SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
 0  tan/2
If A =  and I is a 2 × 2 unit matrix, t hen prove that
 tan/2 0 

 cos   sin  
I  A  (I  A)  
 sin  sin  
Solution :
1 0  0  tan  / 2 
I  and given A  
 0 1  
 tan  / 2 0 
 1  tan  / 2 
 IA  ... (1)
 tan  / 2 1 

 cos   sin  
R.H.S. = (I – A)  
 sin  cos  
 1 tan  / 2   cos   sin  

  tan  / 2 1   sin  cos  

1  tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 

 1 tan  / 2  1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 
 
  tan  / 2 1   2 tan  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 
1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 

 1  tan 2  / 2 2 tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 tan  / 2(1  tan 2  / 2) 

 2
   
1  tan  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2
 
  tan  / 2(1  tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 2 tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 
   
1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2

 (1  tan 2  / 2)  tan  / 2(1  tan 2  / 2) 

 (1  tan 2  / 2 (1  tan 2  / 2 
 
 tan  / 2(1  tan 2  / 2) 2
(1  tan  / 2) 
 
 (1  tan 2  / 2) 2
(1  tan  / 2) 

 1  tan  / 2 
  = I + A = L.H.S. {from (1)}
 tan  / 2 1 
Example 2 :

0 1 0
If A   0 0 1  , show that A3 = pI + qA + rA2
 p q r 

Solution :
We have A2 = AA

 0 1 0  0 1 0 0 0 1 
  0 0 1    0 0 1  
p q r 
 p q r   p q r   pr p  qr q  r 2 

0 0 1  0 1 0
3 2
A  A .A   p q r    0 0 1 

 pr p  qr q  r 2   p q r 

 p q r 

  pr p  qr qr 2 

 pq  r 2 p pr  q 2  qr 2 p  2qr  r 3 

1 0 0 0 1 0  0 0 1 
     r 
and pI + qA + rA2 = p  0 1 0   q  0 0 1   r  p q
 0 0 1   p q r   pr p  qr q  r 2 

p 0 0   0 q 0  0 0 r 
  0 p 0    0 0 q    pr qr r 
2

 0 0 p   pq q 2 qr   pr 2 pr  qr 2 qr  r 3 

 p00 0q 0 00r 

  0  0  pr p  0  qr 0q r 2 

0  pq  pr 2 0  q 2  pr  qr 2 p  qr  qr  r3 

 p q r 
  pr p  qr qr 2 

 pq  pr 2 q  pr  qr 2
2
p  2qr  r 3 
Example 3 :
 1 2 2 
1 
2 1 2 
Verify that A = 3  is an orthogonal matrix.
 2 2 1
 
Solution :

 1 2 2 
1 
A   2 1 2 
3 
 2 2 1

 1 2 2 
1 
A   2 1 2 
 3 
 2 2 1 
 1 2 2   1 2 2 
1  1 
AA   2 1 2    2 1 2 
 3  3 
 2 2 1  2 2 1 
 1  4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2  9 0 0 1 0 0
1  1   
  2  2  4 4  1  4 4  2  2   0 9 0  0 1 0
9 =I
 2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1  9 0 0 9 0 0 1
     
Hence A is an orthogonal matrix.

Example 4 :
If A and B are two non-zero square matrices of the same order n such that AB = O, then
| A | = | B | = 0. Further show that | C | = 0  | adj C| = 0, for any square matrix C.
Solution :
If | A |  0, then A–1 exists. Hence AB = 0  A–1 (AB) = A–1O  B = O, which is not the case.
Hence | A | = 0. Similarly | B | = 0.
If |C| = O, then C (adj C) = |C| I = 0  |adj C| = 0, as shown earlier conversely if |adj C| = 0 then
C(adj C) = |C| I  |C|. |adj C| = |C|n  |C| = 0 .

Example 5 :
In the equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1

x2 y2 z2
(ii)   .
1  a 2 1  b2 1  c 2
Solution :
(i) Since x, y and z are not all zero,
 the given equations
x – cy – bz = 0 . . . (1)
 cx – y + az = 0 . . . (2)
and bx + ay – z = 0 . . . (3)
have a nontrivial solution.
1 c b
 0 i.e. c 1 a = 0

b a 1
or 1[1 – a2] + c[– c – ab] – b[ca + b] = 0 [expressing by R1]
or 1 – a2 – c2 – abc – abc – b2 = 0 . . . (4)
or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
(ii) By cross-multiplication (1) and (2), we have
x y z
 
ca  b bc  a 1 c2

x2 y2 z2
squaring   [Using (4)]
c2 a 2  1  a 2  c2 b 2c 2  1  b 2  c2 2

1  c2 
x2 y2 z2
or  
1  a 2 1  c2  1  b2 1  c2  1  c2 2
x2 y2 z2
Hence   .
1 a2 1  b2 1  c2

Example 6 :

 n b(a n  1) 
a b 
Let A   , where a  0. Show that for n  N, A n
 a 
  (a 1) 
0 1   0 1 
Solution :
We have to show by mathematical induction

Step I : For n = 1,

 (a  1) 
a b
A 1 (a  1)   a b 
  0 1 
0 1   

Hence the result is true for n = 1

Step II: Assume the result to be true for some k  0.

  k (a k  1) 
a b
 A  
k
(a  1) 
 0 1 

Step III: For n = k + 1

 k b(a k  1) 
a  a b 
A = A . A 
k+1 k
(a  1)   
0 1 
 0 1  

 k k b(a k  1)   k 1  a k 1  1  
a .a  0 a .b  .1 a b 
  (a  1)     (a  1)  
 0  0 0  1.1   0 1 

Hence the result is true for k + 1. Therefore by the principle of induction, the result is true for all
nN.

Example 7 :
By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
1 1 1  x u   9 12 
2 5 7  y v   52 15 
     
 2 1 1  z w   0 1
Solution :
1 1 1   x y   9 2 
 2 5 7   y v   52 15 
We have     
 2 1 1  z w   0 1
or AX = B or X = A–1 B . . . (i)

1 1 1  x u  9 2
A   2 5 7  , X   y v  and B  52 15
   
Where
 2 1 1  z w   0 9 

|A| = 1 (–5 – 7) –1 (–2 – 14) + 1 (2 – 10) = –12 + 16 – 8 = 4  0

Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements of |A|.
  5 7 2 7 2 5 
  
1 1 2 1 2 1 
 C11 C12 C13    12 16 8
1 1 1 1 1 1    2 3 1 
 C  C21 C22 C23        
 1 1 2 1 2 1   2 5 3 
C31 C32 C33     
 1 1

1 1 1 1 
 5 7 2 7 2 5 

 12 2 2    12 2 2
  Adj.A 1
 Adj A  C   16 3 5   A  1
   16 3  5 
|A| 4
 8 1 3    8 1 3 

 12 2 2   9 2   4 4  1 1
1 1   3 2 
Now, A 1B    16 3 5   52 15    4  12 8   
4  20 4  5 1 
 8 1 3   0 1

 x u  1 1
 y v   3 2 
from (1) X = A–1B     
 z w  5 1 
On equating the corresponding elements, we have
x = 1, u = –1
y = 3, v = 2
z = 5, w = 1

Example 8 :
a a 2 1  a3
If a, b and c are all different and if b b 2 1  b3  0, prove that abc = –1.
Solution : c c 2 1  c3
a a 2 1  a3 a a 2 1 a a 2 a3
D  b b2 1  b3  b b 2 1  b b 2 b3
c c2 1  c3 c c2 1 c c2 c3

a a2 1 1 a a2
 b b 2 1  abc 1 b b 2
c c2 1 1 c c2
 1 a2 a 1 a a2
 ( 1)1 1 b 2 b  abc 1 b b 2 [C1  C3 in 1st det .]
1 c2 c 1 c c2

1 a a2 1 a a2
 (1) 2 1 b b 2  abc 1 b b 2 [C 2  C3 in 1st det .]
1 c c2 1 c c2

1 a a2
Thus (abc + 1).  = 0  abc = – 1, as   1 b b 2  0 (a, b and c are all different).
1 c c2

Example 9 :
For what value of k the following system of equations :
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky - 2z = 0
2x + 3y – 4z = 0 possess a non-trivial solution. For that value of k, find all the solutions of the
system.
Solution :
For the nontrivial solution

1 k 3
 3 k 2  0  k = 33/2
2 3 4
Putting the value of k in the given equations, the equations become
33
x y  3z  0 ... (i)
2
33
3x  y  2z  0 ... (ii)
2
2x + 3y - 4z = 0 ... (iii)
Multiply (i) by 3 and subtract from (ii) to get
–33y – 11z = 0
or z = –3y ... (iv)
Now let y =  ,  z = – 3
from (iii), 2x + 3 + 12  = 0
15
 x  , R
2
Example 10 :
Let x1 = 3y1 + 2y2– y3 , y1 = z1 – z2 + z3
x2 = –y1 + 4y2 + 5y3, y2 = z2 + 3z3
x3 = y1 – y2 + 3y3, y3 = 2z1 + z2.
Express x1, x2, x3 in terms of z1, z2 , z3.
Solution :
 x1   3 2 1  y1   3 2 1 1 1 1   z1 
We have  x 2    1 4 5   y 2    1 4 5   0 1 3  z 2 
 x   1 1 3   y   1 1 3   2 1 0   z 
 3   3    3

 x1  1 2 9   z1 
 x 2   9 10 11   z 2 
  x   7 1 2   z 
 3   3
 x1 = z1 – 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9z1 + 10z2 + 11z3, x3 = 7z1 + z2 – 2z3

Example 11 :

x x x

If  (x)    x   x   x , show that  (x)  0 and  (x)   (0)  Sx, where S denote
x x vx

the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in  (0) and dash denotes the derivative with respect to
x.
Solution :
1 x x x 1 x x  x 1
(x)  1   x   x    x 1   x    x  x 1
1 x vx x 1 vx vx x 1

Applying C 2  C 2  xC1 and C3  C3  xC1 in first and C1  C1  xC 2 , C3  C3  xC 2 in

second and C1  C1  xC3 and C 2  C2  xC3 in third to get

1    1    1
(x)  1     1     1
 (x)  0 .
1  v  1 v   1

If S is the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in  (0) , then it can be seen that (x) = S.
on integrating  (x)  Sx  c
  (0)  0  c
Hence  (x)  Sx   (0).
Example 12 :
If ,  are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and s n = n  n , evaluate

3 1  s1 1  s 2
1  s1 1  s 2 1  s3 in terms of a, b, and c only..
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4
Solution :

111 1     1   2  2
1     1   2  2 1   3  3
1   2   2 1   3  3 1   4  4

1 1 1 1 1 1
1    1  2
1 2 2 1   2
2
=  1        1 
2
= 1             2
2 2
 b c  b 4c 
= 1 
 a a   
   a 2 a 

 a  b  c 2  b2  4ac 
= .
a4

Example 13 :
Prove that
2a a  b a  c
b  a 2b b  c = 4(b + c)(c + a) (a + b)
c  a c  b 2c

Solution :

2a a  b a  c
Let   b  a 2b b  c
c  a c  b 2c

Putting a + b = 0
 b=–a
 2a 0 ac
then   0 2a c  a
c  a c  a 2c

Expanding along R1
= – 2a{– 4ac – (c – a)2} – 0 + (a + c){0 – 2a (c + a)}
= 2a (c + a)2 – 2a (c + a)2
=0
Hence a + b is a factor of  Similarly b + c and c + a are the factors of  .
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of the determinant is a homogeneous
expression in a, b, c of degree 3 and also R.H.S is a homogeneous expression of degree 3.
Let  = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

2a a  b a  c
or b  a 2b b  c = k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c  a c  b 2c

If we choose a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, we get
 0 – 1 (– 4 – 6) + 2( 3 + 4) = 6k
 k=4

2a a  b a  c
Hence b  a 2b b  c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c  a c  b 2c

Example 14 :
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that

1 a f (a) /(x  a) 1 a a2
f (x)
1 b f (b) /(x  b)  1 b b 2 
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c)
1 c f (c) /(x  c) 1 c c2

Solution :
f (x) A B C
   ... (1) (say)
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c) (x  a) (x  b) (x  c)
On comparing the various powers of x, we get
  f (a)
A   (a  b) (c  a)

 f (b)
 B
 (a  b) (b  c)
 f (c)
C 
 (b  c) (c  a)

Now from (1) we have

1 a f (a) /(x  a)
f (a) f (b) f (c) 1 b f (b) /(x  b)
(c  b)  (a  c)  (b  a)
f (x) (x  a) xb (x  c) 1 c f (c) /(x  c)
 
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c) (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) 1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2

Example 15 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that
sin 2A sin C sin B
(i) sin C sin 2B sin A  0
sin B sin A sin 2C

1  cos B cos C  cos B cos B

(ii) cos C  cos A 1  cos A cos A  0
1  cos B 1  cos A 1
Solution :

sin 2A sin C sin B 2ka cos A kc kb

 kb 2kb cos B ka
(i) L.H.S  sin C sin 2B sin A (from sine rule)
sin B sin A sin 2C kb ka 2kc cos C

2a cos A c b
3
k c 2b cos B a
b a 2c cos c
 a cos A  a cos A a cos B  b cos A a cos C  c cos A
3
 k a cos B  b cos A b cos B  b cos B b cos C  c cos B
a cos C  c cos A b cos C  c cos B c cos C  c cos C

cos A a 0 a cos A 0
3
 k cos B b 0  b cos B 0
= 0 × 0 = 0 = R.H.S.
cos C c 0 c cos C 0

1  cos B cos C  cos B cos B

cos C  cos A 1  cos A cos A
(ii) L.H.S. =
1  cos B 1  cos A 1

Applying C1  C1  C3 :C2  C2  C3

1 cos C a
cos B cos C cos B
1
 cos C 1 cos A  a cos C 1 cos A
a
cos B cos A 1 a cos B cos A 1

Applying C1  C1  bC2  cC3

0 cos C cos B
1
 0 1 cos A  0 R.H.S.
a
0 cos A 1
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 :
 x 2  4x x 2   3 1
If  2

3   , then x =
 x x    x  2 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1
(C) – 2 (d) 3
Solution :
x2 – 4x = –3  x2 – 4x + 3 = 0  x = 1, 3
x2 = 1  x =  1
x2 = –x + 2  x2 + x – 2 = 0  x = –2, 1
x3 = 1  x = 1,  ,  2
 Common value of x is 1.
Hence (A) is correct.

Example 2 :

x 1 0 2 5 
 3 2
x 2 4 1 
If the trace of the matrix A =  is 0, then x is equal to
 1 2 x 3 1 
 
 2 0 4 x 2  6
(A) –2, 3 (B) 2, –3
(C) –3, 2 (d) 3, –2
Solution :
n
Trace of matrix is defined as  a ii  2x 2  2x  12  0
i 1

 x = –3, 2
Hence (C) is correct

Example 3 :
If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
(A) adj (AB) = –adjA + adj B (B) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
(C) AB = 0  |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0  |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
Solution :
If AB = 0, then at least one of A and B is necessarily singular.
Hence (C) is correct.

Example 4 :
If A and B are any two square matrices of the same order, then
(A) (AB)  A B (B) adj(AB) = adj(A) adj(B)
(C) (AB)  BA (d) AB = 0  A = O or B = O
Solution :
It is a known fact that  AB   BA .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Example 5 :
Let A be a square matrix of order n & k be a scalar. Then |kA| equals
(A) k |A| (B) |k| |A|
n
(C) k |A| (D) none of these
Solution :
KA is the matrix, in which all the entries of A are multiplied by K.
Hence |KA| = Kn |A|, taking K common from all the columns.
Hence (C) is correct.

Example 6 :
 1 tan x 
If A =   , then the value of A A 1 is
  tan x 1 
(A) cos4x (B) sec2x
(C) –cos4x (D) 1
Solution :
 1  tan x 
A  
 tan x 1 

1  1  tan x   cos 2x  sin 2x 

A 1   tan x 
1
, A A  
1  tan 2 x  1   sin 2x cos 2x 
| A A–1| = 1
Hence (d) is correct.

Example 7 :
The digits A, B and C are such that the three digit numbers A88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72 then
A 6 8
the determinant 8 B 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
(A) 72 (B) 144
(C) 288 (d) 216
Solution :
A 6 8 A 6 8
R3  100R1  10R 2  R 3  8 B 6  8 B 6
8 8 C A88 6BC 86C
which is divisible by 72. Hence (A) is correct.
Example 8 :

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2x

2 2
Maximum value of sin x 1  cos x sin 2x is
2 2
sin x cos x 1  4 sin 2x
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 2 (d) none of these
Solution :
Applying C1  C1  C 2 we get

2 cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
  2 1  cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
1 cos 2 x 1  4 sin 2x

Applying R 2  R 2  R1 and R 3  R 3  R 1 we get ,

2 cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
 0 1 0  2  4 sin 2x  6
1 1 1
Hence maximum value is 6 and (B) is the correct answer.
Example 9 :
m
2r  1 Cr 1
2 m m
If  r  m  1 2 m 1 then   r is equal to
r 0
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m  1)
(A ) m2 – 1 (B) 2m
(C) zero (d) none of these
Solution :
m
2r  1 Cr 1
r  m2  1 2m m 1
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m  1)
m m m
 (2r  1)  m Cr 1 m2  1 2m m 1
r 0 r 0 r 0
m 2 m
 r  m2 1 2m m 1  m 1 2 m 1 0
 r 0
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m  1) sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m  1)

Hence (C) is correct.

Example 10 :
The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution
if
(A) k  0 (B) –1 < k < 1
(C) – 2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0
Solution :
The system of equations has a unique solution if
1 1 1
2 1 1  0  k  0
3 2 k
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 11 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a non-right angled triangle ABC, then the value of
tan A 1 1
1 tan B 1
is equal to
1 1 tan C
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) –1 (d) –2
Solution :
Given determinant is equal to; tanA (tanB. tanC – 1) – 1 (tanC – 1) + 1 (1 – tanB)
= tanA. tanB. tanC – tanA – tanB – tanC + 2 = 2(as  tanA =  tan A)
Hence (B) is correct.
Example 12 :

1
x2 yz
x
1
If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the values of y2 zx depends upon
y
1
z2 xy
z
(A) x only (B) y only
(C) z only (d) none of these
Solution :
Multiplication of R1 by x, R2 by y and R3 by z, reduces the given determinant to,

1 x3 xyz 1 x 3 1
1
1 y3 xyz  1 y3 1  0
xyz
1 z3 xyz 1 z3 1

Hence (d) is the correct answer.

Example 13 :

cos x x 1
f (x)
Let f(x) = 2sin x x 2
2x . The value of lim
x 0 x
is equal to
tan x x 1
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) 0 (d) none of these
Solution :
f (x) f (x)  f (0)
lim  lim  f (0)
x 0 x x 0 x 0

 sin x 1 0 cos x x 1 cos x x 1

2 2
f (x)  2sin x x 2x  2cos x 2x 2  2sin x x 2x
tan x x 1 tan x x 1 sin 2 x 1 0

0 1 0 cos x x 1 1 0 1
f (x) 2
Thus lim x = f (0)  0 0 0  2sin x x 2x  0 0 0 = 0
x 0
0 0 1 sin 2 x 1 0 1 1 0
Hence (C) is correct.

Example 14 :

p b c
p q r
If a  p, b  q, c  r and a q c  0 then the value of   is equal to
pa qb r c
a b r

(A) –1 (B) 1
(C) –2 (d) 2
Solution :
R1  R 1  R 2 , R 2   R 3 reduces the determinant to,

pa bq 0
0 q  b c  r 0
a b r

 (p – a) (q – b) r + (r – c)b) + (q – b) ((r – c)a) = 0

 (p – a)((q – b)(r - c) – (r–c)a) = 0
 (p – a)((q – b)(r–c + c) – – c)(q – b– q)) – (q – b) (r – c) (p – a – p) = 0
 ( p – a) (q – b) (r – c) + c(p – a) (q – b) – (p – a) q – b) (r – c) + q(p – a) (r – c)
–(p – a) (q – b) (r – c) + p(q – b) (r – c) = 0
 Dividing through out by (p – a) (q – b) (r – c) we get,
c q p
  1
rc qb pa

c q p r q p
 1   2    2
rc qb pa rc qb pa
Hence (d) is correct.

Example 15 :
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
   1,    1,    1 has
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(A) no solution (B) unique solution
(C) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions
Solution :

x2 y2 z2
Let  X, 2  Y and 2  Z , then the given system of equations is
a2 b c
X + Y – Z = 1, X – Y + Z = 1, – X + Y + Z = 1

 1 1 1
 
The coefficient of matrix A =  1 1 1   | A |  0
 1 1 1 
On solving, we get X = Y = Z = 1
Hence x =  a, y =  b, z =  c
Thus (d) is the correct answer.