Relatividade

Restrita
Postulados da Relatividade
Restrita

As leis da física tem as mesmas

formas em qualquer referencial
inercial.

A velocidade da luz no espaço

vazio tem o mesmo valor c para
qualquer referencial inercial.
Dilatação temporal

trem parado/em movimento

p
2L 2 (v t̃)2 + L2
2 t= 2 t̃ =
c c
L/c
( t̃)2 (c2 v 2 ) = L2 t̃ = p
1 v 2 /c2
t
t̃ = p
1 v 2 /c2
Contração de Lorentz

2L = c t

L̃ = c t̃1 v t̃1 L̃ = c t̃2 + v t̃2

t̃ = t̃1 + t̃2 2L̃ = c t̃
distâncias
✓ ◆
L̃ L̃ 1
t̃ = + t̃ = 2cL̃
c v c+v c2 v2
t
t̃ = p
1 v 2 /c2
✓ ◆ p
=) p
c t 2
= 2c L̃
1 L̃ = 1 v 2 /c2 L
1 v 2 /c2 c2 v2
Transformações de Lorentz
2
t̃ = (t + (v/c )x) t = (t̃ (v/c2 )x̃) 1
=p
1 (v/c)2
x̃ = (x + vt) x = (x̃ v t̃)

=) t̃ = t, x=0

t= (v/c2 ) x , t̃ = 0

⇥ ⇤
x̃ = x+v v/c2 x
p
=) x̃ = 1 v 2 /c2 x
Adição de velocidades
0 1 0 10 1 x̃ = Lx x
ct̃ 0 0 ct
B x̃ C B 0 0 C B x C
B C=B CB C = v/c
@ 0 A @ 0 0 1 0 A@ 0 A 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 =p
1 (v/c)2

0 10 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 2 (1 + 1 2) 1 2( 1 + 2) 0 0
B 0 0 C B 0 0 C B 2( 1 + 2) 2 (1 + 1 2 ) 0 0 C
B 1 1 1 CB 2 2 2 C=B 1 1 C
@ 0 0 1 0 A@ 0 0 1 0 A @ 0 0 1 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 1+ 1 2
=p = 1 2 (1 + 1 2) = p 2 2
2 (1
1 1 )(1 2)

1 2( 1 + 2) =
=)
0 1 + 1 2
0 0 =
B
B 0 0 C
C (1 + 1 2)
@ 0 0 1 0 A
0 0 0 1
Precessão de Thomas
0 10 10 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
B 0 cos ✓ sin ✓ 0 C B 0 0 C B 0 C
L✓ = B CB CB 0 cos ✓ sin ✓ C
@ 0 sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A@ 0 0 1 0 A@ 0 sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 cos ✓ sin ✓ 0 C B 0 0 C B cos ✓ cos ✓ sin ✓ 0 C
B CB C=B C
@ 0 sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A@ 0 0 1 0 A @ sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 10 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
B cos ✓ cos ✓ sin ✓ 0 C B 0 C
B CB 0 cos ✓ sin ✓ C=
@ sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A@ 0 sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1
cos ✓ sin ✓ 0
B cos ✓ (cos ✓)2 + (sin ✓)2 cos ✓ sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ 0 C
L✓ = B
@
C
sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ (sin ✓)2 + (cos ✓)2 0 A
0 0 0 1

x = cos ✓ y = sin ✓
 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
x y 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 ( 0 1) x 0 0 1 x y 0 0 0
B 0 0 ( 1)( x )
0 C
C B 0 C
y
B x 1 + 0 0
0
1 0 B 0 0 C
C'B C
( ) 2 ( ) 2
x
L✓ = B ( 0
1) x 0 0
( 0 1)( y0 )2 @ 0
0 1 0 A Lx = B
@ 0
C
@ 0 0
y ( 0 )2
y
1 + ( 0 )2 0 A y 0 1 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

0 0
1 multiplicamos pela direita por
y 0
B 0 1
0 0 C 0
0
0
L✓ Lx ' B
@
C x y 00
=
y
0 A
0 0 0
B 2 y
0 C
1 ( 1) ( 1) x y
y y B x 1+ 2
x
2 C
0 0 0 1 B ( 1) 0
( 1)( 0 2 C 00
@ y) =
0
0 A
x y
y 2 1+ 2 2 x x
0 0 0 1

2 2 0 0
= x +( y/ )2 ' 2
x ( y/ )2 ! 0

0 0
10 x
0
0
1
x y 0 y
0
B B ( 1)
0 C
0 C
x y
0 CB x C
'B x 2
@ B C
0 A@
0 0 0
1 ( 1)
0
0 A
x y
y y
y 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0
B 0 0 0
+
( 1) y
0 C B y
0 C
B y C B 0 0 (1 ) C
'B 0 C=B 0 C
@ 0 ( 1) y
0 0 A @ 0 ( 1) y
0 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
 x0 = x cos ↵ + y sin ↵
0
y = x sin ↵ + y cos ↵

~ = ( 1) 00 ( 1)
⌦ 2 y ẑ = ~v ⇥ ~v
v2

( 1)
!
~ = ~v ⇥ ~a
v2