?
2. What is the percent composition of nitrogen in morphine, whose molecular formula is C17H19NO3?
4. If your compound’s actual molecular weight is 58.123 amu, then what is its molecular formula?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
1. The empirical formula of a compound with molecules containing 12 carbon atoms, 14 hydrogen atoms, and
6 oxygen atoms is __________.
A. C12H14O6
B. C6H7O3
C. CHO
D. CH2O
E. C2H4O
2. Calculate the percent composition, by mass, of carbon in the following compounds: (use a calculator)
● Cocaine, C17H21NO4
● Vancomycin, C55H75Cl2N9O24
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4. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 12.1% C, 16.2% O, and 71.7% Cl?
A. COCl
B. COCl2
C. C2OCl
D. CO2Cl
E. ClCO4
5. Which of the following ores containing Cu (63.5 g/mol) has the highest percentage of Cu by mass? (The
molar masses are given inside the parenthesis.)
A. Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 (183.5 g/mol)
B. Chalcocite, Cu2S (159 g/mol)
C. Covellite, CuS (95.6 g/mol)
D. Cuprite, Cu2O (143 g/mol)
E. Tenorite, CuO (79.5 g/mol
6. An ore containing gold was processed so that all of the gold is converted to AuCl3 (303 g/mol). If a 4.0 g
sample of an ore produced 3.03 g of AuCl3, what is the percentage of Au (197 g/mol) in the ore?
A. 10.0 %
B. 49.3 %
C. 75.8 %
D. 98.5 %
E. 24.6 %
How many moles of C2H6 are needed to react with excess O2 to form 22 moles of CO2 in the following reaction?
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Lesson 11 - Quiz
1. How many grams of CO2 (44.01 g/mol) are produced from the complete combustion of 0.25 mol of butane,
C4H10(58 g/mol)?
A. 11 g
B. 44 g
C. 22 g
D. 88 g
E. 15 g
2. How many grams of Mg (24 g/mol) are needed to react with excess HCl (36.5 g/mol) to obtain 0.90 mol of
MgCl2(95.2 g/mol) if the reaction has 90% yield? Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2
A. 22 g
B. 2.4 g
C. 24 g
D. 12 g
E. 48 g
If you react 6 grams of C2H6 (M.W. = 30 g/mol) with 9.6 grams of O2 (M.W. = 32 g/mol), which reactant will run out
first?
Under these conditions, how many grams of H2O will this reaction produce?
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Lesson 13 - Quiz
2. Ammonia is a major component of household cleaner. It is synthesized industrially via the Haber-Bosch
process according to the reaction:
N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
If a mixture of 14 g of N2 and 10 g of H2 produced 0.40 moles of ammonia, what is the percent yield of the
reaction?
A. 24 %
B. 20 %
C. 80 %
D. 40 %
E. 60 %
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Suppose you react 81 grams of Al (atomic mass = 27 g/mol) with 213 grams of Cl2 (M.W. = 71 g/mol), and you obtain
133.5 grams of AlCl3, according to the following equation:
Please calculate:
4. How many grams of the excess reagent are left over, once the reaction is completed?
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1. Iron (Fe, 55.8 g/mol) is an abundant element on Earth. An iron ore called hematite contains iron in the form
of Fe2O3 (160 g/mol). To extract the iron from hematite, the Fe2O3 is reacted with carbon monoxide
according to the reaction:
Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2
How much hematite ore, which contains 64% Fe2O3 by mass, is required to produce 0.20 mol of elemental
iron?
A. 17.4 g
B. 34.9 g
C. 8.72 g
D. 25.0 g
E. 50.0 g
2. Pentane is a component of gasoline. How many liters of air, which contains 20% O2 by volume, is required to
completely combust 2.0 L of pentane?
3. A 6.55-gram sample of an unknown element Q reacts with excess fluorine gas to form 10.35 grams of QF4.
The unknown element is most likely which of the following?
A. P
B. S
C. Xe
D. C
E. Te
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
C; 1.3 x 10-17 g
2,2,1,4
2,3,1,6
2,9,6,6 – combustion
1,1,2 – decomposition
1,1,1 – decomposition
B; D; B
Lesson 11 Quiz
B; C
Lesson 13 Quiz
C; D
D; D
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Atomic Structure
● Mass Number = (Protons) + (Neutrons)
● Neutrons = (Mass Number) – (Protons)
The distance between each energy shell and the next shell above it gets smaller as you get further away from the
nucleus.
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Lesson 2 - Quiz
1. There are four isotopes of calcium. The mass numbers are 40, 42, 43, and 44.
A. Please write the complete chemical symbol (superscript and subscript) for each isotope.
C. How many neutrons, protons, and electrons are present in a 40Ca2+ ion?
2. Give the chemical symbol, with its superscripted mass number, for:
A. The element with 42 protons and 54 neutrons
3. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does the 52Cr3+ ion have, respectively?
A. 24, 52, 26
B. 52, 52, 55
C. 24, 28, 26
D. 24, 28, 21
E. 24, 28, 25
4. The symbol of an ion is . Which of the following is true regarding the ion?
I. It has 92 protons.
II. It has 238 neutrons.
III. It has 88 electrons.
IV. The element X is uranium.
A. I and II only
B. I, III and IV only
C. II and IV only
D. I and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
S-orbitals
P-orbitals
D-orbitals
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Lesson 6 - Quiz
1. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represents a valence electron in phosphorus?
A. n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = –½
B. n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +½
C. n = 3, l = 3, ml = -2, ms = –½
D. n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +½
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Valence Electrons
● What are bromine’s valence electrons?
● When does the d-block count toward an atom’s number of valence electrons?
Energy Diagrams
● What are the 5 exceptions you need to know, and what are their electron configurations?
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Lesson 10 - Quiz
2. How many unpaired electrons are present in the +2 cobalt ion, Co2+, in its ground state?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
3. Please indicate which element corresponds to each of the following electron configurations.
A. 1s22s22p6
B. 1s22s22p5
C. [Kr]5s14d5
D. [Ar]4s23d104p4
4. Why is each of the following electron configurations incorrect for atoms in their ground states? How could
you correct each of these?
A. 1s22s23s2
B. [Ar]3s23p3
C. [Ar]4s24d3
B. Potassium
C. Arsenic
D. Manganese
E. Copper
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
6. Please write the condensed electron configuration of each of the following elements:
A. Fr
B. Br
C. Ca
D. Zn
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Lesson 12 - Quiz
A. I only
B. II and III only
C. II only
D. I and III only
E. I and II only
Heinsenberg Uncertainty
● It is impossible to determine a subatomic particle’s position and its momentum with perfect accuracy.
Photoelectric Effect
Kinetic Energyelectron = Ephoton – Φ
Φ = work function (the minimum amount of energy required to ionize the electron)
● In order to expel an energized electron, the Kinetic Energy must be greater than zero.
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Lesson 14 - Quiz
1. Electronic transitions are accompanied by absorption or emission of light. Which electronic transition
corresponds to emission of light with the shortest wavelength?
A. n = 1 → n = 5
B. n = 3 → n = 1
C. n = 5 → n = 4
D. n = 2 → n = 3
E. n = 4 → n = 3
2. You have a photocell whose work function value equals 3 eV. If this photocell is struck with a photon that
has an energy of 2 eV, will it produce a current?
3. In the previous question, if your photocell is struck by a photon with an energy of 5 eV, what will the
resulting energy of the expelled electron be?
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Lesson 2 Quiz
1.
— 20 neutrons
— 22 neutrons
— 23 neutrons
— 24 neutrons
2.
3. D
4. B
Lesson 6 Quiz
1. D
2. a – l=0,1,2,3; b – ml=-2,-1,0,+1,+2; c – l=2,3
3. A
Lesson 10 Quiz
1. E
2. B
3. Ne; F; Mo; Se
4. See video (6:30)
5. See video (9:00)
6. See video (11:07)
Lesson 12 Quiz
1. E
2. A,B,C,E
3. A,B,C,E
Lesson 14 Quiz
1. B
2. No; 2 eV
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Types of Bonds
● Ionic bonds – transfer electrons between elements with large difference in electronegativity (usually
metal with nonmetal, although polyatomic ions can be made of all nonmetals)
● Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons between two elements with similar electronegativity (between
two nonmetals).
Table of Bonds
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Octet Rules
● Every atom wants to feel like it has 8 electrons
● Exceptions: Hydrogen and Helium only want 2 e-, Beryllium only wants 4 e-, Boron and Aluminum want 6 e-
usually
● Third row and lower can have more than 8 electrons if needed
Lesson 4 - Quiz
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. III only
E. I, II, and III
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Formal Charges
Formal Charge = (valence electrons) – (dots) – (bonds)
○ Has negative formal charges on more electronegative atoms, if formal charges are necessary
● Bond order is the average length of each bond, when multiple contributors are possible.
● Count up each individual bond and divide by the total number of ‘things’ around the central atom.
1 Bent
1 Trigonal Pyramidal
2 Bent
1 See-Saw
2 T-Shaped
3 Linear
1 Square Pyramidal
2 Square Planar
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Lesson 8 – Polarity
2. Draw arrows between every atom in the molecule, going from the less electronegative atom (A) to the
more electronegative atom (B) in each bond.
3. Answer the following question: “If my central atom were a truck stuck in the mud being pulled in the
directions indicated by the arrows, would the truck move?” If so, then your molecule is polar. If not,
then it’s nonpolar.
Lesson 9 - Quiz
1. Which of the following molecules would be most soluble in toluene? Which one would be the least?
A. CH3CH2CH2OH
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
D. CH3OH
B. NH3
C. SF4
D. XeF4
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Lesson 4 Quiz
Lesson 9 Quiz
1. C, D
2. Non-polar, polar, polar, non-polar
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Periodic Table
● Periods = rows on the periodic table
● Groups = vertical columns on the periodic table
● Elements in the same group tend to have similar chemical properties
Bond Length
● The distance between the nuclei of two atoms
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Ion Sizes
● More electrons (anions) = ↑ size
● Less electrons (cations) = ↓ size
Which of the following atoms is the largest? Which one would be the smallest?
A. O
B. O–
C. O2–
D. O+
Isoelectronic Series
● Group of elements that all have the same number of electrons
● More protons = more attraction to electrons (Zeff) = smaller size atom
In the following isoelectronic series, which one would be the largest? The smallest?
A. O2–
B. F1-
C. Ne
D. Na1+
E. Mg2+
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Ionization Energy
● Definition – Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT on periodic table (Helium has highest I.E.)
Exceptions
● Beryllium has a full 2s2 subshell, and Nitrogen has half full 2p3 subshell. Takes more energy to strip these
electrons since they are relatively stable.
● Therefore, Beryllium has a higher ionization energy than Boron, and Nitrogen has a higher ionization
energy than Oxygen.
Electronegativity
● Definition – How ‘thirsty’ an atom is for electrons
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT (Fluorine is most electronegative)
○ Note: Noble gases are excluded from this trend, they have a full octet already
Electron Affinity
● Definition – the energy given off when an atom gains an electron. Opposite of ionization energy.
○ Tip: Electron affinity is an exothermic reaction
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT (Chlorine has highest electron affinity).
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Chapter 5: Gases
Lesson 1 – Temperature, Volume, and Pressure (Gases)
Temperature
K = °C + 273
Volume
Liters, 1cm3 = 1mL = 1cc
Pressure
Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the side of a container
P = F/A
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
Mercury Manometer
The unknown gas pushes down the tube of mercury by 40mm. What is the pressure of
the gas, assuming we are at sea level?
● Gases behave most ideally under LOW pressures and HIGH temperatures.
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Gas Laws
1. A flask contains 2.0 mol of He gas at 25°C and 1.00 atm. How much He gas, in grams, must be added
to increase the pressure to 2.00 atm at constant temperature and volume?
2. A 0.02 mol sample of an ideal gas in a sealed 1.0 L container was heated from 27 °C to 227°C. What is
the pressure of the gas at this new temperature?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Lesson 5 – Gas Density, Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, Graham’s Law of Effusion
Gas Density
● A real gas is most likely to exhibit ideal gas behavior at high temperature and low pressure.
○ High Temperature: At high temperatures, molecules have high kinetic energy. Increased kinetic
energy reduces the influence of intermolecular forces, creating more elastic collisions.
○ Low Pressure: At low pressure, the total volume of a gas is high. As the volume of gas
increases (as pressure decreases, volume increases), the size of each individual gas molecule
relative to the elevated gas volume becomes less significant.
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Intermolecular Forces
● Ion-dipole – Intermolecular force between ions and polar substances (NaCl in water)
● Hydrogen Bonding – N-H, F-H, O-H bond in a pure substance.
● Dipole-dipole – Intermolecular force between polar molecules
● London Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals) – Intermolecular force between all molecules
○ Temporary dipole, includes polar and nonpolar molecules
○ The greater the weight, the greater the London dispersion forces
Types of Solids
2. Body-Centered Cubic – 2 atoms per unit cell. Atoms at corners and body center of unit cell.
3. Face-Centered Cubic – 4 atoms per unit cell. Atoms at corners and face centers of unit cell.
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Identify
- Lines of equilibrium
- Triple point
- Critical point
- Normal melting and boiling point
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Examples
Which of the following, when added to carbon tetrachloride, will form a miscible solution?
A. Hexane
B. Water
C. Propane
D. Ethyl acetate
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Vocabulary
● Solution – a uniform mixture of two or more substances
● Solvent – the substance in a solution that is present in a larger amount
● Solute – the substance in a solution that is present in a smaller amount
● Unsaturated – less than the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
● Saturated – the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
Concentration
Example
You have 2.0 L of 0.5 M NaCl. How many grams of NaCl do you have?
Example
What mass (in grams) of MnSO4 (150 g/mol) is required to prepare a 5.0 m manganese sulfate solution with 500 g of
water?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
b. AgCl g. AlPO4
c. PbI2 h. MgS
d. Na2CO3 i. Zn(CH3COO)2
e. (NH4)2CO3
Example
NH4I + Pb(NO3)2 →
- Predict the products
- Total ionic equation
- Net ionic equation
- Spectator ions
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Henry’s Law
PA = kH[A]
Example
Nitrogen gas’ solubility at ambient temperature and 1 atm of pressure is 6.8 × 10-4 mol/L. If the pressure of nitrogen
gas in the air is reduced to 0.5 atm, then what is its new concentration?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Examples
Which of the following solutes would decrease water’s freezing point by the greatest amount, per mole of solute
added?
A. NaCl
B. NH4NO3
C. NH4Cl
D. Na2SO4
E. Sucrose
Which of the following solutes would change water’s boiling point by the greatest amount, per mole of solute
added?
A. 1.2 m C6H12O6
B. 0.8 m Ca(NO3)2
C. 1.0 m KCl
If you have a 1.0 m aqueous solution of NaCl, by how much will it increase the water’s boiling point, if KB = 0.512
⁰C/m? In other words, what is the boiling point elevation (increase)?
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
What is the vapor pressure of a solution that contains hexane dissolved in dichloromethane, where the mole
fraction of the dichloromethane is 0.8? (The vapor pressure of pure hexane is 130mmHg, while that of
dichloromethane is 540 mmHg.)
A. 108 mmHg
B. 350 mmHg
C. 26 mmHg
D. 458 mmHg
E. 432 mmHg
Lesson 8 – Osmosis
Π = 𝑖𝑀𝑅𝑇
Example
Arrange the following aqueous solutions in order of
decreasing osmotic pressure.
A. 0.20 M KCl
B. 0.30 M urea
C. 0.50 M sucrose
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
● Chemical Kinetics – is the study of how fast reactions occur, or reaction rate
● Thermodynamics – tells us if a reaction will even happen, but not how fast it’ll happen
Rate Expressions
2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2
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Rate Laws
Overall reaction: A + B → C + D rate = k[A]m[B]n
● Products do not appear in the rate law
● k is the rate constant
● ‘m’ and ‘n’ have to be determined experimentally. They are not the coefficients in the balanced rxn.
● ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the reaction orders. A reaction’s overall reaction order is m+n.
Rate Constant
0 order units of k = M1•s-1
1st order units of k = s-1
2nd order units of k = M-1•s-1
3rd order units of k = M-2•s-1
Overall Reaction: 2A + B → C
[A]initial (M) [B]initial (M) Initial rate (M/s)
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Rate
Order Integrated Rate Law Graph Slope Half-life
Constant
[𝐴]0
0 [𝐴]𝑡 = − 𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴]0 [A]t vs. t -k M1•s-1 𝑡1/2 = 2𝑘
𝑙𝑛(2)
1st 𝑙𝑛[𝐴]𝑡 = − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛[𝐴]0 ln[A]t vs. t -k s-1 𝑡1/2 = 𝑘
1 1 1 1
2nd = 𝑘𝑡 + vs. t k M-1•s-1 𝑡1/2 =
[𝐴]𝑡 [𝐴]0 [𝐴]𝑡 𝑘[𝐴]0
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Identify in each:
1. ΔH (exothermic or endothermic)
2. Ea
3. Transition states (activated complex)
4. Intermediates
5. Rate-determining step (slow step)
Lesson 5 – Catalysts
Collision Theory
1. Both molecules must collide*
2. Both must collide with enough energy*
3. Both must collide in the correct 3D orientation
*Increasing the temperature increases collision frequency and percentage of high energy collisions
Arrhenius Equation
k = Ae-Ea/RT
↑ T = ↑ k = ↑ rate
↓ Ea = ↑ k = ↑ rate
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
● Intermediates – are produced in the middle of the reaction and get used up before the end.
● Rate law – rate = k × (concentration of each reactant in the slow step, multiplied by each other).
● Overall reaction – add up the elementary steps and cancel out intermediates.
Lesson 8 - Quiz
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Lesson 8 Quiz
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Equilibrium Constant
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Keq Meaning
Q Result
Q=K At equilibrium
Lesson 3 – Quiz
2SO2 + O2 ⇌
2SO3 KC = 2.8 × 102
Which side of the reaction is favored?
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● Le Chatelier’s Principle – If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, then it will shift in whichever direction it
has to, to restore equilibrium.
● N2O4 is removed?
● NO2 is removed?
● N2O4 is added?
● NO2 is added?
● We remove heat?
● We add heat?
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Lesson 5 - Quiz
C(s) + 2 H2(g) ⇌ CH
4(g) ∆H = –75.0 kJ
● Volume is increased?
● A catalyst is added?
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⇌
A(g) + B(g) C(g) Kc = 2.0 × 10-3
[A] = 2.0 M; [B] = 0.5 M
What are the concentrations of A, B, and C once the reaction reaches equilibrium?
Lesson 7 - Quiz
⇌
A(g) + B(g) 2C(g) Kc = 5.0 × 10-4
[A] = 1.0 M, [B] = 1.0 M
What are the concentrations of A, B, and C once the reaction reaches equilibrium?
Molar Solubility
What is the molar solubility of PbCl2? (Ksp is 2.5 x 10-4)
Calculating Ksp
When dissolved in water at a certain temperature, a certain ionic compound A2B is found to have a solubility of
2 x 10-6 M. What is the Ksp of this compound?
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Precipitation
1×10-2 M Cu(NO3)2 was added to NaIO3 to a final concentration of 6.0×10-3. Does a precipitate form?
(Ksp of Cu(IO3)2 = 3.6 × 10-6)
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Lesson 3 Quiz
Lesson 5 Quiz
Left; Right; No shift; Left; No shift
Lesson 7 Quiz
1.[A]=1.0,[B]=1.0,[C]=2.2×10-2
2.[H+]=2×10-3
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Acid-Base Definitions
Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Lewis
● Amphiprotic – describes a substance that can act as both a proton acceptor and donor (Arrhenius and
Bronsted)
● Amphoteric – describes a substance that can act as both an acid and a base (Lewis Acids too)
Autoionization of Water
2H2O(l) ⇌H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 × 10-14 at 25°C
Lesson 2 - Quiz
HSO4-1
NO3-1
H3O+
HSO4-1
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HBr Mg(OH)2
HCl Ca(OH)2
HClO3 Sr(OH)2
HClO4 Ba(OH)2
H2SO4
HNO3
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Lesson 6 - Quiz
1x10-3 M
3.5x10-4 M
1. What are the approximate pH and pOH values of an aqueous solution of 1.0 × 10-3 M HBr?
B. 0.01 M H2SO4
C. 0.00320 M HNO3
D. 1 × 10-11 M HBr
E. 0.01 M KOH
F. 0.01 M Ba(OH)2
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pKA + pKB = 14
Lesson 8 - Quiz
3. What is the approximate pH of a solution that is 0.02 M HF (KA = 5.0 ×10-4) and 0.02 M NaF?
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nAMAVA = nBMBVB
How many liters of 1.0 M HCl do you need to neutralize 1.5 L of 3.0 M Ca(OH)2?
How many liters of 1.0 N H2SO4 do you need to neutralize 1.5 liters of 3.0 N Sr(OH)2?
How many liters of 1.0 M H2SO4 do you need to neutralize 1.5 liters of 3.0 M Sr(OH)2?
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NO3-
ClO4-
ClO3-
● NH4I
● NaNO3
● KF
● ZnCl2
● Al(NO3)3
Which of the following could you add to increase the solubility of CaF2?
A. Ca(OH)2
B. NaNO3
C. KF
D. HCl
E. KNO3
Which of the following could you add to increase the solubility of NH4Cl? (More than one may be correct)
A. Ca(OH)2
B. NaNO3
C. KF
D. HCl
E. KNO3
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● Buffer – is a solution that resists pH change. It is made from a weak conjugate acid/conjugate base pair.
Please identify the missing pKA values. Then determine which of the listed acids could be used to prepare a
buffer with a pH of 9.0.
Acid Ka pKa
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Lesson 12 - Quiz
2. HF has a pKa of 3.2. What is the pH of a solution comprised of 0.1 M HF and 0.1 M NaF?
3. What is the pH of a solution comprised of 1.0 M HF (pKa = 3.2) and 0.1 M NaF?
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Lesson 13 – Titrations
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Lesson 14 - Quiz
1. What will the pH at the equivalence point be for each of the following titrations?
A. HCl + NaOH
B. HF + NaOH
C. NH3 + HCl
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Lesson 2 - Quiz
pH = 3; pOH = 11
[H+]=1×10-2; [-OH]=1×10-12
– 0.01 M HCl=2
– 0.01 M H2SO4=<2
– 0.00320 M HNO3=<3
– 1×10-11 M HBr=~7
– 0.01 M KOH=12
– 0.01 M Ba(OH)2 = > 12
Lesson 8 Quiz
Lesson 12 Quiz
Lesson 14 Quiz
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Definitions
● State Function – a function that only depends on the initial and final states of the system, not how it got
there. Almost everything in thermodynamics is a state function, except work (w) and heat (q).
● System – The chemical reaction we are examining
● Surroundings – Everything else around it.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. (Conservation of Energy) - Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to
another.
2. (Entropy increase) - The combined change in entropy of a system and its surroundings (the “universe”) must
be positive
3. (Perfect crystal at 0K = 0 entropy) - For a perfect crystal that’s been cooled to 0 K (–273 °C, called absolute
zero), its entropy approaches zero.
Lesson 2 – Enthalpy
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● Enthalpy of Formation – the ΔH of a chemical reaction forming one mole of a single substance from its parent
elements in their standard states.
Standard States
The enthalpy of formation of any element in its standard state is 0.
Examples: Noble gases, H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, Hg, C(graphite), S8
Example
Using the information in the table, calculate the ΔHrxn for the following reaction:
C2H5OH(g) + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O(g) ΔH° = ?
ΔHf° (kJ/mol)
C2H5OH(g) -200
CO2 -400
H2O(g) -250
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ΔE = q + w
w = -PΔV
Heat Transfer
● Conduction – heat transfer due to direct contact via molecular agitation within a material
● Convection – heat transfer due to the motion of a fluid
● Radiation – heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation
Calorimetry
Bomb calorimeter
q = –CcalorimeterΔT
Example
A bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 2000 cal/°C is used to measure a banana’s heat content (calories).
During the banana’s combustion, the temperature changed from 15 °C to 20 °C. What is this banana’s q?
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q = mCΔT
q = (m)(ΔHfusion)
q = (m)(ΔHvaporization)
C = specific heat
Lesson 7 - Quiz
1. How much energy is required to increase the temperature of 36.0 g of H2O from –20 °C to 50 °C, keeping in
mind the following:
Cice ≈ 2.00 J/g × C
Cliquid water ≈ 4.00 J/g × C
ΔHfusion ≈ 6000 J/mol
2. What is the final temperature (Tfinal) of a 10.0 g ingot of silver that starts at 120 °C and is placed in 20.0 g
of liquid H2O at 40 °C, keeping in mind the following:
Csolid silver ≈ 0.25 J/g × C
Cliquid water ≈ 4.00 J/g × C
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Lesson 8 – Entropy
ΔSrxn > 0 Sublimation, vaporization, fusion (going from solid to liquid to gas)
Example
Indicate if each of the following reactions or processes will have a positive or negative ΔS, and if they are
entropically favorable or entropically unfavorable:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
NaCl(s) → NaCl(aq)
2NO2(g) → N2O4(g)
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Lesson 10 - Quiz
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Given the following enthalpy data, what is the ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
ΔH = ?
Bond ΔHbond
H–H 400 kJ
O=O 500 kJ
H–O 450 kJ
Given the following enthalpy data, what is the ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
n-propane(g) + oxygen gas → carbon dioxide(g) + water(g)
ΔH = ?
Bond ΔHbond
C–H 410 kJ
C–C 350 kJ
O=O 500 kJ
C=O 800 kJ
H–O 450 kJ
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ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
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Lesson 13 - Quiz
1. Based on your experience with the following physical transformation (the melting of ice): H2O(s) → H2O(l)
A. Is ΔH for this phase change positive or negative at room temperature (25 °C)?
C. Considering your answers to the previous questions, does this phase change occur spontaneously at
room temperature? Is its ΔG positive or negative?
2. What can be said about a reaction that is known to be accompanied by an increase in entropy?
A. The Gibbs free energy change of the reaction has a negative value at all temperatures.
B. The reaction will be spontaneous at all temperatures.
C. The reaction will be spontaneous above a certain temperature.
D. The reaction will be spontaneous below a certain temperature.
E. The reaction is spontaneous only at 25 °C.
ΔG = ΔG°+ RTlnQ
ΔG° = -RTlnKeq
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Lesson 7 Quiz
Lesson 10 Quiz
-198 kJ
Lesson 13 Quiz
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1. Elements in their elemental form are zero oxidation state (Ex. Na, He, O2, H2, N2, P4, S8, O3 = 0 oxidation
state).
2. Group 1 metals are +1, Group 2 metals are +2 in compounds.
3. Hydrogen is +1 when bonded to nonmetals and –1 when bonded to metals.
4. Transition elements’ oxidation numbers must be determined from the other elements in the compound.
5. The most electronegative atoms get their typical oxidation state.
6. When assigning oxidation numbers, the last element assigned gets whatever number balances the charge
for the entire compound.
Example
1. Assign oxidation states for all of the atoms to the following:
● Al2O3
● Na2SO3
● H2O2
● C2H3O21-
2. For the following chemical reaction please assign the oxidation state for each element on both sides of
the equation. Then answer the following questions: Ba(s) + Cl2(g) → BaCl2(s)
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Lesson 4 - Quiz
2. Please balance the following redox reaction under acidic conditions and find the number of e- transferred:
MnO41-(aq) + Cl- → MnO2(aq) + Cl2(l)
3. Please balance the following redox reaction under basic conditions and find the number of e- transferred:
MnO41-(aq) + Cl- → MnO2(aq) + Cl2(l)
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Anode(–) → cathode(+)
Example
Using the diagram to the right for the following reaction in a galvanic cell, please indicate or answer each of the
following:
Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
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Molten Electrolysis
Electrolytic Cells
Anode(+) → cathode(–)
2KI → 2K + I2
● Under molten electrolysis, there is no salt bridge.
● There is a sea of molten K+ and I- ions.
● Electrons ALWAYS flow from anode to cathode.
● Electrolytic cells need a power source.
● Cations flow towards the cathode to get reduced.
● Anions flow towards the anode to get oxidized.
Aqueous Electrolysis
● Under aqueous conditions you have two competing
reactions (reaction of KI and reaction of H2O).
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Reduction Potentials
K+ + 1e- → K -2.93V
Na+ + 1e- → Na -2.71V
Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66V
Mn2+ + 2e- → Mn -1.18V
Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn -0.76V
Cr3+ + 3e- → Cr -0.74V
Fe2+ + 2e- → Fe -0.44V
Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni -0.25V
2H+ + 2e- → H2 0.00V
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu +0.34V
I2 + 2e- → 2I- +0.54V
Ag+ + 1e- → Ag +0.080V
Lesson 8 - Quiz
When Mn and Zn metals react in a galvanic cell according to the equation below, will the reaction be
spontaneous or nonspontaneous? What will be the products of this reaction? Mn + Zn → ?
When Na metal and Fe2+ cation react in a galvanic cell according to the equation below, will the reaction be
spontaneous or nonspontaneous? What will be the products of this reaction? Na + Fe2+ → ?
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Reduction Potentials
K+ + 1e- → K -2.93V
Na+ + 1e- → Na -2.71V
Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66V
Mn2+ + 2e- → Mn -1.18V
Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn -0.76V
Cr3+ + 3e- → Cr -0.74V
Fe2+ + 2e- → Fe -0.44V
Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni -0.25V
2H+ + 2e- → H2 0.00V
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu +0.34V
I2 + 2e- → 2I- +0.54V
Ag+ + 1e- → Ag +0.080V
Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
Zn2+ + Fe → Fe2+ + Zn
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Nernst Equation
1. Shift to the right = increase Ecell
2. Shift to the left = decrease Ecell
Example
Given the following:
Zn + Cu2+ → Cu + Zn2+ Eocell = +1.10V
Use the Nernst equation to solve for Ecell under these new conditions.
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I = current (amps)
ts = time (seconds)
n = number of electrons transferred
F = Faraday’s Constant (96,500 C/mol e-)
If a 20-amp current passes through molten BaCl2 for 30 minutes, how many grams of Ba are produced?
What amount of time (in seconds) would it take to plate out 0.50 kg of Ag from molten AgCl with a current of 100
amps? (atomic weight of of Ag = 100 g/mol)
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Lesson 4 Quiz
Lesson 8 Quiz
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The Nucleus
● Nucleus – made of protons and neutrons
● Atomic number – number of protons
● Atomic weight vs. Mass number – atomic weight is
an average of all isotopes of an atom
Examples
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Belt of Stability
Radioactive Decay
Route of Decay Nuclear Result Likely For?
particle
α-decay 4
α product Reduces mass # Large nuclei
2
β+ decay (positron 0
β product proton → neutron N/Z ratio is too low (too many
emission) +1
protons)
Electron capture proton → neutron N/Z ratio is too low (too many
0
β reactant
-1
protons)
γ decay 0
γ product no change unpredictable
0
Example
Oxygen-17 and a proton combine and then undergo radioactive decay to emit a nitrogen-14 atom and another
particle. What type of radioactive decay is oxygen-17 undergoing in this scenario?
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Examples
Given a half-life of 30 minutes and a starting sample of 100
grams, how many grams would you have left after 2 hours?
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56
Fe has highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon (most stable nucleus)
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