Wood Crosscutting Process Analysis For Circular Sa
Wood Crosscutting Process Analysis For Circular Sa
Wood Crosscutting Process Analysis For Circular Sa
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Marián Kučera
Technical University in Zvolen
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INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
-1
Fig. 1. Illustration of a circular saw cutting wood: fz – feed per one tooth [m.s ], ae – cutting
-1 -1
height [m], vf – feeding speed [m.s ], vc – cutting speed [m.s ], ψ1 – incoming angle of a circular
saw [°], ψ2 – outgoing angle of a circular saw [°], φm – mean angle of cutting fibres [°], hm – mean
thickness of a chip [mm]
The resistances acting against the cutting wedge of a circular saw tooth can be
summed as one resultant force F, the cutting resistance. F consists of the following:
forces necessary for cutting a work piece using a cutting wedge via deformation
of the piece surrounding the cutting edge,
forces necessary for the deflection of chips and the overcoming of the chip’s
friction against the leading edge of the tooth, and
forces necessary for suppression of friction on the back and leading surfaces in
contact with the machined surface.
Defining the values of individual parts of the force F is quite difficult and depends
on many factors. The component of the force F in the direction of cutting feed is called
K .b.h.v f
F [N] (1)
60.v c
The cutting power Pc is defined as the product of cutting force F and cutting speed:
F vC
Pc [W] (2)
1000
It is also possible to calculate the cutting power Pc via torque Mk, and the diameter
of a circular saw D as:
2 M k vc
Pc [W] (3)
D
When the cutting-wedge angle, (i.e., the angle of the cutting part of a tool)
increases, the cutting resistance of a material also increases. Cutting resistance is lowest
when the cutting angle is as small as possible, but when the cutting angle is under a
certain value, the hardness of a cutting edge is very low and it quickly wears out. To
define a cutting-wedge angle, there must be defined values of the angles α and γ.
Friction between the cutting surface and the processed surface influences the
cutting clearance angle, α. When this angle is small, the friction is high. This effect is
caused by decreasing the cutting clearance angle between the cutting clearance and the
processed surface directly behind the cutting edge. This surface gradually increases with
higher wear of the cutting edge because a rounded, worn cutting edge does not cut
material efficiently. It is mainly in the plane passing the lowest point of a cutting edge
but it is also in the plane lying a little bit higher. The cutting clearance angle has direct
influence on the dimension of cutting resistance and the work required to cut a piece.
Typically, the cutting clearance angle is between 10 and 30°.
The cutting-edge side rake influences the chip creation process and the size of
chips. The optimal value also depends on the type of processed material, direction of
fibers, and dimension of feed on the piece’s edge or the thickness of a chip.
EXPERIMENTAL
Fig. 2. Illustration of the experimental measuring device: 1 - a working table, 2 - a sliding line, 3 -
a trunk of round timber, 4 - belts to drive the circular saw, 5 - an electric engine to drive the
circular saw, 6 - a bearing cover, 7 - an electric engine to push the material to the cut, 8 - a
spindle head of a circular saw, 9 - a circular saw, 10 - a T20WN recording device for torque and
rotational speed, 11 - a GFLL-28 clutch, 12 - an S2 force recorder
The material properties of circular saw blades according to grades are shown in
Table 2.
All observed circular saw blades had convex construction of the clearance surface
of the circular saw blade teeth, concave construction of the rake surface of the circular
saw blade teeth, and concave construction of the side surface of the circular saw blade
teeth. More precise information about of the circular saw blade teeth for both types of
observed materials is shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
Fig. 3. Teeth parameters for a circular saw blade made of cemented carbide plates (CCP)
Fig. 4. Teeth parameters for a circular saw blade made of high speed steel (HSS)
and 12 m.min-1.
Every cutting test was performed 30 times for every observed item, i.e. each wood
species (beech and spruce), each type of a circular saw, and each cutting and feeding
speed. The thickness of the cutting layer (i.e. chip thickness) was the same for all circular
saws, and it was 5.4 mm.
One purpose of the experiments was to determine the influence of different
cutting-edge side rakes on the torque value and compressive force of the cut. The results
were analyzed in the CONMES SPIDER program.
The cutting-edge side rake influences cutting resistance and therefore the whole
process of crosswise woodcutting. Figure 5 shows a great increase of measured value at
the beginning of the tool’s penetration of the wood, followed by a decrease as a result of
inertia of the circular saw and completion of the cutting process. Afterwards, the cutting
process runs at a constant value (the torque value is changed very little), only rotating
without any loading at the end of the process. The course of torque Mk during the cutting
process of circular saws made of high-speed steel (Fig. 6) is characterized by a rapid
increase to a maximum value, a small decrease to an intermediate value, and a rapid
decrease as the cut is completed.
Fig. 5. The course of Mk during the crosscutting process of beech sawn by a circular saw made of
cemented carbide plates with a cutting-edge side rake of 20°
Fig. 6. The course of Mk during the crosscutting process of beech sawn by a circular saw made of
high speed steel with a cutting-edge side rake of 20°
The experiment was designed to consider three values of cutting angles (-5°, 0°,
and 20°) for evaluating cutting performance because there is thought to be a negative
value of cutting angle with the smallest values of Mk.
In Figs. 7 and 8 there is shown an influence of feeding speed vf on torque Mk in
the case of the circular saw blade type. It is clear from the graphs that feeding speed vf
did not exhibit significant influence on the torque Mk during evaluation of individual
cutting speeds vc.
Fig. 7. The influence of feeding speed vf on torque Mk for different wood species
Fig. 8. The influence of cutting-edge side rake on torque Mk for varying feeding speeds vf
Fig. 9. The influence of circular saw type on torque Mk for different wood species
Fig. 10. The influence of circular saw type on torque for different cutting-edge side rakes
CONCLUSIONS
1. The cutting rake angle (e.g. 20o) of a circular saw is an important factor influencing
torque Mk.
2. Changing circular saw type (with the same geometry) had the biggest influence on
torque Mk of all tested factors.
3. Feeding speed vf has a significant influence on torque Mk. For deciduous wood, it is
more suitable to use a higher feeding speed at positive cutting angles. For coniferous
wood, it is more suitable to use slower feeding speeds due to the presence of reaction
wood.
4. According to the research, the cutting speed vc has more significant influence on
torque Mk in the cutting of spruce than beech. It is sure that torque Mk decreases when
cutting speed vc increases. This result was found to be valid for both observed types
of circular saw blades i.e. a circular saw made of high speed steel (HSS) and a
circular saw made of cemented carbide plates (CCP).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This article was created as a part of project VEGA No. 1/0403/11 named “The
Chain Saws Research of Technical Parameters Regarding to Ergonomics and Ecology
Work”, by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak
Republic.
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Article submitted: November 11, 2013; Peer review completed: December 16, 2013;
Revised version received: January 16, 2014; Accepted: January 17, 2014; Published:
January 28, 2014.