PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
COURSE MATERIAL NO. 5

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 WHAT WILL
YOU LEARN?

This module has been designed to help you:

● Understand data analysis;
● differentiate the steps in analyzing data;
● relate research questions with data analysis results; and
● analyze and interpret thematically or theoretically organized data.

ANALYZING THE
MEANING OF THE DATA
AND DRAWING
CONCLUSIONS
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 Hello there, Young Researcher!
Welcome to Practical Research 1. This term, we are going to
focus in Qualitative Research, but let me tell you a short
introduction. Research is truly endless. It’s the lifeblood of every Element of Effective
industry that pushes it up and thrives to grow. It’s a vast
Interviews 4
landscape where you can travel wherever you want to go. And
it’s something that is open to everybody. It is a vast experience Data Analysis 4
once you have explored it. It’s a seed that opens up your love Focus Questions 6
for reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable
Learning Activity 1 7
information.
Arriving at a Conclusion 7
In this course, you will:
Pointers in Writing a
 ]b research,
 acknowledge qualitative research and its Conclusion 8
importance in daily life, Learning Output 8
 identify the inquiry and stating the problem,
 learn from others and reviewing the Summary 7
literature, References 7
 understand data and ways to systematically
collect data,
 find answers through data collection,
 analyze the meaning of the data and drawing
conclusions,
 report and sharing the findings, and
 produce a qualitative research paper.
We are here to prepare you for research work as this lays the
groundwork for preparation and the processes involved in
research activity. Once your research is accomplished and
approved by a panel… it’s a job well done!
Let’s begin to help you love research and be an accomplished
researcher!

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 ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE
INTERVIEWS
Another common method of data collection in qualitative research is
the interview. An interview is a conversation between two or more
people where in an interviewer asks questions to gather specific
information from the interviewer. (Apodaca, 2019) An interview is
considered a conversation with a purpose.
An example of Structured Interview Doing the Structured Interview
is the house-to-house survey being
conducted by the Philippine In structures interview, questions are already predetermined. The
Statistics Authority (PSA). A PSA interviewers relay the questions to the interviewee. The interviewer
employee knocks on the door of does not really have the chance to dig deeper into the interviewee’s
every house in neighbourhood, perspective or point of view.
asking the same set of questions A structured interview may be likened to be a written survey;
about the interviewee’s however, the questions are verbally communicated to the respondents.
demographic information written in
the survey form. Questions typically asked in Structured Interview:

 Socio-demographic Profile
o age
o level of education
o civil status
o source of income
Semi-structured interviews are
o employment information
an effective method for data
collection when the researcher Conduct of Semi-Structured Interview
wants: (1) to collect qualitative,
open-ended data; (2) to explore In semi –structured interview, the questions are mostly open-ended
participant thoughts, feelings and questions such that the responses of the interviewee determine the
beliefs about a particular topic; direction of the interview. The sequence of questioning is not rigidly
and (3) to delve deeply into adhered to in accordance to what has been prepared or predetermined.
personal and sometimes sensitive The flow of the discussion is dependent on the responses of the
issues. respondents because key or specific ideas to be discussed and explored
will come from the interviewees.
Administering an Informal Interview
Informal interviews are less formal than structured or semi-structured
Informal Interview is typically interviews. They resemble casual conversations as they do not involve
employed if the researcher has
specific sequence of questions or any particular form of questioning.
limited knowledge about his or
her topic. The aim of this kind of interview is to find out what participants think
about a certain issue to obtain the information or data based on an
individual perspective. Also, this is more flexible and exploratory.

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 HANDLING A RETROSPECTIVE
INTERVIEW
A researcher who conducts a retrospective interview tries to make the
subject or participant recalls something that happened in the past and then
reconstructs this from his or her memory. (Apodaca, 2019)
Whatever the type of interviewing method a researcher chooses, he or she
In every aspect of doing is expected to do the following:
research, ethical principles
must always be in place. ● Respect the culture of the group being studied.
● Respect the individual being interviewed.
● Be natural
● Develop appropriate rapport with the participants in the study.
● Sometimes for the purpose of determining consistency in the
responses if the interviewee, a question may be rephrased and
structured quite differently from the original so it will appear to be
a different question when posed to the interviewee. But actually,
for verification, both questions should require the same response
from the interviewee.
● Ask the interviewee to repeat an answer or statement when there is
some doubt about the completeness of an answer.
● Avoid leading questions.

According to Denzin and Lincoln (2011), you can also be guided by the following to conduct
an effective interview:
 You have to be consistent with your wordings and the order or sequence in which the
questions are raised. You should not give meaning, adlib, or speak of anything that may
tend to influence the response of the interviewee.
 Stay focused in the person being interviewed. Do not let anyone else interfere during
the interview and give his or her response.
 Refrain from giving your own ideas and opinions so as to avoid any biases in your
data and have good control over the time, duration and structure of the interview.

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 DATA ANALYSIS
FOCUS
QUESTIONS After gathering your data using the appropriate data
collection method such as observation, interview,
documentary analysis, and research instruments like
questionnaires, tests, etc., it is crucial that you analyze and
How do we organize data in
process the data or results correctly and accurately. This is
qualitative research?
the crucial part of the research process as this will reveal the
How do we formulate a conclusion
knowledge or answers that you were looking for. Simply
from the data we gathered?
put, this is how you will determine the outcome of your
research- which is ultimately your goal as a researcher. In
this stage, you will be able to answer your research
questions.
Data analysis is a process of understanding data or known
facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or
conclusions you have about something.
Analyzing data is further divided into two stages: coding
and collating. Coding is using symbols like letters or words
Data analysis in to represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions, opinions,
attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data. Collating,
qualitative research is a on the other hand, is your way of bringing together the
rigorous act of a thematic coded data. Organize these data by putting them in a graph,
or theoretical organization specifically a table of responses.
of ideas or information
into a certain format that DATA MATRIX
is capable of presenting The term “data matrix” is also used to name this table of
groups of responses. responses that consists of table of cases and their associated
variables. Across the social sciences, most data analysis is
about how properties of things are related to one another.
This is called profile analysis. You start with series
of things—units of analysis—and you measure a series
of variables for each of those things. This produces a profile
matrix, or, simply, a data matrix. The units of analysis in a
profile matrix are often respondents to a questionnaire, but
it can be any of the variables used in the study such as
years, preferences, etc. Below is an example of a profile
matrix:

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 LEARNING ACTIVITY
1 SORT IT OUT RUBRICS
Directions: Read the instructions carefully, and work with your
Content and
group in accomplishing the tasks. clarity of 10
questions
1. Draft your data collection instrument (survey, questionnaire,
test, interview questions, etc.) and submit it for approval. Organization of
10
questions
2. Once approved, implement your instrument and gather your
data. Mechanics 10
30
3. Organize your data into a Data Matrix. Feel free to modify the Total:
variables based on the details of your study.
pts

ARRIVING AT A
CONCLUSION
The term, “Conclusion”, has such a fulfilling feel,
doesn’t it? In your research, this signifies that you
Research is about
have processed and analyzed your data, and you are
ready to “make sense” of everything that you have discovering things and
understood, so far. engaging yourself in an
Conclusion is a type of inferential or interpretative exchange of theoretically
thinking that derives its validity, truthfulness, or supported ideas with
reasonableness from your sensory experience. All those in the academic
of your research were basically and fundamentally world. And you state all
gathered through your senses.
your discoveries in the
Any conclusion that you give about what you conclusion section of your
found out through your analysis of the data you
research paper.
collected is a “warranted conclusion,” which
explains how the evidence or findings resulting
from your data analysis stands to prove or disprove
your conclusion.

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 POINTERS IN WRITING A RUBRICS
CONCLUSION Content 10
Organization 10
1. Explain your point in simple and clear sentences.
Mechanics 10
2. Use expressions that center on the topic rather than 30
on yourself, the researcher. Total:
pts
3. Include only necessary items; exclude any piece of
information or picture not closely related to your
report.

4. Have your conclusion contain only

validly supported findings instead of falsified
results.

5. Practice utmost honesty and objectivity in stating

the results of your critical evaluation of outcomes
that you expect to support your conclusions.

TO THE FINISH LINE!

DIRECTIONS: Work with your research team to In what way

accomplish this task: do your
conclusions
1. Formulate the conclusion of your paper.
2. There is no limit to the number of sentences. appear
3. Make sure that your conclusion is clear, unbelievable?
accurate, and supported by evidences.

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 Data analysis is a process of understanding data
or known facts or assumptions serving as the
basis of any claims or conclusions. It is also
organizing the data acquired after using the
appropriate data collection method. Researchers
may organize these data into a tabular form
called a Data Matrix. This gives any reader an
easy access to the data by aiding in visualizing
the results.

After analyzing and organizing the data, the

researcher can now formulate a conclusion
which is based on evidences from the research.
A conclusion must be clear, simple, honest,
accurate, and objective. This is the end product
of any research.

CONTRIBUTORS
Jeriko ArwelS. Arlegui
References:
Erika Gin C. Constantino-
Bacuyag
BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Baraceros, E. L.
Ron Rille A. Dela Merced (2016). PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1. Manila: REX Book
Store, Inc. .
Ma. Erica Anne S. Flores Data Matrices. (n.d.). Retrieved 2022, from ebrary.net:
https://ebrary.net/74359/environment/data_matrices
Raven Kaye Magbanua
Renelyn O. Manacho Apocada, D. (2019). Practical Reasearch Second Edition.
Diwa Textbooks
Ranelyn Joyce A. Navarro
Venice Jastine E. Paras
Karrele Anne Y. Rayos
Erna D. Rosario

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