Mixed Use Building Literature
Mixed Use Building Literature
Mixed Use Building Literature
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 3
2. SITE PLANNING AND DESIGN ………………………….4
3. ACCESSES AND CIRCULATION……………………….6
4. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS……………………………...9
5. LANDSCAPE…………………………………………………14
6. Apartment…………………………………..…………….16
I. Sizes of the rooms………………….………………20
II. Standards……………………………………………… 21
III. Amenities………………………………….………………..35
7. LOCAL CASE STUDY…………………………………….32
8. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY………………………..51
9. REFERENCE………………………………………………..64
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I.MIXED USE
INTRODUCTION
The primary design issue related to mixed-use projects is the need to successfully balance the
requirements of residential uses, such as the need for privacy and security, with the needs of
commercial uses for access, visibility, parking, loading, and possibly extended hours of
operation.
The first type is vertical mixed-use, which is typified by residential use over commercial uses in the
same building. The second, called horizontal mixeduse, combines residential and commercial uses
on the same site, but in separate buildings
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
• MAIN UNIT is the isolated space that is adjacent to the public, semi access and contains the major
function of the program unit.
• ADJACENT UNIT these are additional separations into main unit depending on its use.
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AIMS OF THE DESIGN
Provide the resident living in upper floors of a mixed-use project with a high quality
environment
Protect the pedestrian and enhance the pedestrian environment and scale
Protect bicyclists and their environment ensuring the needs of non-motorized travelers are
incorporated into the circulation plan
Design parking that not only provides secure resident parking, but also promotes safe
interaction between vehicles and pedestrians
encourage high quality mixed-use infill development that is comprised of residential, office,
entertainment, and commercial uses
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2.1 BUILDING PLACEMENT AND ORIENTATION
Building Orientation: Orient primary building façades and entrances toward pedestrian-
oriented streets Corner buildings should be situated to serve as a gateway or focal point.
Corners that face street intersections should be rounded, squared, or otherwise designed to
soften the edges for visual interest and an overall pleasant pedestrian experience. Use
building massing, landscape and architectural features to define intersections and public
spaces along the block.
2.2. PARKING
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Outdoor Space Include publicly accessible designed outdoor space for resident and public
use that is proportionate to the size of the proposed buildings.
Public spaces can include plazas, parks, courtyards, corridors, sidewalk cafes, trails,
outdoor seating areas and/or similar active and passive areas. Public spaces should be
located in visually prominent, accessible and safe locations that promote year-round activity.
Materials: Public spaces should be designed using high-quality, durable materials consistent.
2.4. LIGHTING
Light Design: Light pole and fixture design should relate to the overall design elements of the site.
Generally muted, earth tones that blend into the background are preferred to bright colored
poles and fixtures.
Sustainable Design: Site and building design should consider environmental factors to reduce
Water and energy needs such as:
a. Topography
b. Drainage
c. Vegetation
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d. Solar orientation
e. Natural ventilation
f. Natural day lighting within the building interior
g. Water conservation
h. Resource efficiency
i. Protection from harsh elements
Water Conservation.
Interior to each development, the pedestrian-oriented street design should include on-street,
diagonal or parallel parking; wide pedestrian walkways along building frontages;
Street trees in tree grates or planting beds; and/ or bulb-outs with contrasting pavement at
pedestrian crossings. Pedestrian crossings shall be included at regular intervals along the
internal roadway system for maximum connectivity.
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Fig: Pedestrian-Oriented Street Section
Circulation System. Provide an efficient, safe and well-defined circulation system that links
the users directly with building entries, public spaces, trails and transit.
Connectivity. Provide clear connection for both vehicles and pedestrians between adjacent
sites for maximum connectivity.
Drop-off Areas. Passenger drop-off areas should provide accessible, safe and convenient
access.
There should be a clear visual and physical separation between the drop-off area and primary
route of vehicular circulation.
Service and Delivery Access. Service and delivery areas should not be placed at primary
building facades, at corners or other highly visible locations.
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Drive-through. Drive-through facilities may be permitted on a limited basis as long as they
accommodate adequate vehicle stacking and are adequately screened from adjacent
properties and roadways
3.3. PEDESTRIAN ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY
Pedestrian Space Connectivity. The use of ample sidewalks and public spaces for maximum
connectivity.
Pedestrian Walkways. Provide accessible, convenient, direct and enhanced pedestrian
walkways from all parking areas to building entrances.
Pedestrian Crossings. Design enhanced pedestrian street crossings at intersections and,
where appropriate, at mid-block crossings
Pedestrian Lighting. All pedestrian areas, including sidewalks, pass-through and pedestrian
plazas, should be well lit and provide unobstructed linesof-sight for security and safety.
Pedestrian Accessibility. All publicly accessed areas shall be equally accessible and meet
the requirements of the disabilities
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3.4. BICYCLE ACCESS AND CIRCULATION
Bike lanes should provide a clear separation from pedestrian and vehicular travel ways .
Bicycle Connectivity. Provide safe and convenient bicycle access to all developments with
clear connections to adjacent greenways or bike paths where applicable ways.
Transit connectivity. Accommodate existing and future transit (bus and future light rail) stops and
opportunities to connect to transit where practical and feasible.
Accessibility. Provide accessible pedestrian routes from transit facilities to the main entrance of each
building.
4. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Building Relationship. The placement, size, form and orientation of new buildings should be
coordinated to create visually cohesive spaces with a variety of materials, colors and
features.
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Building Character. Establish an architectural order by maintaining rhythm of materials,
patterns, reveals, buildings setbacks and structural elements such as columns and
pilasters consistent with a more cohesive design that creates an architectural identity.
Facade Differentiation. The intent is to add interest, create shadow and excitement, and
provide articulation.
Changes in color, pattern, texture and/or material for at least 20% of the length
Primary Façades Primary façades are façades that face pedestrian-oriented streets shall
have a variety of arcades, display windows, entry areas or awnings along no less than 25%
of their horizontal length with no less than 50% transparency at the street level.
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Fig: Façade Treatments
Building Height; it is important to vary the height of buildings to create visual interest and
diversity.
o Mixed-Use Marketplace—up to 120 feet maximum (up to 180 feet per special review)
o Mixed-Use Downtown—up to 60 feet maximum
o Mixed-Use Community—up to 75 feet maximum
o Mixed-Use Neighborhood—up to 60 feet maximum
Building Façades. Buildings should be designed for visual interest at the pedestrian level to
an appropriate human scale. Well-designed façade elements help establish a sense of scale
for pedestrians and can help define the public spaces as well. Buildings should be designed
to frame adjacent streets and open spaces and provide a high level of transparency.
Building Base, Middle, Top Apply traditional base, middle and top organization of all
buildings where:
o The base is scaled and articulated to emphasize the pedestrian zone.
o The middle of the building typically responds to the function of the building through
fenestrations and design expressions.
o The top of the building completes the form.
This may be achieved by a varied or more detailed glazing composition, additional depth at
the glazing, a change in plane, introduction of a different, complimentary building color or
a well-executed cornice.
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Example of Building Base, Middle, Top
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4.5. RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO PEDESTRIANS
Pedestrian-scaled DesignThe design of each building should help create pedestrian
interest at the street/sidewalk level. First floor architecture should include integrated
elements such as windows, displays, signage, lighting, awnings, canopies and public art.
Building Entries Primary building entries must be visible and accessible by the adjacent
street or sidewalk and could include alternative pavement patterns to differentiate the
building entry from the public walkway or gathering space.
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Complementary Materials Building design should consider the scale, texture and patterns
of the building materials by utilizing them in common recognizable applications.
Building Materials The following guidelines should be followed with regards to building
materials:
• Use high-quality, durable materials that reflect the local character such as local stone
and brick.
• Natural stucco, wood, and low reflectivity metal are all acceptable materials.
• Preference is given to natural stone over manufactured stone. However, manufactured
stone may be accepted subject to special review of product.
• Use low-reflective glazing in windows. Metal frames shall consist of a matte finish.
• The use of EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish System), tilt-up walls, and plain, smooth face
concrete block are strongly discouraged.
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Fig Materials Palette
5. LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscaped Areas The required landscape area will vary by location and application
but include at a minimum:
Regional Design Landscape design must consider climate, urban and natural context, and
local character. The effects of solar access and shade on roads and sidewalks should
be considered when locating landscape materials.
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Visual Clearance Maintain required visual clearacnes for public safety by avoiding the
placement of tall plant material near the intersections of driveways, pedestrian
pathways and in public gathering spaces.
II.APARTMENT
Sizes of Apartments
Studio Apartment -A one-room apartment, combining living area, bedroom and kitchen into a
single space. The bathroom is a separate room, and though it often comes with a full bath, many
studio apartment layouts include only a shower.
Alcove Studio Apartment - This is a studio apartment that has an alcove off the main room. Often
referred to as an "L-shaped" studio. The alcove is usually utilized as a bedroom, allowing the
tenant to "hide" their bed from the main living area, often by utilizing a screen or curtains. Similar
to a Junior 1, except the alcove is not a separate room.
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Bachelor Apartment - In some parts of the country, a Studio Apartment is referred to as a
Bachelor Apartment. Some people consider a bachelor to be smaller than a standard studio,
while for others the terms are interchangeable
Junior 1 Apartment - Essentially a studio apartment that features an additional small room or
even a large a walk-in closet. This additional room can't legally be called a bedroom because it
doesn't have a window, and sometimes has no door that can be latched. - A one bedroom
apartment includes a bedroom with a closet and a door that closes, a separate living room
area, at least one separate bathroom (some luxury one-bedroom apartments include an
additional half-bath), and, often, a separate kitchen.
Two Bedroom Apartment - A true two-bedroom apartment must have a two separate bedrooms,
each with at least one window and a door that closes.
Three Bedroom Apartment - Three, four and five bedroom apartments are similar to a two
bedroom apartment, with the difference being additional bedrooms. Apartments of this size are
fairly uncommon, but can be found in a variety of types of buildings.
It is essential because its proper implementation provides natural air, sun light and space for
movements to the residents.
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1. Size of Drawing or Living Room:
Drawing room or living room is a common, comfortable and attractive place for sitting of family
members and to receive friends and guests.
• Drawing room should be located in the middle of the building and should be connected to
the front verandah and dining place. It should be well-lighted and ventilated.
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• is the biggest room of the building
2. Size of Bedrooms:
o Bedrooms should be so located that they are well ventilated, good lighting and at the same
time provide privacy.
o The bedroom should be located on the side of the direction of prevailing wind. The location
should be such that the bedroom receives sunlight during morning hours.
o The minimum window area should be 1:10th of the floor area. In bedrooms 9.5 cubic meter per
adult and 5.5cubic meter per child space should be available and suitable allowance should
be made for furniture
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o If good water supply and drainage system is available, a bedroom should have an attached
bathroom and water closet.
3. Dressing room
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4. Size of Verandah:
o The best location for verandah is south and west. If the frontage of the building is
east then they are located in east also.
o The verandah also serves the purpose of a waiting room. It segregates the private
apartment from the entrance area.
o The veranda should shade the walls of the building during greater part of the day.
o For this it is necessary that it must not have openings of a height greater than 2:3rd
of the floor width.
o Verandah opening should always have a chajja projection for protection from
sunlight and rain water.
o Office rooms should be on one side of front verandah, disconnected from other
rooms. Sometimes an office room serves the purpose of guest room and vice versa.
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6. Size of Dining Room:
o Provided in rear of the drawing or living room and near the kitchen.
o In modern houses drawing room and dining room are combined to have a big room for
special occasions.
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7. Size of Kitchen:
o The kitchen should be provided in rear corner of the building but NE corner is the
best, the morning hours
o It should be connected with dining room and should have one approach from outside
also.
o It should have windows for good ventilation and chimney for smoke escape.
o Sink should be provided for washing and sufficient number of shelves should also be
provided.
o Sometimes storeroom and kitchen are combined together, if less space is available.
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8. Store Room:
o Store rooms should be located near the kitchen and should have sufficient number
of racks.
9. Pantry:
Pantry is a small room adjacent to dining room for keeping cooked food. It should have
sufficient numbers of cup-boards and shelves. For ordinary building, kitchen serves the purpose
of pantry.
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10. Size of Bathroom and WC:
Provide attached bathroom and water closets with each bedroom.. This is preferable only when
good drainage and water supply is available.
It is not attached to the bedrooms; bath and WC should be provided in rear of the building
separately so that the two can be used at a time. Good ventilation should be provided for bath
and WC.
There should be two windows in a bathroom. One for ventilation at a height of 2000mm above
outside ground level and another at usual low level with frosted glass shutters for admitting
light and maintaining privacy.
=3.24-4.5square meters
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11. Foyer
o Guest room should be well lighted and ventilated. It should be located on one side
of the building, generally by the side of the drawing room.
o Guest should be disconnected from inside of the house and should have separated
bathroom and water closet.
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13. Servant room
14. Garage
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Standard of boundary wall
An example of the above minimum requirement is shown for an illustrative 100 unit mixed apartment
scheme below
6. Apartment Amenities
Some amenities, such as a pool, require not only an initial allocation of space and expense to build
but significant ongoing maintenance.
Which amenities are valued most by renters also depends on their age group and lifestyle. Is it a
family-friendly building? Is it in a college market? Is it best for retired, empty-nest renters?
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Covered parking Fireplace
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Pool Miscellaneous Amenities
Playground Storage
Close to schools
Health center
Babysitting/Afterschool services
Pharmacy and clinic
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LOCAL CASE STUDY:-
SACUUR APARTMENT
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Location
The apartment we choose is found around kazanchis behind Radisson blu hotel. It is
about 150 meters inland from the main road.
Orientation
The apartment was done by Alsam PLC. It is G+9 mixed use apartment.
There is no that much tree plantation in the area but the rare trees have great role on
cooling the site.
Because the site is found in a city center place there is sound disturbance existing
on day and night time.
The entrance is not that much noticeable. But there is a 2m walking space inside the
entrance after that there are stairs.
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There is medium scaled foyer present through the front door of each house in the building.
According to our data the foyer is about 3 to 5 meters wide.
There is sufficient circulation system inside the house. Because of the good zoning in the house
the circulation way is so simple.
The bed rooms and the living room is located in east, this
gives the house natural light and modest natural heat which
is good for health.
As we witnessed there is no problem caused by wind. Modest wind mostly comes from the east
direction. So in order to get good ventilation windows are located in the east and south east
direction.
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Class names in the quantity floor occupants area
apartment
2
Commercial areas 4 ground visitors 1576m
2
Reception 1 ground visitors 60m
2
Rooms in each 7 1-14 198m
houses
2
Living room 1 1-14 40m
2
Dining room 1 1-14 10m
2
Bedroom 2 1-14 35m
2
Bathroom 3 1-14 11m
2
veranda 2 1-14 4m
As we tried to show on the floor plan, there are lots of rooms that we cannot find their
2
actual size. By considering this the built up area of one house on the apartment is 198m .
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Case study of an apartment
Orientation
The apartment was done by Alsam PLC. is G+9 mixed use apartment.
The apartment we choose is found around kazanchis behind Radisson blu hotel.
It is about 150 meters inland from the main road.
There is no that much tree plantation in the area but the rare trees have
great role on cooling the site.
Because the site is found in a city center place there is sound disturbance
existing on day and night time.
The entrance is not that much noticeable. But there is a 2m walking space inside the entrance
after that there are stairs.
There is medium scaled foyer present through the front door of each house in the building.
According to our data the foyer is about 3 to 5 meters wide.
There is sufficient circulation system inside the house. Because of the good zoning in the house
the circulation way is so simple.
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View, light, ventilation
Because the area we chose is urban, the view from the apartment gives an artificial pleasure.
The bed rooms and the living room is located in east, this gives the house natural light and
modest natural heat which is good for health.
As we witnessed there is no problem caused by wind. Modest wind mostly comes from the east
direction. So in order to get good ventilation windows are located in the east and south east
direction.
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Class names in the quantity floor occupants Area
apartment
2
Commercial areas 1 ground visitors 36m
2
Bar and restaurant 1 ground visitors 49m
2
boutique 1 ground visitors 24.5m
2
reception 1 1 visitors 65m
2
Rooms in each houses 5 2-9 personal 130m
2
living room 1 2-9 personal 36m
2
dining room 1 2-9 personal 12m
2
bedroom 2 2-9 personal 35m
2
bathroom 1 2-9 personal 18m
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FLOOR PLANS
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UNIT B UNIT C
UNIT F UNIT G
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UNIT H UNIT E
UNIT A
UNIT D
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INTERIOR SPACES
2-BED ROOMS
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3-BED ROOMS
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INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
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Cost: $5.5 billion
ARCHITECT: Torti Gallas and Partners
COMPLETION: December 2022
Port Covington E1 is a 162-unit,
Developer: Weller Development
Weller Development’s request for proposals for an architect for the residential piece and
general contractor for the remainder of the project were due earlier this year. Development of
the 260-acre site is still in the permit phase and developers must complete water, sewer and road
infrastructure before construction can begin.
Bonds, supported by future incremental tax revenues the development will generate, will help pay
for the estimated $1.4 billion worth of infrastructure upgrades. When construction begins, likely in
2020, it could generate up to $9.4 billion in construction-related economic activity and create
54,000 related jobs throughout its estimated 25-year time table
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Mixed-use apartment community comprised of commercial, residential, and retail space and
including a 979-space precast parking structure with podium-style wood framing on two sides.
The project is part of the first phase of Baltimore's Port Covington master development, one of
the largest urban revitalization projects in the nation. Located on the Patapsco River opposite
Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Port Covington requires heavy coordination among CBG and several
other general contractors working simultaneously on adjacent parcels.
Port Covington is packed with unique amenities across three levels, including
a steam room,
meditation lounge,
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sauna,
treatment room,
Urban development has the potential to change the landscape of cities; when done with
forethought, it can stimulate economic and cultural growth for surrounding communities as well.
Along a 235-acre swath of land in South Baltimore,
As one of the largest urban revitalization projects underway in the U.S., Port Covington is
approved, by right, to include up to 18 million square feet of new, mixed-use development.
Its scope, which also includes 40 acres of parks and green space, will create economic
opportunity for residents throughout the region.
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BENEFIT OF THE DESIGN
Real estate development projects — especially of the scale and scope of Port Covington —
present an opportunity to elevate the surrounding neighborhoods and, in this case, improve the
lives of Baltimore City residents in general. By design, in the case of Port Covington, when the
project does well, so does the community — directly and proportionally. To accomplish this, the
developers of Port Covington entered into a citywide Community Benefits Agreement and
Memorandum of Understanding, including more than $100 million in commitments, making it the
largest city-wide benefits package negotiated in Baltimore’s history.
The Sagamore Spirit Distillery will face the courtyard of the planned Rye Street Market at
Baltimore’s Port Covington development.
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PROGRAM INCLUDED
In May 2019, the team broke ground on approximately 3 million square feet of waterfront
development, including apartments, offices, hospitality, retail, restaurants, and public parks and
piers.
Multimodal Connections
Port Covington’s waterfront location is one of its greatest assets. Situated on the Middle Branch
of the Patapsco River less than two miles south of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, the 235-acre site
provides opportunity for more than 2.5 miles of restored waterfront.
The neighborhood is highly accessible, with public transit onsite and light rail and regional MARC
train access within a mile.
With direct ramps on and off Interstate 95, the planned enhancements under the I-95 Access
Improvement Project, and several street connections to the neighborhoods to the north and
south, it is one of the few sites in the mid-Atlantic region with this level of vehicular access. The
development plan includes additions to make the site even more connected through multimodal
improvements including bike, water taxi, extension of the free Charm City Circulator bus route, and
a contemplated light rail WAY.
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-MASTER PLAN
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International case study on apartment
Location
Facilities /amenities
Project highlights
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Premium location with widest road accessibility
Grand entrance
Community hall
Facilities
24 hr generator backup
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Firefighting system
Security-community hall
Swimming pool
TV/telephone points
Merits
Demerits
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There is no proper maintenance around the building. There was no proper space around the
building.
Facility for elder people, children and playing area is not allocated.
Conclusion
In this growing age the demand of people for apartment is growing and in the eastern part of
Nepal eastern city is its part. The developer had tried their best to highlight the facilities for the
owners of the people. Eight story apartments have lots of facilities for the owners.
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References
Apartment guide
Mixed_ Use-Design-Guidelines.pdf
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