MODULE IV - DATA COLLECTION

Introduction of data collection; Experiments and surveys; Collection of primary data:

Difference between questionnaire and schedule, Guidelines for constructing
questionnaire/schedule, Some other methods of data collection; Collection of secondary
data, Selection of appropriate method for data collection; Use of computer and internet in
collection of data; Limitation of primary and secondary data.
INTRODUCTION OF DATA COLLECTION
Meaning of data collection - Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer pertinent questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The process can involve a
wide range of methods, including surveys, interviews, experiments, observations, and the
collection of existing data from sources such as databases and archives.
Purpose of data collection - The purpose of data collection is to obtain accurate, reliable and
valid information about a particular phenomenon, population or group of interest. This
information can be used to make informed decisions, evaluate program effectiveness, and
conduct research to advance knowledge in a particular field.
EXPERIMENTS AND SURVEYS
Experiments and surveys are two common methods of data collection used in research and social
sciences.
1. Experiments - Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables and measuring
the effect on one or more dependent variables. In an experiment, participants are
randomly assigned to different groups, with each group receiving a different level of the
manipulated variable. The dependent variable is then measured to determine if there is a
significant difference between the groups. Experiments are useful for establishing
causality between variables and testing hypotheses. They are commonly used in the
natural sciences, psychology, and economics.
2. Surveys - Surveys involve collecting data from a sample of individuals through the use
of questionnaires, interviews, or online forms. Surveys can be used to measure attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, and other characteristics of a population. Surveys can be conducted
in a variety of ways, such as through telephone interviews, mail surveys, or online
surveys. Surveys are useful for obtaining a large amount of data quickly and efficiently,
 and for generalizing findings to a larger population. They are commonly used in fields
such as sociology, political science, and market research.
Both experiments and surveys have their advantages and limitations. Experiments allow
researchers to establish causal relationships between variables, but can be costly and
time-consuming. Surveys are efficient and cost-effective, but may suffer from response bias and
other measurement issues. The choice between experiments and surveys depends on the research
question being addressed and the resources available for data collection.
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is data that is collected directly from the source, rather than being obtained from
secondary sources such as published research or databases. Primary data collection involves the
systematic gathering of information through a variety of methods, including surveys, interviews,
observations, and experiments. Here are some common methods for collecting primary data:
1. Surveys: Surveys involve collecting data from a sample of individuals through the use of
questionnaires, interviews, or online forms. Surveys can be conducted in a variety of
ways, such as through telephone interviews, mail surveys, or online surveys.
2. Interviews: Interviews involve asking questions directly to individuals or groups of
people. Interviews can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through video
conferencing. They can be structured or unstructured, and can be used to collect
qualitative or quantitative data.
3. Observations: Observations involve systematically watching and recording behaviors or
events. Observations can be conducted in a variety of settings, such as in a laboratory or
in the field, and can be structured or unstructured.
4. Experiments: Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables and measuring the
effect on one or more dependent variables. Experiments can be conducted in a laboratory
or in the field, and can involve human or non-human participants.
5. Focus groups: Focus groups involve bringing together a small group of individuals to
discuss a particular topic or issue. Focus groups are typically moderated by a researcher,
and can be used to collect qualitative data.
When collecting primary data, it is important to ensure that the methods used are appropriate for
the research question being addressed, and that the data collected are valid and reliable. This
involves careful planning, organization, and execution of the data collection process, including
the design of data collection instruments, recruitment of participants, collection and management
of data, and analysis and interpretation of results.
Difference between questionnaire and schedule
GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONNAIRE
Constructing a well-designed questionnaire is essential for gathering accurate and meaningful
data. Here are some guidelines to consider when constructing a questionnaire:
1. Define your research objectives: Before constructing your questionnaire, you should
clearly define your research objectives and the information you hope to obtain from
respondents.
2. Determine the type of questions: Choose the type of questions that will provide the
information you need. Types of questions include closed-ended (e.g. multiple-choice),
open-ended (e.g. essay), and scaled (e.g. Likert scale).
3. Keep it short and simple: A long and complicated questionnaire can discourage
respondents from participating. Keep it short and simple, and make sure each question is
easy to understand.
4. Avoid leading questions: Leading questions can bias the respondent's answer. Try to keep
your questions neutral and unbiased.
5. Use appropriate language: Use language that is appropriate for your target audience.
Avoid technical terms or jargon that may not be understood by the respondent.
6. Test the questionnaire: Before distributing your questionnaire, test it with a small group
of people to make sure it is easy to understand and the questions are effective in gathering
the information you need.
7. Provide clear instructions: Provide clear instructions on how to complete the
questionnaire, including any necessary definitions or explanations.
8. Consider the format: Consider the format in which the questionnaire will be delivered
(e.g. online, paper, phone). Make sure the format is appropriate for your target audience
and the type of information you are gathering.
9. Ensure confidentiality: Assure respondents that their answers will remain confidential,
and consider using anonymous surveys to encourage honest and accurate responses.
 10. Pilot the questionnaire: Before distributing the questionnaire, pilot it with a small group
of people to make sure it is easy to understand and the questions are effective in gathering
the information you need.
Remember that constructing a questionnaire is a crucial step in collecting data, so take the time
to carefully design and test it to ensure accurate and meaningful results.
GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTING SCHEDULE
Constructing a well-designed schedule is important for managing time effectively and efficiently.
Here are some guidelines to consider when constructing a schedule:
1. Define your goals and objectives: Before constructing your schedule, define your goals
and objectives to help prioritize tasks and allocate time accordingly.
2. Identify all tasks and activities: List all the tasks and activities required to achieve your
goals, including any deadlines or milestones.
3. Estimate time required: Estimate the time required to complete each task, and consider
any potential obstacles or delays.
4. Prioritize tasks: Prioritize tasks based on their importance and urgency, and allocate time
accordingly.
5. Schedule breaks: Schedule regular breaks to avoid burnout and maintain productivity.
6. Consider external factors: Consider any external factors that may impact your schedule,
such as meetings, appointments, or unexpected events.
7. Use a calendar or scheduling tool: Use a calendar or scheduling tool to organize your
tasks and activities, and set reminders to help you stay on track.
8. Review and adjust regularly: Review and adjust your schedule regularly to ensure you are
staying on track and meeting your goals.
9. Communicate with others: Communicate your schedule with others who may be
impacted by your activities, such as colleagues, family members, or friends.
10. Be realistic: Be realistic about what you can accomplish in the time available, and avoid
overcommitting yourself.
Remember that constructing a schedule is an important tool for managing time effectively, so
take the time to carefully plan and prioritize your activities to achieve your goals.
COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Meaning of Secondary data - Secondary data refers to information that has already been
collected, analyzed, and published by other researchers or organizations for a different purpose
than the one it is being used for. This data can come from various sources, such as government
publications, academic journals, industry reports, and other sources.
Methods of Secondary data - Collecting secondary data involves gathering information that
has already been collected by someone else or another organization. Here are some methods for
collecting secondary data:
1. Online research: One can use search engines such as Google, databases, and online
libraries to search for and access relevant secondary data.
2. Government publications: Many governments release data and reports on a range of
topics, which can be accessed online or through libraries.
3. Academic journals: Academic journals publish research findings, which can be a valuable
source of secondary data.
4. Reports and publications: Industry reports, market research reports, and other
publications can provide valuable information on specific industries or topics.
5. Historical data: Historical data, such as demographic data, can be accessed through public
archives, libraries, and online databases.
6. Social media analytics: Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram
can provide valuable insights into consumer behavior, opinions, and trends.
7. Company websites: Company websites often provide valuable data on their products,
services, and customers, which can be used to inform research.
8. Trade associations and industry groups: Trade associations and industry groups often
collect data on their respective industries, which can be accessed through their websites
or by contacting them directly.
Overall, collecting secondary data can be a cost-effective way to gather valuable insights and
information for research projects. However, it is important to ensure that the data is reliable and
relevant to the research question being investigated.
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION
Choosing the appropriate method for data collection depends on several factors, including the
research question, the type of data needed, the resources available, and ethical considerations.
Here are some considerations when selecting a data collection method:
1. Research question: The research question will guide the type of data needed and the
method of data collection. For example, if the research question is focused on exploring
attitudes and beliefs, qualitative methods such as interviews or focus groups may be
appropriate. If the research question is focused on measuring a specific behavior,
quantitative methods such as surveys or experiments may be more suitable.
2. Type of data needed: The type of data needed will also influence the choice of data
collection method. For example, if the data is numerical, quantitative methods may be
appropriate, while if the data is descriptive or subjective, qualitative methods may be
more appropriate.
3. Resources: Consider the resources available, including time, budget, and personnel. Some
data collection methods may require more resources than others, such as hiring
interviewers or surveying a large sample.
4. Ethics: Consider ethical considerations, such as the potential impact of the research on
participants, confidentiality, and informed consent. Some methods of data collection,
such as observation or experiments, may require special ethical considerations.
5. Feasibility: Consider the feasibility of the method, including the feasibility of the data
collection and analysis process. For example, some methods of data collection may be
more time-consuming and complex than others, while others may require specialized
skills or equipment.
Overall, the choice of data collection method will depend on the research question, the type of
data needed, the resources available, ethical considerations, and feasibility. It is important to
carefully consider each of these factors when selecting a method for data collection.
USE OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET IN COLLECTION OF DATA
Computers and the internet have significantly impacted data collection methods, making it easier
and faster to collect and analyze data. Here are some ways computers and the internet are used in
data collection:
 1. Online surveys: Online surveys are a popular way of collecting data using the internet.
They can be easily designed and distributed through various online platforms, such as
SurveyMonkey or Google Forms, and can quickly collect large amounts of data from a
wide audience.
2. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI): CATI is a method of data collection
where interviewers use a computer to conduct telephone interviews. The computer
program facilitates the interview process by managing the questionnaire, skipping
questions based on previous answers, and recording responses.
3. Social media monitoring: Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook can be
used to monitor and collect data on consumer opinions, behaviors, and attitudes.
4. Web scraping: Web scraping involves using software to extract data from websites. This
can be useful for collecting data on product prices, reviews, and other information
relevant to the research question.
5. Online focus groups: Online focus groups use video conferencing technology to bring
together participants from different locations for a group discussion. This method can be
more convenient and cost-effective than traditional in-person focus groups.
6. Online experiments: Online experiments can be used to test hypotheses and collect data
from participants in a controlled setting. For example, researchers can use online
platforms to run cognitive tasks or psychological experiments.
Overall, the use of computers and the internet in data collection has increased the efficiency and
speed of data collection, allowing researchers to collect data from larger and more diverse
populations. However, it is important to ensure that the data collected through these methods is
reliable and valid, and that ethical considerations, such as informed consent, are properly
addressed.
LIMITATIONS OF PRIMARY DATA
1. Cost: Collecting primary data can be expensive, especially if the research involves
collecting data from a large sample or conducting experiments.
2. Time-consuming: Collecting primary data can also be time-consuming, as it involves
designing the research instrument, collecting data, and analyzing the data.
3. Limited sample size: Primary data collection is often limited by the sample size, which
can affect the generalizability of the findings.
 4. Potential bias: Primary data collection can be affected by researcher bias or participant
bias, which can affect the reliability and validity of the findings.
LIMITATIONS OF SECONDARY DATA
1. Reliability: Secondary data may not be as reliable as primary data, as the data was
collected for a different purpose and may not be fully applicable to the research question.
2. Lack of control: Researchers have less control over the data collection process when
using secondary data, which can affect the quality of the data.
3. Limited scope: Secondary data may be limited in scope and may not include all the
variables or information needed for the research question.
4. Outdated: Secondary data may be outdated or not relevant to the current research
question, as it was collected for a different purpose and at a different time.