WORKSHOP PRACTICE

Experiment No.2

To understand electrical and electronical components, their symbol and applications.

Objective:
To understand the electrical and electronical components and learn how to work .
Introduction:
Electronic component symbols are used to denote the components in circuit diagrams. There
are standard symbols for each of the components which represent that particular component.
Here in this article, we are explaining some basic and mostly used electronic components with
their symbols. 

 Resistor:

The resistor is a two-terminal component which is denoted by R. Symbol of the resistor is

represented by Zig-Zag lines between two terminals.
It is a common and widely used symbol in schematics. It can also be represented by another
symbol that has an unfilled rectangle between two terminals instead of Zig-Zag lines. There are
various types of resistors like a variable resistor, LDR, Thermistor, MOV, etc.
 
The resistor is a non-polarized component that means both sides have the same polarity and can
be connected from both sides. The value of the resistor is measured in ohms (Ώ).
 
Capacitor:

The capacitor is a two-terminal component denoted by C. Symbol of the capacitor looks like the
two parallel plates are placed in between two terminals. In the schematic, two types of
capacitor symbols are available. One is for a polarized capacitor and the other one is for the
non-polarized capacitor. 

The difference between both the symbols is that in the polarized capacitor symbol, one parallel
plate has a curved shape. The curved plate represents the cathode of the capacitor and should
be at a lower voltage than the anode pin (plane-parallel plate). The plane-parallel plate is the
anode of the capacitor and is marked by plus (+) sign.

As the name indicates, a non-polarized capacitor can be connected in two ways but for
polarized capacitor only specified one-way Connection is possible. The value of the capacitor is
measured in farads (f).

Diode:

The diode is a polarized device with two terminals and denoted by D. In a diode, one terminal is
positive (anode) and another one is negative (cathode). The closed side of a triangle is the
cathode, and the base of a triangle is an anode.
 

The symbol of a diode looks like a horizontal isosceles triangle pressed up against a line
between two terminals. The diode works in the forward bias or we can say that the diode will
let the current flow in the forward bias condition.

Therefore, it is important to note that the positive terminal (anode) of the diode is connected
to the positive pole of the battery and negative pole (cathode) of the diode is connected to the
negative terminal of the battery.

There are some other diodes with additional specifications and features explained below.

 Light Emitting Diode (LED):

LED stands for light-emitting diode. The LED symbol is similar to the diode symbol with
additional arrows. These arrows appear to point in the opposite direction of the triangle and
seem to radiate from the triangle. LED is a polarized component with anode and cathode
terminals.
Photodiode:

The symbol of the photodiode is similar to the LED Symbol except that it

contains arrows striking the diode. Arrows striking the diode represent photons or light. The
photodiode has two terminals named anode and cathode. A photodiode is used to convert light
into electrical current.

Zener Diode:

It is similar to the normal forward diode; it also allows reverse current when the applied voltage
reaches the breakdown voltage. The diode has a special, heavily doped P-N junction, which is
designed to operate in the reverse direction when a certain specified voltage is reached.

 
Schottky Diode:

The Schottky diode has a lower forward voltage drop than the PN junction diode, and it is a
metal-semiconductor diode. It can be used in high-speed switching applications. The Schottky
diode is a unipolar device because it has electrons as majority carriers on both sides of the
junction. 
Transistors:

In schematics, various transistors are available, either BJTs or MOSFETs. The transistor is a
three-terminal device that amplifies or switches electronic signals and electrical power. We
have previously covered various Transistors with their symbols, pinouts, and specifications.

 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):

BJT is a bipolar transistor with three terminals: emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C). For the
BJT symbol, emitter and collector are arranged in a line and the base is arranged vertically.
There are two types of BJTs: NPN and PNP.

In the BJT symbol, the emitter has an arrow and the arrow's direction tells whether it’s a PNP or
NPN transistor. If the arrow points inward, it is a PNP, and if the arrow points outward, it is an
NPN.

To remember the configuration you can learn it like this- “NPN: Not Pointing In”

MOSFET:

MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor and it has three terminals named Source
(S), Drain (D), and Gate (G). MOSFET has two types of symbols for n-channel or p-channel
MOSFET. Here you can learn about various types of MOSFETs.
  

Inductor:

An inductor is a non-polarized two-terminal component. Inductor’s Symbol contains loopy coils

or curved bumps in between two terminals. The international symbol of an inductor considers a
filled-in rectangle instead of loopy coils. An inductor is denoted by ‘L’ and the unit is Henry (H).
Here are few Inductors with their pinouts and working.

Digital Logic Gates:

Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of any digital system. Logic gates have two
inputs and one output however, the number of inputs can be changed as per the requirement
while the output should be the same.

 Usually, there are 4 standard logic gates available named AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. Moreover,
adding a bubble to the output negates the function and generates NANDs, NORs, and XNORs.

 All the logic gates have a unique schematic symbol as shown below.

 
Switches:

Switches are electronic devices designed to interrupt or divert the flow of electric current or
signals in a circuit. The simplest switch, a single-throw switch (SPST), consists of two terminals
with a semi-connected lead representing the actuator.

In electronics, 4 types of switches are available named Single Pole Single Throw Switch
(SPST), Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT),Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST),
and Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT).

All 4 switches have different symbols, although the number of poles and throws changes in
symbol according to their name. Symbols are given below to clear the illustration.

Power Sources:

The power supply is an essential part of any electrical or electronic system. While selecting an
accurate power supply, various requirements must be considered.

There is a variety of power supply circuit symbols that indicate the power source.

 
DC or AC Voltage Source:

Generally, constant voltage sources are used while working with electronics. We can use one of
these two symbols to define if the source supplies Direct Current (DC) or Alternating Current
(AC).

Batteries:

Instead of a constant voltage source, you can also use batteries. The battery symbol looks like a
pair of disproportionate parallel lines, while more line pairs usually indicate more row cells in
the battery.

 
Transformer:

A transformer is a static device that transmits electrical energy from one circuit to another
through electromagnetic induction. The transformer symbol is denoted by two coils placed side
by side, and separated by parallel lines. They are generally used to step up or step down the
voltage levels.

Relay:

Relay is an electromagnetic switch that can be turned on with small electrical current which
further allows a large amount of current to flow from it. It usually pairs a coil with a switch
which can be seen in the symbol itself.

 
Motor:

The motor is a transducer that converts electrical energy into kinetic energy (motion). The
motor symbol looks like an embellishment encircled 'M' around the terminals.

Conclusions: Describe your Comments & observations in the space given below.

Questions:

Q1: Write briefly about Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT) ?

Q2: What is circuit breaker? Why it is used instead of fuse?

Q3: Define transformer and its types ?