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    12 Nitrogen and Sulphur

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    safiya_91
    This document discusses nitrogen, sulfur, and their industrial uses and reactions. It covers: 1) Nitrogen exists as unreactive N2 and is converted to ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia and its derivatives like urea are important fertilizers. 2) Sulfur forms SO2 when burned, which acidifies rain. The contact process produces sulfuric acid from S and SO2. 3) Nitrogen oxides from engines contribute to acid rain and smog formation. Reducing SO2 emissions controls acid rain.

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    12 Nitrogen and Sulphur

    Uploaded by

    safiya_91
    29 views17 pages
    This document discusses nitrogen, sulfur, and their industrial uses and reactions. It covers: 1) Nitrogen exists as unreactive N2 and is converted to ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia and its derivatives like urea are important fertilizers. 2) Sulfur forms SO2 when burned, which acidifies rain. The contact process produces sulfuric acid from S and SO2. 3) Nitrogen oxides from engines contribute to acid rain and smog formation. Reducing SO2 emissions controls acid rain.

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    This document discusses nitrogen, sulfur, and their industrial uses and reactions. It covers: 1) Nitrogen exists as unreactive N2 and is converted to ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia and its derivatives like urea are important fertilizers. 2) Sulfur forms SO2 when burned, which acidifies rain. The contact process produces sulfuric acid from S and SO2. 3) Nitrogen oxides from engines contribute to acid rain and smog formation. Reducing SO2 emissions controls acid rain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views17 pages

    12 Nitrogen and Sulphur

    Uploaded by

    safiya_91
    This document discusses nitrogen, sulfur, and their industrial uses and reactions. It covers: 1) Nitrogen exists as unreactive N2 and is converted to ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia and its derivatives like urea are important fertilizers. 2) Sulfur forms SO2 when burned, which acidifies rain. The contact process produces sulfuric acid from S and SO2. 3) Nitrogen oxides from engines contribute to acid rain and smog formation. Reducing SO2 emissions controls acid rain.

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    12.

    1 Nitrogen and Sulphur

    Nitrogen and Sulphur


    CONTENTS
    • Nitrogen

    • Reactions of nitrogen

    • Ammonia and ammonium compounds

    • Industrial importance of ammonia and other compounds of nitrogen

    • Sulphur: formation of atmospheric Sulphur

    • The contact process

    • Sulphur dioxide

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Nitrogen
    • In its gaseous form is present in the atmosphere at a concentration of 77% and is relatively
    unreactive
    • Exists as a diatomic molecule N2, two nitrogen atoms bonded by triple bond (very strong)
    • It has a bond energy of +944 kJmol-1
    • Takes a lot of energy to break its bond (hence why it is unreactive)

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Reactions of nitrogen
    • When nitrogen and oxygen are struck by lightening in the atmosphere, nitrogen monoxide,
    (NO) is produced.
    • Also in an internal combustion engine
    N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ΔH = +181 kJmol-1

    Followed by:
    2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2
    • Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2 is formed when magnesium is heated with nitrogen
    Exothermic reaction because the ionic bond formed is much stronger than the original
    bonds and the net energy released
    3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s) ΔH = -461 kJmol-1

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Reactions of nitrogen
    • Converted to ammonia in the Haber process

    2(g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g)


    N

    Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by bacteria in the soil and root nodules of plants as nitrates
    ions

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Ammonia and ammonium compounds
    • Ammonia is a weak base
    • The lone pair of electrons in the nitrogen is able to accept a proton relatively easily to form
    ammonium ions
    NH3(aq) + H2O(i) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Ammonia and ammonium compounds
    • Displacement of ammonia from its salts: If NaOH is added to an ammonium salt and it is
    warmed, then ammonia gas will be evolved
    • Ammonium compounds such as ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 are ionic salts and when
    heated with a base gives off ammonia

    (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3


    2NH4Cl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O + 2NH3

    • This reaction can be used as an analytical test for the presence of an ammonium ion
    • The ammonia will turn red litmus paper blue

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Industrial importance of ammonia and other compounds of nitrogen

    • Nitrogen extracted from liquefied air is used to make ammonia in Haber process
    • Nitrogen is used as an inert substance in food storage and some wielding applications
    • Ammonia is used by itself as a fertilizer by pumping it directly into the soil
    • Ammonia can also be converted to ammonium salts such as: ammonium sulphate
    (NH4)2SO4, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 or urea CO(NH2)2 which each is used as a fertilizer

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Industrial importance of ammonia and other compounds of nitrogen

    Nitric acid manufacture


    • Ammonia is oxidized by air using a platinum catalyst at 900° C
    • A series of reaction involving NO and NO2 and dissolving the product in water
    • Overall reaction : NH3 + 2O2 → HNO3 + H2O
    Uses of nitric acid
    • Used to make fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate
    • Make explosive such as TNT
    • Making various dyes, drugs and polymers
    The use of nitrate fertilizers
    • Nitrate fertilizers contain nutrients required by plants to grow well and produced good
    yield

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Industrial importance of ammonia and other compounds of nitrogen

    • The fertilizers replace lost ions


    • Synthetic fertilizers contain ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and potassium
    chloride
    Environmental consequence of the use of fertilizers

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Industrial importance of ammonia and other compounds of nitrogen

    Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere


    • High temperatures in internal combustion engines make nitrogen and oxygen react
    together producing NO and NO2
    • Other compounds like CO, CO2, SO2 and unburned hydrocarbons are also produced from
    exhaust
    • Catalytic converters are used to remove these compounds
    • NOx gases react to form smog and acid rain in the atmosphere
    2NO + O2 → 2NO2
    • NO2 catalyzes the conversion of SO2 to SO3
    NO2(g) + SO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g)
    NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) → NO2(g)

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Sulphur: formation of atmospheric sulphur
    • Sulphur containing impurities are found in petroleum fractions which produce SO2 when
    they are burned
    S + O2 → SO2
    CCH3SH + 3O2 → SO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

    • The SO2 goes on to form acid rain


    In the first step reactions in the atmosphere form SO3
    2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
    The SO3 dissolves in atmospheric water to form acid
    SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 (sulphuric acid)

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Sulphur: formation of atmospheric sulphur
    • Sulphur dioxides and oxide of nitrogen contribute to acid rain together
    SO2 + NO2 → 2SO3+ NO
    2NO +O2 → 2NO2
    • NO2 dissolves in O2 in rain to make HNO3
    2NO2 + 1/2O2 + H2O → 2HNO3
    • These acids fall with the rain forming acid rain, which damages:
    1. Decline in fish population in rivers
    2. Dissolves minerals such as Mg, Ca and K from the soil
    3. Dissolve waxy coating that protects leaves from bacteria
    4. Corrodes metals and limestone buildings

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Sulphur: formation of atmospheric sulphur
    • Reducing SO2 emissions are done by treating natural gas and crude oil to remove
    Sulphur, which is used to make sulphuric acid
    • The exhaust gases from power stations are passed in CaO or CaCO3 to remove SO2 to
    form CaCO4

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    The Contact Process
    Sulphuric acid is manufactured in the contact process. It includes equilibrium
    1. Sulphur is burnt in air to make SO2
    S + O2 → SO2
    The Sulphur comes from natural deposits or is recovered from natural gas or crude oil
    SO2 can also be extracted from the roasting of sulphide ores during the extraction of
    some metals like zinc:
    2ZnS + 3O2 ⇌ 2ZNO + 2SO2

    2. SO2 and O2 are passed over a heated V2O5 catalyst to make SO3
    2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3 ΔH = -96 kJmol-1
    Conditions
    a. 400 -600°C because the catalyst is ineffective below 400°C

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    The Contact Process
    b. Pressure just above atmospheric pressure
    c. In order to increase the yield of the SO3, excess air is used to drive the equilibrium to the
    right.
    d. 4beds of V2O5 are used
    e. The catalyst raises the temperature of the gases so the mix is cooled before being
    passed into the next bed which drives the equilibrium to the right

    3. SO3 is passed into 98% H2SO4 where it dissolves


    Water is added to the solution to keep the concentration at 98%
    The H2SO4 is removed regularly

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd


    Sulphur dioxide
    • Is used by itself or as a sulphite to preserve food
    SO2 + H2O → H2SO3
    • SO2 and sulphites inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast, etc and area reducing agents so
    reduce the rate of oxidation of food
    • They are used to prevent spoilage of dried fruit, dehydrated vegetables, fruit juices and
    sausages

    2018 - 2022 © Tutopiya Pte Ltd

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