Vietnam

Vietnam[b]
(Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] ( listen), commonly

abbreviated VN), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV),[c] is a
country in Southeast Asia. It is located at the eastern edge of mainland
Southeast Asia, with an area of 331,212 square kilometres (127,882 sq mi)
and population of 99 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous
country. Vietnam share land borders with China to the north,
and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime
borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and
the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its
capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred
to by its former name, Saigon).
Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the
first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern
Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam
under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939.
Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences
through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to
the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. The Nguyễn—the last imperial
dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. Following the August Revolution,
the nationalist coalition Viet Minh under the leadership of communist
revolutionary Ho Chi Minh proclaimed independence of Vietnam in 1945.
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World
War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina
War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of
the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also
separated into two parts. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between
the communist North, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the
anti-communist South, supported by the United States. Upon the North
Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist
state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An
ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars
with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV
initiated economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic
reform, transforming the country to a market-oriented economy. The
reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global
economy and politics.
A developing country with a lower-middle-income economy, Vietnam is
nonetheless one of the fastest-growing economies of the 21st century, with
a GDP predicted to rival developed nations by 2050. Vietnam has high
levels of corruption and censorship and a poor human rights record; the
country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil
liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic
minorities. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions
including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement,
the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations
Security Council twice.
Etymology
Main article: Names of Vietnam
The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation: [viə̀t naːm], chữ Hán: 越
南), literally “Viet South”, means “Viet of the South” per Vietnamese word
order or “South of the Viet” per Classical Chinese word order.[9] A variation
of the name, Nanyue (or Nam Việt, 南越), was first documented in the 2nd
century BC.[10] The term "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese
Yale: Yuht; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4; Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Middle
Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a
homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang
dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".[11] At that time it referred to a people
or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[12] In the early 8th century BC, a
tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for
peoples further south.[12] Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt
referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[11]
[12]
From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese
populations of southern China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic
groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc.,
collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese: 百
越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt;
"Hundred Yue/Viet").[11][12][13] The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the
book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.[14] By the 17th and 18th
centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves
as nguoi Viet (Viet people) or nguoi nam (southern people).[15]
The form Việt Nam (越南) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular
poem Sấm Trạng Trình. The name has also been found on
12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam
Pagoda in Hải Phòng that dates to 1558.[16] In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc
Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn
dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of
the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南
越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor
refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which
included the regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in southern China. The
Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,[d]
[18]
meaning “South of the Viet” per Classical Chinese word order but the
Vietnamese understood it as “Viet of the South” per Vietnamese word
order.[9] Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by
Emperor Gia Long.[d] It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội
Châu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese
Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).[19] The country was usually called Annam until
1945, when the imperial government in Huế adopted Việt Nam.[20]
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Vietnam[b]

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