poeeeemra webs: wvewsnimishebenselicom __ ‘71-Aaimitable, Inimical ‘gre word ‘inimitable’ means ‘unique’, ‘not capable of Jing imitated’. It has been so vastly overused in show business that it is now best avoided, The word ‘ipimical’ means ‘hostile’. The second should not be ‘sed when the frst is intended, 178. Intimate, Notify please intimate me the Court’s judgement in the matter, ‘phere are two problems here: {the grammar of the verb Sndimate’ () its meaning, ‘As for grammar ‘intimate’, like ‘explain’, ‘appeal? and ‘ister’, is followed by the preposition ‘to! before the Indirect object ke ‘me’, jou’, ‘him’, “Mohan’, Sita), “therefore, we bave to ay ‘intimate to me’. ‘Next its meaning. Broadly it means the same thing as ‘inform’ but with a difference. When we say intimate’, ve mean ‘inform in an indirect way, by hints, for example. Furthermore, the word is rather formal, so not appropriate in an informal situation Now, ‘notify’. This too means ‘inform’, but with 2 difference. If you notify me of something, you inform me about it officially. Further, notice that between JOIN TELEGRAM — Engish with NIMISHA BANSAL aS _wmatsapp 9953592800 —= = ‘notify and ‘me thete is no preposition. So it patterns like the verb ‘inform’. 179. Issue, Child ; How many issues do you have? The word “Sm, meaning child is nowadays used only in the language, especially in such sentences 2s: My uncle died without an issue.So 1 inherited bis property, Ta other than legal use, the word is $0 rare that some modem dictionaries do not list this meaning of the word at all. 180, Judici: ‘The word “judicial” means ‘pertining to judges oF 10 the cours’, as in a judicial review or a judicial separation. In contrast, judicious’ has nothing to do ‘with the law: it means ‘prudent, ‘carefully considered’, ‘showing good judgement’, as in a judicious choice and judicious advice. 181. Jurist, Juror ‘A uss is a person who is knowledgeable about the law, especially one who writes about legal matters. |, Judicious ‘The word is not a fancy equivalent for Judge’. A juror {note the spelling) is a member of a jury: “ ‘Youtube@rimishabansalE> —— as » Web: wmw nimishabaret con DOWNLOAD APP NIMISHA BANSAL 167, egal, Mick Fo enimat”somahing 0 sgt ne . rears of hines of inauendo (an indirect remark s Toe word ep mene ‘rie ye Tie worl | ackedyfometing smal mgr rs 2 alo ave sis main, but more seer ie) Only « oman being can ins ‘contary to prevailing social mores | ois wrong to wate the following (conventions), asin anit love affair . 168, Megible, Unreadoble ‘These results insinuate that our current ode An ‘legible’ which the Teters and the ste words cannot be made out, and hence one which ‘Use Simply’ instead of insinuate 173, Incident, Accident cannot be interpreted, An ‘unreadable’ text is one which is s0 ‘written that a reader cannot be hich is 30 poosty Incident’ refers to event, especially of less imporsn than others; happening that attracts general arten Capecte wo sul thought 169, Imbue, Incilcate Bor “acciden?, means ‘an unexpected, wopless You ‘mb’ a pewon with ies, "The meaning the | ocouttenee!. For example, Tell me about the ston sees imbue’ ‘to fll somebody or something with | Ieldent of yourlife, strong feelings, opinions or values’. But you “inculcate” Drive slowly lest you should meet with an accident, vdeas ina person. ‘Tnculcate? means ‘to cause somebody “ to learn and remember ideas, moral principles etc 174, Index, Indexes, Indices especially by repeating them often’. For example, ‘When an ‘index’ is an alphabetical listing at the back My teaches: imbued vs wih a cong mean of | book, len plul is eens’ In other uss, ebucodeat, fericulacly in mathematical senses, the plural i ae ‘My teachers inculcated a strong sense of ~ professionals in me. 175. Infamous, Notorious 170, Imminent, immanent ‘Infamous’ means ‘disgraceful, worthy of hatred Ic sky samt SR KS SHORE not directly related to famous’, and something whic happen, as in A storm is imminent. The rare word infamous is not necessarily well known. The Sera: Teeanea’ means ‘Toherenl, ‘permanently peesent atrocities in Kosovo were infamous even before anyone throughout the univers’ and is chiefly confined to outside had heard of them. The word does sot mean religion and metaphysics. ‘famous’ or ‘celebrated’, and it certainly does not m=in ‘quaine’ (attractive because of being unusual or ol 171. impractical, Impracticable fashioned). ‘Something which is ‘notorious’ is not only bad bur LIE something is impractical, it can be done, but doing ‘well-known, So, a notorious torturer is someone who is it would require more time, money ot effort than it’s ‘worth. If something is ‘impracticable’, it can’t be done gideiykorronins a corrsee, at all, sts tel ate 176. Ingenious, Ingenuous, Disingenuons 7 ‘The word ‘i ? means y clever’, anc “imply means 0 give or make a suggestion; oexprss, | ee Ne certo | aueees ei show, or mean indirectly’. But ‘infer’ means ‘conclude, ee ee mene opinion Bie fats of seatcaing” Wits & device constructed by such a person, But ‘ingens! apeakera imply something wheteas ea = ee means ‘naive’, ‘easily deceived’ when applied © person and ‘naive, foolish’ when applied to a plan or action, The opposite of the second, ‘disingenwons reader infers it. For example, ‘means ‘calculating’, ‘deceptive’, ‘slightly dishonest’ Rajesh’s letters imply that he is doing brisk business. ‘Am Io infer from your remarks that you think I am a line? Youlube@nimishabansal _ 708 JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSA.- tee he few ER ob :wlichabanea.com hanged. [tis not recommended to write They hung him cor He was hung, 157, Hangar, Hanger You put your coat on hanger, but you keep a plane in hangar. 158, Heat, Listen ‘Heat’ means ‘to perceive sound, ete, with the cats.” ‘Listen? means ‘ury 10 heat, pay attention to.’ For example, “The deaf can't hear, Pleas listen to what Lam saying, 159, Hide, Skin ‘The mw and undressed skin of large animals (Uke ores, elephants, ete) used for commercial purpose is called ‘hide’. The thin outer covering on the body of & swan ofan animal or a frit is ‘skin’, For example, "This leather factory gets five hundred tonnes of hide as its caw material, ‘You have specialized in alsin diseases, 160, Historic, Historical A historical” event is one wich really happesied, which Js not fictitious or mythical. In contrast, historic’ event {s one which is so memorable that it will ive in people's memories fora long time, For example, ‘Rakesh Shanna’s landing on the moon was a historic event. He described that event in historieal perspective. 161. Homogeneous, Homogenous “The adjective ‘homogeneous’ (five syllables) means “paving a uniform composition’ Stir the mixture undl it appears homogencons. But the adjective ‘homogenous? (four syllables) is only a technical team in comparative anatomy: homogenous structures are structures. in different creatures having a common evolutionary origin, like the forelegs of dogs and the wings of bats. ‘The second should not be used when the fist is intended, 162. Hope, Expect JE you ‘hope’ for something, you want something 10 happen and usually have some reason to expect that it JOIN TELEGRAM — English with NIMISHA BANSAL. 107 ‘vinatnapp 996592800 will happen, On the other hand, if you ‘expect’ something, you think of believe something will happen cor someone will arrive ‘The centeal point of difference berween the rw words, then, is the followings In hoping you ‘want’ something to happens in expecting, on the other hand, you “think’ or ‘believe! that it will happen. Obviously, the difference berween ‘want? and ‘think’ or ‘believe’ is large enough to perceive, 163. House, Home A ‘house’ is a building for people to live in, And the place where you live in is your ‘home’, whatever type of house itis. Your home is the place to which you belong and where you feel comfortable. It also means the place ‘where onc is born and habitually lives. For example, wwe have shifted to a newly built house. Silampat is my home but I'm living in Pune just now. 164, Hurt, Injured, Wounded “Injured! and ‘hurt’ both mean physical damage caused by an aceident. Bur ‘wounded! implies physical damage ‘caused in an attack. For example, In a train aceident swenty five passengers were injured. Hie was badly hurtin a bus and a truck collision, ‘The cnemy attacked our outpost and wounded two soldiers, 165. Hyperbola, Hyperbole A ‘Typerbola’ is a cemain mathematical curve. Bur ‘hyperbole’ is overstatement, exaggeration, as in She is infinitely more talented than her boss. 166, 1f .. was /were ‘When the subordinator ‘If introduces a counterfactual ‘lause—that i, a clause representing something which is not cue—then, in formal writing, the verb form ‘were! is required, not ‘was’. Examples, If 1 were dictator, I would ban men from weating shorts; If Susie were not so plain-spoken, she might be a cabinet sinister by now, Spoken English commonly uses was ‘here, but writers should learn this formal and possibly ‘unnatural use of were. Youtuibe@nimishabanealNIMISHA BANSAL _ @ pall somebody's leg {@ not have a leg to stand on = have nothing in support of one’s opinion “Foot'is used in idioms lke the following: @ pot one’s foot down = protest firmly Gi have one foot in the grave = be near death 150. Gambit, Gamut In chess, a ‘gambit is the deliberate sacrifice of material for the sake of gaining a superior position. The term may be extended to any kind of calculated manoewvre made by someone who hopes to gain an advantage, as in a conversational gambit, but it should not be used more broadly to label any kind of manoeuvre atall ‘And do not confuse this word with ‘gamut’ This word ‘means ‘he whole minge’ asin the example She san the gamut of emotions, meaning that she exhibited every possible emotion. 151, Gender, Sex Stictly speaking, ‘gender? is. a grammatical phenomenon found in certain languages in which nouns are classified into two or more classes requiting different agreement. In contrast, ‘sex’ is a matter of biology: you are born into one sex of the other. You should not use gender when you mean sex: write She was discriminated against because of her sei, 908 ‘because of her gender. Using gender for sex sounds Prissy: it suggests that you are t00 embarrassed to use ‘the word sex in any sense at all. 152. Gather Accumulate, Amass, Collect You can ‘gather’ things which are iseguliely distributed, or not clearly separated from one another to gather information/flowers/crops. ‘Collect’ is like sather. It suggests that the things you are gathering are separate, or can be dealt with one at atime: Cellet the magazines and pur them on the shelf/I am collecting data for my research project. It (collect) is used specially when you want to keep things together to form a collection. He collects coins/stamps. If you ‘accumulate’ things, you collect more and more of them ‘over & period of time (ofien without having a strong intention to do this): P've accumulated quite a lot of rare paintings over the years. ‘Amass’, however, is rather formal. Iris used especially of money, goods o Ve) a yA at a my mmm Web waw rimishabansal cnn + eollected gradually, but ia very large ame, Hrarshad Mebta has amassed a fortune thro sharemarket. 4153. Glimpse, Glance “Glance? means ‘to look at something quickly’ wher plimpse’ meant to sce by chance, jst for 8 momeny For example, 1 caught 2 glimpse of the Rasherapati Bhawan ay | drove quickly past ‘Lean tel ata glance what alls chis man. 154, Give, Take (an exam) My grandson, who is in dass IX now giveschoolfinal exam next year. ‘This sentence will be all tight only if ‘my grandson (who is just studying in cass IX sow) becomes an cfaminer of class X nest year; otherwise not. is the examiner (ot the teacher) who gives an exam, the student mete takes it. Isn't this just the opposite of what happens in ra Indian languages? And that, incidentally, explains the source of this incorrect use, 155. Guest, Visitor ‘A ‘guest’ is a person who is staying with you, or pesson whom you have invited to social occasion, such as a party or a meal of a person that you hve invited to your house or to a particular event that yo are paying for. (Note that there are some othe: ‘meanings of ‘guest’ too, but our concem is with above meaning) ‘A person, on the other hand, who just pays a cours) ‘all on you and then goes away (after having a cup of tea, if you like) is, in standard English, generally nor regarded a8 a guest; he/she isa ‘visitor, 156. Hang, Hanged, Hung Saandard English makes 2 curious distinction hte. In most circumstances, the verb “hang” is irezulsc and has the parts hang, hong; hung; The picrare» ‘hung in the living room. However, when ‘hang’ mcins ‘pur to death with a rope’, itis regular, and has the pars hhang, hanged, hanged: They hanged him; He was Youtube@nimishabansal 106 ‘JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL=— Wop : worw.rimishat ‘faut ear, 9 ran fast; leave this place as fast as you ea pot — and there lies the problem — fast’ relies fst fs not used together with ‘come”. In the given example, therefor je bad better use either ‘run fast’ or ‘come si ot ‘ome at once’ oe 4143. Fatal, Lethal trough both pertain to death, these words are equivalent. We apply “faa” to something, which as caused someone’s death: a fatal accident is an accident ‘hich has killed someone involved in it, and a fatal isense i a disease which has killed the person contracting it. In contrast, we apply ‘lethal’ to Something which is capable of killing someone: a lethal ‘peapon is a weapon which ean Kil, reyardes (ghether it bas yet killed anybody, and a lethal Sank w gisease which is capable of killing those who suffer from it. ‘There is, however, a complication with discases. A disease which invatlably kills its victims may be described as fatal, 144. Few, A Few these two have quite different senses: “few” means ‘hardly any’, while ‘a few” means ‘some, but not mans’, ‘The first implies that the toral is not far from z=10, “ebile the second implies that the rota is greater than wo, $0, Few of my stadens speak French means ‘Hladly any of my students speak French, while A Few of my students speak French means ‘T have: some students who speak French’, 4145. Fewer, Less ‘though colloquial English is often differen’, standacd ‘wriven Faglish vwses ‘fewer with things that con be ounted and “ess” with things that cannot be counted: fewer people but less money. Do not was less students of less playess- However, do not write fewer than six weeks, Hee veces denotes only a single period of fre and not a collection of six individual objec and so the sequired wording sess than si Wes 146. Fictitions, Fictional Both of these words mean ‘made up Savented’, But they are not quite interchangeable. The sword ‘Betional? JOIN TELEGRAM English with NINISHA BANSAL 105 ‘whotsapp 9959692800 means ‘pertaining 10 fiction’, ‘found in fiction’, a5 t= Shangri-la is a Sctional country and Macheth was & tisorical King of Scotland, oot a ficdonal one, Te conumst, fiedious’ means “fate, “fraudulent ‘nonexistent, as in Cyril Bur’s supposed collaborstrs ‘was found to be fictions. 147. Farther, Further ‘further’ means ‘some more or additional’. For example -: Don't make further delay: Farther’ means ‘more fat of more distant. For example ~1 Delhi is farther than Varanasi from Patna. 148. Foreword, Preface js a short write-up appearing at the beginning of a book. Te does not frm past oF the malt ‘book, Generally, 2 ‘foreward’ says something about the value of he book of something bout its author and is intended thereby © PUE the reader in the right frame of mind. |A foreword! can be ‘written by the author of the book bat Fe often it is wrrten by someone other tan the anor oF the Book: [A ‘preface’, t00, is a brief write-up appearing at the begining ofa book t does not form pars of ds male bay of the book and inthis rxpect it 8 sles © © erred’, Normally the function of a ‘preface’ is state the circumstances in which the book was pode ot to say for whom the book sant A A Pay someting ese which would noe appeae IST ete main body of the book. Unlike a forswonty wipecic is normaly wien by autor ofthe Book ‘Preface’ ean be wsed with ‘edition’ ‘Therefore, phrases like to the frst edition’. ‘preface to the second vditga? and ‘preface to the third ediion’ are €OmEDO and readily acceptable. ‘Foreword’, on the other band, seen onmally © the book and not ro one oF FS editions. 449, Foot, Leg ‘The ‘foot is the lower end ankle, It includes the arch, “leg? is the part of the body from without foot. sLegy can be used in idioms like the Following: of the leg beginning at the the heel and the toes. The the hip to the ankle Youtube@nimishabansi DOWNLOAD APP: NIMISHABANSAL @ something done because of cmcleseness oF fomgetflnesss He took my pen by mistake. (G) wrong deision: Teas mistake to appoine him In mathematics ‘eros’ can refer to the difference beeween the observed value and the true value of ‘quantity. For example, ‘These errors are of a very small magnitude, Only ‘error’ and not ‘mistake’ enn be used in this ‘context. A ‘slip’ refers to a minor mistake in peech oF ‘writing, a mistake on account of carelessness oF absentmindedness. For exumple, Thatslip of the ‘tongue in the middle of his speech made everybody taugh. “This is not a genuine mistake; it is only a slip of the pen. 135, Especially, Specially ‘Especially’ means ‘particulady? or ‘more than other things; ‘specially’ means ‘for a specific reason’. For example, especially treasure the memory of days Jong gone by. ‘These boots were made specially for us. 136, Everybody, Everyone, Every One ‘The words ‘everybody" and ‘everyone’ mean the same thing, though everyone is sometimes considered slightly more formal than everybody. These words can only be applied to people. But ‘every one’ is different. This ‘means ‘each one’, ‘every single one of them’, and it can be applied to things as well as to people. For example, He left several dozen notebooks, but his widow bumed ‘every one. 137. Every day, Everyday ‘The adverbial phrase is ‘every day’: write This happens every day, not This happens everyday, But the adjective is ‘everyday’, as in an everyday occurrence. 138. Evoke, Invoke ‘To Siavoke’ something is to call upon it, oF to appeal to it, for help or inspiration. For example, we can invoke a clause in our contract, or we can invoke a legal Youtube@nimishabansal jg: cay \ aa a Me | Wad : www imishabansst jent, of we can invoke the aststance Powerful patron, Favoking i¢ done delbertcl, yy ‘only a human being cnn iavake anything tn contrast, to ‘evoke” something is t0 call it up somebody's mind, For example, a S0MK 3 play or frory may evoke memories of your childhood, Cmplensant act may evoke an angry response, Fv js not usually deliberate, and itis: 90 usually done | Jaman beings. 139, Explicit, Implicit ‘Beplit? means ‘stared outright, ‘clear and ty expressed’, It refers to a statement, tule ete. “Implicr ‘means ‘implied of understood though not ditcc expressed’, For example, 1 gave you explicit instructions not to tamper with preced records. Your request for information contsins an implicit threat. 4140, Famous, Notorious ‘Famous’ means ‘widely and frvouribly known Notorious’, on the other hand, is widely bur on! unfavounbly kaown to the people in genctl. Foc example, ‘Naushad i Phulaa Devi is a notorious dacoit. 141, Farther, Further ‘Farther’ refers to additional distance (How muci further is it to the Juhu besch?), and farther” refers « additional time or amount, or other abstract matter (I don’t want to discuss this matter any further) You afe to use farther @ when the sense is ‘additiona! (farther evidence, further information), or ‘in adit (Have you anything further to say?), and (i) when itis « verb meaning ‘advance’, ‘promote’ (fo further one’s own interests). As adjective or adverb denotiny distance, farther is the correct word. 142, Fast, Soon Come fast, child, You are geting late for school. ‘Fist means ‘quick’, ‘quickly’, ‘swiflly, and in some contex even ‘soon’, Therefore, all the following expressions are all sight in standard English, JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL famous music director.large sumbers of people at one time. An ‘epidemict disease is one that affects very many people at one time in one place: There is an epidemic of fu in California, ‘A ‘pandemic’ disease is an epidemic that affects a vast area, such as the Black Death in the fourteenth century co the fla outbreak of 1919. 128, Enervatc, Invigorate, Energize Enervate and Invigorate have almost opposite meanings. ‘When you are invigorated’, you become filled with energy and enthusiasm. But, when you ate ‘enervated’, you are drained of energy, for example, by a grueling ‘ordeal or by a serious illness, Do not weite encrvate ‘when you mean invigorate, The word ‘energize’ means the same as ‘invigorate, but many people dislike it. Prefer invigorate, 199. Enhance, Increase (@) The eduction allowance of the state employees will be enhanced soon. “The meaning is cleat to all who know English, but the use of the word ‘enhance’ is not appropriate here. ‘Enhance’ doés mean ‘increase’, of rather ‘improve’, but notin size oF numbers; it means ‘improve the quality or status’ of something, as in the following sentences: () Itis time now to consider how to enhance the quality of out education, ‘Therefore, in sentence (@) above, we should use ‘increased! or ‘taised’ instead of ‘enhanced’. 130. Envious, Jealous Both these words refer to a person who wants to have ‘what someone else has. He is, in fact, unhappy about ‘another person’s possession of something that he himself wonld like to possess. For example, Hes jealous of their success. He is envious of their success, Jealous’, however, refers to a stronger and more “unpleasant feeling. In some cases, it means unbappy ‘and angry because someone who should like you, likes someone else more, ‘When I kiss the baby, it makes the older child jealous, Whamapp 9089592800 131. Environment, Surroundings “Bavironment’ may sometimes refer to the aparezate oF physical surroundings and dimade, social, and culearal conditions which affeet not only the physical bat also the intellectual, emotional and spiritual growth of # person. For example, It is s0 satisfying to work in an academic environment like this, ‘Surroundings’ generally refers to physical objects like buildings, trees, flowers which may be pleasing or depressing. For example, He lives in very beautifal surroundings. Wild animal do not live long in the artificial surroundings of a 200, Now, look atthe sentence given below: ‘The surroundings of the university are very beautiful but the environment of the university eampus is not at all conducive to academic work. 132. Epigram, Epigraph, Epitaph, Epithet ‘An ‘epigram’ is a pithy statement, especially a witty one. ‘An ‘epigraph’ is an inscription on « building or 2 ‘monument, or a quotation at the beginning of a book for a chapter suggesting its theme. An ‘epitaph’ is an inscription on a tombstone, or any remark commemorating a dead person. An ‘epithe? is a descriptive word or phrase added to somebody's name, ‘or used in place of his name, as when King Richard I of ‘England js called the Lionheart 133. Equity, Equality (Quite apart from its several legal and financial senses, equity means ‘impartiality, ‘faimess’, ‘lack of favousitism’, Ie is an error to use this word when you ‘mean “equality that means ‘the state of being equal’. 134. Exror, Mistake, Stip ‘An ‘erro? is a deviation from an expected standard. For example, “These book is full of printing errors. His essay is fall of grammatical enor. ‘Mistake’ can replace ‘error’ in such cases. But only ‘mistake’ and not ‘error, can be used if the intended meaning is either of the following: ‘JOIN TELEGRAM — English with NIMISHA BANSAL hia ‘Youtube@nimishabansaleal ane sh je u DOWNLOAD APP: NIMISHA BANSAL 120. Egoist, Egotist ‘Tgoist? means ‘a selfish person, one who puts his interest firs’ ‘Egotist’ means ‘a self-centred persons one who is continuously speaking of himself o tying to attract attention to himself?” ‘An egoiat is all too eager to serve his own end. He is an egotist for he always blows his own sumpet 121. Elder, Older ‘Normally, ‘eldee”is used in the case of the members of 1 family. ‘Older’ can be used in the case of persons having no family relationship. For example, 1. He married his elder daughter to « doctor and the younger one ro an engineer, 2. Jaggu is older than all other students in his class. “Elder is sometimes used in the case of a person older than another person (especially son) of the same name. For example, Some people say that Sam, the elder, was miore } «successful asa politician than sam, the younget. Normally, ‘older’ but not ‘elder, can be used in the predicative position ina sentence. For example, [Rajesh is older than Tam, Note: ‘The ‘elder’ in the phrase ‘elder statesman’ refers to those senior statesman (generally those who have retired from office) who excets 2 great deal of influence and whose advice and guidance are valued because of their age and experience. 122, Blicit, Mlicie The verb ‘elicit means ‘eall fort, as in My complaine elicited only a pompous reply. The adjective ‘Ilicit” ‘means ‘llega’ of ‘contrary to prevailing mores (=the ‘customs or conventions considered typical of or ‘essential to a group or community)’, asin illic trading. Do mot write ‘illicit’ when you mean ‘elicit, 123. Emigrant, Immigrant “To emigrate’ is to go away from one country to another with the purpose to seiling theix. “To immigeste’ is to come to a country as a sewer. ‘example, a ‘The immigrants in Alaska have not been able to Youtube@nimishabarsal (PET ag RE acca jets: war. rieishabansat.com integrate themselves with the native pron The Neiean emigrants to Canada = Australia. ar mostly reachers, doctors and engineers 124, Emotional, Emotive ‘These words ovedlap somewhat in their meanings Bur cemadonal’ is usually prefersed in the sense of ‘deploying exorio’, es in ‘an. emotion ootbutt and also in the sense of ‘calling forth emotions’, ‘as in an ‘emotional moment’. In contrast, ‘emotive’ is a rather dey and abstract word, encountered most commonly in the expression emotive language, meaning language ‘which is carefully crafted to induce emotions, such as the language of some poems and of some political wes If it's spontaneotisly and artlessly affecting, Fre emotional; if irs coldly calculated to produce an ‘emotional response, it's emotive, When in doubt, prefer ‘emotional’. 125, Empathy, Sympathy ‘The word ‘sympathy’ means ‘pity’, while ‘empathy means ‘more specifically identification with the other person’. You can sympathize with anybody who is in a bad position, but you can only empathize with her if you can readily see yourself in her shoes. For example, He showed no sympathy when I told him T was in ‘trouble. ‘There is a natural love and empathy between them 126. Empty, Vacant ‘Empty’ means ‘containing nothing’. It refers to an object; an empty box, an empty room. ‘Vacant’ also means ‘empty’. Iris used for a place or space, especially cone that is usually filed of intended to be filled. There isa vacant place over there. It is also used of a job not at present filled. I have applied for the vacant post. It also. mesns lack of interest of serious thought. A ‘vacant mind breeds depression, For example, An empty drum sounds much. Ts this sear vacant? 127. Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic ‘An ‘endemic’ disease is one that persists for a long tiaxe in a particular area: Malaria is endemic in tropical Africa. An endemic disease does not necessarily affect JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSALyao: vm nish com curs as 2 menringless moder in Brel expressions no carily us, Finally ‘earthen’ means ‘made of Ws ,ocof day 1 lnm aren flee of catsem Basevard, Eastwards 14. spanned is 2. aes bt ‘estate isan avec For examples sre strong enormara wind (or est wind) helped dhe Fo oie fom te westem to the eastern Bank ofthe fiver “the wind was blowing eastwards, 415, Bast, Eastern spout would normally indicate clearly marked divisions ‘Wipe wnderscod in terms of political boundades. For example, eae Germany ‘astern’ ould indicate divisions which evpor sharply defined. Por example, Eastern Europe astern Pakistan simaas, ‘von, ‘south! and ‘west woud indicate Starpy defined divisions wheres ‘northern’ ‘southern! ser eyestern’ would indicate dvsions which are nox Sharply defined. For exarnpe, ( North Pole, North America, North Carolina, South ‘Australia, but Southern England (5) South Aftes, South Ameren, South Caroins, South spostslia, bat Southern England. (o West Bengal, West Indies, West German, West Columbia, but Western Europe Note: Western Austzalia, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere ete are exceptions. 116, Eatable, Edible Ieis possible to find contests in which the rwo words might replace cach other, but in most eases they convey foe different shades of meaning; ‘Tatable’ means ‘tkeable, ‘enjoyable, Tasty and fresh enough 10 be eaten with some pleasure’. For example, ‘the food the patients are cequited to eat in that hospital is hardly eatable. -These bananas are over-tipe but yet they are eatable. ‘Am ‘edible’ subsrance is ‘a gubstance which ean be used 48 food or for making food’. For example, JON TELEGRAM — English with NIVISHA BANSAL 101 watson 9963692800 ‘The price of month ‘Mostly, “edible? i ‘eatable’ in a predicative Po* 117. Economie, Beonomical ‘ceonomie’ economy’ ‘able ait is likely 9 come owe est 1s used in an attributive poston and sition. ‘The adjective economics of to the advisor or cufrent resources, a3 in an 6000 manufacturing process. ‘Hence an Tiproblem isa soltion which inva while an ‘economical solution is one which saves money. The common error ‘here is to write ‘economic’ rr ceonomical is ntended: an economic meal .es economics, 118. Effective, In effect “The adjective ‘effective’ means ‘producing © sacsfactory a fr an effetve solution is one that works: Accordingly, the adverb effectively e. The been effectively contained means ‘spreading. The phrase Sn effect Peace in practice’, and it is usualy applied t© inettfhing which is offically or notional not one but ‘hich gets done anyway. For example, ‘The govesnment’s new mcanaros in cffect prevent refugees fom entering the country legally no such outcome Was Here ‘in effect’ indicates that thas arisen in intended of sought, but that this outcome practice regardless. 119. Effeminate, Womanly, Womanish sEffeminate’ and Swomanish’ are derogatory terms used Fore mun having qualities that are regard 28 typical of eer nen. Both the words mean ‘unmanty’. “Womanly” vefets to qualities that are regarded as typical of OF suitable to woman, For example, ‘A henpecked husband is generally effeminate ‘Are thou a man? Thy form eries out thou art: thy tears ‘are womanish, SHAKESPEARE She showed a womanly concern for the aggrieved family. ‘Youtube@nmishabansal one ee oesLa LIM ELS. AIPA SSE AM rrr DOWNLOAD APP -:_NINISHA BANSAL only that X and Y are exchanging letters, as in T am corresponding with a scholar in England, 103. Custom, Habit ‘Customs’ are social and ‘habits' are personal. A ‘habit’ is something a person has been doing for « long time. ‘Custom js something that belongs to a large number of people of the same sort: all Christians of all Hindus, For example, Don't let yourself get into bad habits. Social customs vary from country to country. 104. Delusion, Hlusion ‘Delusion’ is false opinion or belief which is sincerely believed to be true. ‘Ilusion’ is false idea or belief which appears to be tue. For example, He is under the delusion that he is the wealthiest man of this place, ‘Macbeth felt that the Birnam wood was moving, Ie was an optical illusion, 105. Despite, In spite of ‘These are equivalent in meaning, but note the difference in usage. For example, ‘The match went ahead in spite of the bad weather. 106. Die, Dice Traditionally, ‘dic’ is singular and ‘dice’ is plural. For ‘example, we throw a die but we throw the dice if we are throwing wo or mote of them. This usage is still almost universal in American English. In Britain, however, dice is now commonly used also as. the singular, For example, throw a dice. This usage is now recognized by most British dictionaries. If you ate writing for a British readership only, you can use dice as a singular, but, if you have a wider readership in mind, you should use ‘die’ as the singular. In any case, avoid the confused phrases illustrated by throw two die and throw two dices. 107. Dirty, Filthy ‘Diny’ is a general word indicating dirt of any kind: dirty hands, dirty clothes. It can also refer to moral dirt: dirty jokes, dirty stories, ‘Filthy’ means ‘extremely dirty; covered with filth.” It is 2 much stronger term than dirty. Youtube@nimishabansal Wot: ween nimishabarsal con He put the dirty dishes in the sink Let me take my filthy boots off. 108, Discover, Invent ‘Discover’ means ‘to find ous; get knowledge of; ling to view something existing but not yet known’. ‘Tnven: means ‘to create or design something not existing before’. For example, ‘Tewas Columbus who discovered America Macconi invented the wireless. 109. Distinterested, Uninterested ‘Disinterested’ means ‘impartial’, Uninterested’ mean “boted’ of lacking interest. Asa disinterested observer, who do you think is igh? Tam completely uninterested in cricket. (I do not Grd ‘cricket at all interesting) sfied 110. Dissatisfied, Un: When you ate ‘dissatisfied’ you are disappointed, frustrated, unhappy, When you afe ‘unsatisfied’, yo. feel that you need more of something. Only a person can be dissatisfied, while an abstract thing like hunger ora demand for goods can be unsatisfied. IIL, Distrust, Misteust ‘There is a sublle distinction here which should be ‘maintained. To distrust’ somebody is to suspect that he is dishonest, while ‘to mistrust’ him is merely to lack confidence ia him. If you consider your deputy to be wholly honest but somewhat incompetent, then you ‘may mistrust him but you don’e distrust iim. 12. Drier, Dryer ‘There is great variation here, and neither spelling can be called wrong in any sense, But most authorities preter ‘drier’ for ‘more dry ‘ and ‘dryer’ for any machine tha dries such as a ‘hair dryer’ ofa ‘spin dryer’ 113. Earthy, Earthly, Barthen ‘These adjectives are all different. Something which ‘carthy’ is either similar to earth (as in an earthy texture or an earthy smell) or coarse and vulgar (as in earthy Janguage) But ‘earthly’ means ‘pertaining to our human existence on earth’ a opposed to ‘heavenly’ or ‘celestial: our earthly existence, earthly powers, It alsc 100 JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSALweb : ww.riishabansal.com 95, Complicated, Complex ‘These meMe-syNONYMS are NOt quite interchangeabl ele etl oheateree er use means ‘having an claborte struct’ “not cay treatable. The more informal ‘complicated g, ‘aed to understand oF 10 resolve’. = Thecefore, difficult problem in Mathemati cs is complex, while somebods’s mess lite i ar personal Wife is 96. Comply, Conform ‘These verbs meun about the same, i to obey a tule, an onder etc’, but they take differeat prepositions. For example, ‘we comply with our instructions, but we conform. the required standards. " oo 97. Consist, Constitute, Comprise, Compose ‘These four verbs are very frequently confused, producing awful things like, The NATO forces are comprised of soldiers from cight countries, and ‘Thirtytwo pleces comprise a chess set, |A whole comprises its pars ; The NATO forces comptise soldiers from eight countries, This verb can nevet be passivized or followed by ‘of ; hence ‘comprises of and ‘is comprised of are always wrong, ‘The bad example above should be written as follows: A chess sec comprises thirty-two pieces, Note also that ‘comprise’ does not mean ‘contain’; ‘include’, unless what follows itis an exhaustive list. So, example is wrong: Not a single television news progeammacomprises a majority of tabloid coatent. Now, look at the following sentences eatefully, that will fustrate the use of ‘consis, ‘compose’ and ‘constitute: |A whole consists of its parts : The NATO forces consist of soldiers from eight countries, ‘Arwhole is composed of its parts :‘The NATO forces ate composed of soldiers from eight counties. ts part constirate s whole { Soldiét from eight ‘countries constitute the NATO forces. 98. Contagious, Infections ‘Contagious’ is used for a disease spreading by contact. ‘Infectious’ is used for a discase that can be spread by wrraeiane 9963802800 means of germs carried in the armenphere o¢ in water. For example “Measles is highly contagion Cold is infeesious. 99. Continual, Continuous ‘Continual? shows that an action oF an event hat been taking place repeatedly. For example, Our camputig system is suffering continual erishes, Her work was disturbed by continual interruptions. ‘Continsous’, on the other hand, shows the unbroken continuity of an action or an event. For example, England's eanals once provided a continuous waterway from the Themes Estuary tothe Irish Sea. ‘The nerve centre in our beain need a continuoos supply of blood. 100. Conveyance, Transport Conveyance will be provided to the delegates from the rrilway station to the university. ‘We can claim conveyance allowance. One of the meanings of the word ‘conveyance’ is indeed a vehicle, but in the situations oxemplified above, standard English uses ‘transport instead. And ‘ee no danger of your not being understood if you use the ‘transport’ in place of ‘conveyance’ in the above contexts. 101. Convince, Persuade ‘To ‘convince’ someone means to change his or her opinion; to ‘persuade’ someone means to move him or hhet to action. ‘Convince’ is properly followed by ‘of or ‘that, whereas, ‘persuade’ is followed by ‘to’. For eximple, ‘We could not convince him of out innocence. ‘We persuaded bir to concede our demands. 102. Correspond to, Correspond with “To say X corresponds to Y is to say that X and ¥ ‘match up in some systematic was, that X and Y occupy comparable places in two different systems, or simply that X and Y are in agreement. For cxample, we can ‘write These findings correspond to the predictions of the theory. In contrast, X corresponds with Y means JOIN TELEGRAM — English with NiMISHA BANSAL ‘Youtube@nimishabansalNIMISHA BANSAL _— DOWNLOAD APP = This thease will remain closed until the end of the month, Gi Conclude 1 would now request the chairman to close the discussion. GiBring to an end Thave decided to elose the accounts 89. Cloth, Clothes |A “cloth? is a piece of fabric used for # specialized jble-cloth. The plural purpose, such as a disheloth or 2 is ‘doths', But ‘clothes’ are and this word has no singular form other than item of clothing, Do not ‘write ‘cloths’ when you mean ‘clothes’ 90. Cold and Cool Hot and Warm “Cold” suggests a lower temperature than ‘coo!’ ‘Temperature is uncomfortably low. “Cool” suggests pleasantly low temperature. For example, We can’e stand this cold wave. ‘A cice cool breeze is blowing. ‘Hor’, likewise, suggests a higher temperature than swarm’, It is often uncomfortable. Buc ‘warm’ is a pleasantly high temperature. For example, ‘You can't work long hours on a hot day. Tewas warm, but not hot, day before yesterday: 91. Comical, Comic ‘Something is ‘comic’ if it is intended to be fanny. The word is mainly applied to skits (-a short piece of humorous writing or a performance that makes of fan ‘of somebody/something by copying them), songs, plays and the like. For example, Spike Jones is famous for his comic songs. But something is ‘comical’ if iis funny unintentionally. For eximple, iis portrayal of ‘Cocktails for Two’ was eomical. 2. Compare with, Compare to areful users of English make a useful distinction stween these. To compare X to Y is to say that X is hilar to Y. But to compare X with Y is to note the ‘Stube@nimishabansal Web s wav nanan) cn For differences between X and V similarity and example, JA shop ssabeane rust conmpart YOOr Slzasire with credit ead. the signature on Your the estes compered his work 10 that of Mar Lather 93, Comparable, Compatible “Tings are compa’ fey ean work together or be For example, I can't ma used together successfully hier this attachment because ‘with my Mae. But ‘comparable? means ‘of roughly the same kind size’. For example, ‘Mumbai are now eomparable to thos: her PC is not compatible House prices in in Pune. ‘The common exros is to write ‘compatible’ wher ‘comparable’ is intended. Avoid errors like Prices ars now compatible with those ia Pune. And note th difference in preposition: ‘Compatible with’, bs “Comparable to’, not ‘Comparable with’. 94. Complement, Compliment 'A ‘complement’ is something which is m uitable for completeness or harmony. For example, 1 ship's complement (the officers and cress required sail it) our fall complement (all that we need or are ‘entided to) the complement of a verb (a phrase whose presence is required by the verb) “The related verb meaning ‘go well with’ is also spelled ‘complement’. For example, ‘This necklet will complement your outfit. A ‘compliment’ is an expression of admiracion. For example, He paid her a number of flowery compliments. ‘The related verb is spelled identically. For example, ‘He complimented her on her outfit. ‘The common mistake here is to write ‘compliment’ where ‘complement’ is intended. This error is easy 10 avoid if you recall the similarity in spelling between ‘complement’ and ‘comple’ ecessary oF JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSALes rsiiohabarsa oom = re ae iis ater racing that the speaker imends sa iva we above example 9, Reason, Cause cause is someting that produccs a reult or an effect ue east i something that ustiis or xpi a a For example vesult For samples ste reason of my sence is miles ge she cause of ll-ny unhappiness she rooson of my sence s my Ines. 1. Gelling, Roof “colin the wodee surface or the overhead interor Ting of tom. ‘Roof & the top covering of a vrdng, bus, car oF tent. For example, ‘phe ceiling of my drawing-room is being pained ‘The roof of this house is leaking 2, Centennial, Centenary Bown ate comcet for ‘hundredth anniversary’, Buc Baiish English prefers ‘centenary’ while American Finglsh prefers ‘Centennial’ 83. Pure, Chaste often find the chaste Hindi of the AIR news bulletins difficult to understand. ‘The word ‘chaste" has two possible connotations: onc, sexual and the other, simplicity in style, Surely neither of these is inteaded by the speaker of the above scatence, What he intends to say instead is ‘pure Hind? not that mixed with say, Urdu and English words in common use. The right word here is ‘pure’, not ‘chaste 84, Childlike, Childish Both these adjectives are now applicable to children and ao to adults. ‘Childish’ refers to the unpleasant features of childhood, for example, triviality, greed, tendency to quatrel about petty things and lack of ‘manners. For example, ‘This is your childish effort at using a fork. Don't be so childish! ‘Childlike’, on the other hand, efets to the admizable qualities of childhood, for ‘example, simplicity, innocence and lack of inhibitions. whatsapp 905592000 85, Citizen, Inhabitant ce those inhabitants WHO ‘of a ull member un be the be ne pe tl age Caetano Many of the Todians ia Amedea have become ‘American Citizens. sthe ‘nhabitans’ of a country aze al che people wBO live in that country. 86. Clean, Clear Cleat sefcts ts something which is fee Grom dirt. For example, Keep your hands clean. Te may also refer to something pure and imnocent. For example, He lives a very clean life. Tecan also refer to something which ean be easily heard and understood. Far example, His voice was very clear. 87. Customer, Client ‘A person who goes to a solicitor or an architect and pays for his help or advice is a ‘dient. People who buy goods from shopkeepers and tmdesmen are ‘customer’, For example, ‘This shopkeeper has all attention to his customers. [A successful solicitor has a large number of elients. 88. Close, Shut In expressions like the folowing, cither of che two words is considered suitable. For example, Close (shut) the door, please, will you? ‘She closed (shut) her eyes to all his faults. ‘Only ‘close’ can be used in the following contests: @ Im the case of an institution ot functioning normally, For example, ‘The schools are open but the colleges are all closed. ‘The shops closed at 6 pm. a SOIN TELEGRAM ~ English with NIMISHA BANSALDOWNLOAD APP. NIMISHA BANSAL For example, He hogan the day with hope but ended it in disappoiniment ‘The conversation stopped, and it refused to start again ‘Begin’ and ‘star’ tend to be preferred in ordinary U#e "Commence is more formal than these wo verbs and is often preferred in legal proceedings and officalese and also on ceremonial oceasion. For example, Theproceedings will commence if May. Jn cerain cases the use of ‘commence’ may suggest & prolonged and elaborate beginning. For example, He commenced being a severe and ardent student. 72. Besides, Beside Both of these words can be prepositions, but their meanings ace diferent. The word ‘beside’ means ‘next to’, while ‘besides’ means ‘als’, in addition to For example, He came in and seated himself beside He has two other cars besides this one. 73. Bi-annual, Semi- annual, Biennial “The word ‘biennial’ means “happening every two year’, ‘while “semi-annual? means ‘happening cwice a year, “happening every six months’ The common mistake is ‘waiting “bicrnial! where ‘semi-annual is intended. ‘There is also the somewhat unusual word ‘biannual? which means happening fice a year, but you are advised to avoid shi. 74, Bona fides, Bona fide OF these two, ‘bona fide’ is an adjective meaning ‘genuine’, while ‘bona fides’ is a noun meaning ‘good faith’, honest intentions’. So, we write a bona fide offer bat there are doubts about his bona fides. The noun is singular write His bona fides is notin doub, not...are in doubt. However, like most latin expressions, these «wo are hardly necessary: it is preferable to write « genuine offer and there ate doubts about his honesty, Youtube@nimishabansal ab: www rinishatiann a 75, Both possible ose bod alone tis wave been fond yi or example, Both of them hi always takes plural agreement Ire fore the ‘bot E a imbine ‘both’ with ‘and’. For cxamp ponsible o co Both the TgyP' sak. 76. Purchase, Boy cal word than ‘purchase’ tr the case of small, casual anc dans and the Tseaclis will arena, ‘Buy’ is more gen wor! of eboice ia day transactions. For 1 bough evo small books for my children yeserday ‘Purchase’ on the other hand, refers to a tensaccon of some imporance. Buy ean replace ‘purchase in cea aD cases, Bur in the case of somll day-tnday transactions, the use of purchase’ makes the seoveace sound odd. For example, Go and purchase three eags from that shop, (cing Go and buy three eggs from that shop. (much mom Hikely) 77, Callus, Callous ‘A “callus” is a hurd pateh of skin. But ‘callous” is ax adjective meaning ‘indifferent to suffecing’, as in bis callous behaviour. 78. Canvas, Canvass “The ‘canvas’ is a noun denoting a kind of coarse cloth, aed, for example, by oll painters. In contrast, ‘caneas’ is usually a verb, and i occurs most often in the expression canvassing for votes. The verb gives se the uncommon desived noun ‘eanvass! meaning *s search for Votes’ 79. Cawch, Hold Please catch the bag while Tum locking the ca. ‘This use of ‘catch’ is not acceptable ia. standan! Boglish, We catch a ball, for instance, by aresting is movement in the air, This, however, is obviously not ‘the meaning implied in the above example. The ght sword here would be ‘hol not ‘atch ‘The word ‘catch’ suggests an instantaneous action; the word ‘hold, on the other hand, denotes « continuous ‘example, ‘JOIN FAGEBOOK-ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL‘webs wwrw.rimishabansalcom Jn the above dialogue, standard English speaker would tie the word ‘change’ in place of the word ‘balance’, 67, Bank, Beach, Coast, Shore the place where the land meets the water can be ether ‘he ‘bank’ or the ‘shore’ or the ‘coast? ‘or the ‘beach’. The edge of a river is called its “bank” Grhereas the edge of a seis its ‘shore’. ‘the land bordering the sea is ‘coast’, We use it when wwe think of places on maps, of weather, or aval defence. A ‘beach’ is part of the ‘shore’ that is fmnooth, without rocks or cliffs: The only word that can. ‘pe used for lakes ‘shore’, For example, Calcutta is situated on the bank of the siver Hoogly. ‘He has a house on the shore of lake Mansarovar. ‘Our ship sailed from port to port along the coast. 68, Become, Be «Be and ‘become’ are two different vetbs, The one is ‘ot generally used in place of the other, as they differ in mmeacing. ‘Be’ means ‘to exist, ‘to remain’, ‘to live’, ‘to happen’, 440 take place’. ‘Be’ has three forms in the present tense. They are (a) is (b) am (@) ate, Te has ‘wo forms in the past tense (a) was (b) were. In future tense ‘shall/ will is put before ‘be’. For example, God is (exists) everywhere: Let them be (remain) where they are. He is (lives) at Panna these days. When is the wedding going to be? take place) ‘Ticcame’ means “to change from one state or position roanother, For example, He became king, (Formetly he was not & Xing, there came « change in his power or position.) Mango becomes yellow when it tipens.(There is a change in enlous or state) “Become” has another meaning also. It means ‘to be suitable to. For example, This hat becomes (suits) his. Modesty becomes a woman. 69. Beautiful, Handsome ‘Beautiful’ and ‘pretty’ are gen* children and things, but not us ‘handsome’ For men. For example, Look at that beautiful gid. erilly used for women, wally for men, We use How pretty the Chinese doll is! Lo! There comes a pretty child Hes a handsome young man. We ean use handsome for women having a fine figure, ‘vigour and dignity. For example, Ronika was a hands chiseled face and a fine figure. 70. Endure, Tolerate, Bear, Stand come lady with [All these words refer to one’s response to something distressing, itksome or painful ‘endure? is normally used in the ease of great bodily hardship, For example, He alone can endure that kind of physical torture, Tolerate? is used in the case of human beings and their behaviour For example, We can't tolerate this insult. Bear’ is the most general of these words. For example, I could not bear to see the goat being slaughtered, ‘Stand! js its colloquial equivalent. For example, I cas't stand this kind of nonsense. 71. Commence, Start, Begin In many cases ‘begin’ and ‘start? can replace cach other. For example, After cight o'clock in the morning the water level started (began) rising, T began (started) learning French at the age of ten. Some of the differences between these two words are the following: The opposite of ‘start’ is ‘stop’, whereas the opposite of "begin’is ‘end. ‘JOIN TELEGRAM — English with NIMISHA BANSAL ‘Youtube@nimishabansal ti omenDOWNLOAD APP NIMISHA BANSAL __ ofthe main work, ‘Append’ in other words, refers 10 that mmerial, which, if included in the body of the main roth, would make the main work less compact and thereby reduce its quality. 'A “supplement? adds new material to 2 book ete and thereby makes it up-to-date. 60. Apptise, Appraise ‘To ‘appraise’ something isto estimate its value, whereas ‘to apprise’ is ‘to inform’. For example, 1 am having an art dealer in to appraise those paincings. We have apprised him of the facts. ‘The common error is to use appraise where apprise is required. Bue who needs apprise anyway: Just waite ‘inform’ or ‘tel. 61. Assist, Help [A person who ‘assists’ has a much more subsidiary sole to play than a person who ‘helps’. For example, « person who i drowning will cxy ‘help, Help’ and persons in the neighbourhood would rash to help him. ‘A carpenter who is making-a boat will ask his children to ‘assis him in doing that, An Assistant Registrar assists the reyistmr in performing his duties. A shopassistant assists the shopkeeper in performing in his duty. 62, Assume, Presume ‘Both of chese mean ‘suppose’ and thelr meanings often overlap. But there is a subtle distinction, To ‘assume’ something: is to take it for granted as the basis of discussion or an argument, without offering any evidence for it. This may be done parely in order to explore the consequences of the assumption. To ‘presume" something is to suppose it is so because we hhave no good reason to suppose otherwise. OF course, presume alone has a second sense of *be overly bold’, “take something upon oneself without permission’, as in we are presuming upon his ‘hospitality. = 63, Attend, Attend to Here, to avoid confusion, it is best to regard ‘attend’ and ‘attend to’ as two distinct items in respect of ‘meaning: ‘attend’ means ‘to be present? and ‘attend to” ‘means ‘to provide help of some kind’ or ‘to deal with Web : www.nimishabansa| co sonchody or omhing’ silastated blow We would lke all of you to attend thi We have some urgent business to attend (0 Note: Occasionally, however, anather phrase, “attend avin veed to convey the meaning of ‘to look afer or tence’. For example, Our President has 4 fear doctors to attend on him. But here, the preposition is optional and most British speakers donor use it 64, Avenge, Revenge Both these words indicate a sense of desite for doin zome harm to the wrong-doet. The difference lies in the following: “*Avenge’ may indicate that the person has the ends justice in mind. I ells us in other words, that he wan the wrong-doer to be subjected to his just and merired punishment, For example, Rahul a avenged the destruction of hy family by killing the evil Naga who had caused it. ‘Revenge’ often suggests that a person is being guided by malice and unwillingness to forgive. For example, Manila revenged their earlier defeat 3 3-| ‘win in the second leg. “The derived noun is ‘vengeance’ in both the cases. 65, Await, Wait “The words ‘await’ and ‘wait’ ate similar in meaning bur the differ in use, ‘Await’ is used as a transitive verb, Hence it should never be followed by ‘fornoun/pronoun’. For example, We are awaiting your reply. (No awaiting for your reply) ‘Wait’ is always used as sn intransitive verb. Hence it should be ‘followed by ‘fornonn/ pronoun’. For example, We are waiting for your teply. 66. Balance, Change Customer: What is the price of this bowl, please? Shopkeeper: Twenty rupees, sit. (Customer: Please pack it for me. Oh, I'm sozzy, dost have any small notes. If I give you a thousand rupecs note, can you give me the balance? Youtube @nimishabansal JOIN FACEBOOK ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSALpe Web : www nimishabansal com people, though occasionally we find it extended ‘occasions, as in an amiable Conversation, . Bat ‘amicable’ is not applied to people a alls instead, it js applied to human interctions and theie outcomes, a¢ in an amicable settlement (oF a dispute) and an amicrble relationship. The meaning here is ‘friendly’ and “good sarured’. 50, Amoral, Immoral ‘An ‘amoral person is one who does not understand the difference between right and wrong. An ‘immoral’ person understands the difference but does wrong any say. 51, Number, Amount ‘Amount refers to quantity of something (a singular ous) chat cannot be counsed — a large amount of money, ‘Number’ refers to countable items (a plora noun). With most plurals itis better to use number — a latge number of mistakes. For example, ‘The amount of money paid is none of my concern. A llarge number of teachers have gone on strike, Note: A number of (many) is plural in sense and takes a plural verb. (A number of people were shor dead) ‘The mumber of (= a mathematical ar sumerical figure) is singular, It takes a singular verb, (The number ‘ofboys present is very small) 52, Ancestors, Forefathers Both these words refer to persons from whom one is descended. Similadly both these words refer to persons more remote than grandparents. The difference lies in the following: ‘Ancestor’ has ‘ancestress” as its feminine form. There is no feminine word for forefathers. Unlike ‘forefathers’, ‘ancestor’ can freely be used in the case of a woman ancestor as well. One can, for example, deseribe a great grandmother as ‘one of my ancestors’ but not as, ‘one of my forefathers’ 53. Ancient, Old ‘Ancient is the opposite of ‘modem’ whereas ‘old’ is the opposite of ‘young’. Moreover ‘ancient’ refers to very old things. And ‘old? ean at times be used in the case of a very young child as well. As for example, \Whatsapp 9953592800 The ancient Rome was the cradle of civilization. ‘Your baby is only thrce months old. 54, Anntx, Annexe ‘The verb is ‘annex’, a country can annex tersivory, but it canmot ‘annexe? it. The noun meaning ‘extension 10 a building’ is ‘anmexe? in a British English. 55. Anticipate, Expect ‘To ‘anticipate’ is guess or imagine in advance what will happen, and take the necessary accion to face it For example, tied to anticipate the kind of questions they were likely to ask me. To ‘expect’ is to believe or think that something will happen or come. For example, ‘We aze expecting a lete from our Boss. 56. Eager, Anxious ‘Anxious’ means ‘nervous! or ‘worried’ ancl is usually followed by ‘about, Eager’ means ‘ooking forward’ It is usually followed by to. For example, ‘Ove company is eager to expand into new matkets. 1 am terribly anxious about these children, 57. Anyway, Any way ‘This is one word when it means ‘regardless, but to ‘words when itmeans in any manner’ Therefore, we waite, Do it anyway. (=De it regardless) bas, Do it any way you like. 458, Apparently, Evidently ‘The second of these is stronger than the first. For ‘example, “Apparently she is a good worker. (I gather that she is a ‘good worker or [am told that she is a good worker) Evidently she is 2 good worker. (It is clear that she is a ‘good worker) 59, Appendix, Supplement ‘An “appendis’ is that material which is related to the ‘main work, but is not, strictly speaking, an integral part “JOIN TELEGRAM — Engish with NIMISHA BANSAL ‘Youtube@nimishabansalPES {lA r= ——— DOWNLOAD APP: NIMISHA BANSAL before the bell rang: She is almost (neatly, practically) always grumbling like this. Almost (neatly, practically) always grumbling like this. Now, look at the sentences given below: ‘The speaker said almost (practicall) nothing. Almost (practically) any bey in the class would answer this question. Practically (almost) no one ever believed thar he was honest. 1 almost (practically) never found him working in the library. 44. Alphaber(s), Letter(s) ‘An ‘alphabet is a whole set of ‘eters’ used for writing words. For example, the Roman alphabet (the one we are using atthe moment), which has 26 letters, from A to Z, or the Devanagasi alphabet which we use for writing: Hindi, Marathi and Nepali ‘The plural form ‘alphabets’, is used in the sense illustrated below ‘Tamil, Telugu, Bengali sod Punjabi have all their own alphabets which differ from one another. 45. All ready, Yet, Already “Already” expresses that something has happened early ‘oc earlier chan it might have happened. “Yet is generally used in negative and interrogatve sentences. ‘Already’ and ‘Yet are commonly used with present perfect tense, “All ready’ are two different words that express their separate meaning, For example, Has the postman come yet? (Not, already) He has already finished his task. ‘Are you all ready? (Here ‘ready’ means ‘prepared’) 46. Even, Also “Also” and ‘even’ are almost similar as regards their meaning. But there is some difference in theic usage. Youtube@nimishabansal Web sw nimishabansa’ co, ‘Also’ is generally used in the middle of a cla ‘Also’ modifies the word after which is, o sentence, For example, Talso beat my servant, i ‘ven’ is generally used after the auxiliary vert the intransitive forms of be (s/am/are/was/were) | should not be used before a subject. For example, He has lost his bag. He has even lost his watch. Gi) ‘Also? can be used 2 the beginning of a searen provided it refers to the whole sentence. In such a ic becomes necessary to put 4 comma 6) after the wor ‘also’. For example, “This is a good book, but is not voluminous. Also | costs much, (not, It also costs much.) iv) ‘Evenif can begin a sentence or clause For example, I shall go out, even ifit rains today 47. Change, Alter ‘The difference between these two ‘words lies in the following: ‘Alte? refers to changes in matters of deta For Example, Customer says tailor, “Please alter this shirt itis too large for me”. ‘Change’ is preferred when the reference is 10 3 significant change, a loss of identity, a thing being replaced by another. For example, He seems to have changed quite a lot since his marriage. 48, Alumnus, Alumna Fach of these words denotes a graduate of an ‘educational institution, but there is a sex Difference. ‘Aman is an ‘alumnus" (plural ‘lumai’), while a womaa is an ‘alumna’ (plural ‘alumnae. A group of mixed sex ‘are ‘alumni’. And there is no such word 2s ‘alumni. 49. Amiable, Amicable ‘An ‘amiable’ person is good-natured and easy to gst along, with. The word is commonly applied only 1 JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL‘Web : waw.nimishabansal means ‘correct to a very high degree of detail’ 4.4 a © of detail’, and its ‘opposite “imprecise? means lacking a sufficient deg, of detail’. =a For example, Accurate records must be kept ‘Can you give more precise definition of the word? 16 I wy to explain the word Yoris? ‘ as denoting a ‘octumal primate’, then I am accurate, since » ben indeed a noctumal primate, but Im rather imprecies singe there are sever other Linde of ate primates besides lovses, and my account fails to distinguish lorises from lemures, bushbebies and aye ayes, iy 39. Adopt, Adapt “To adapt’ something is ‘to mois it, often especially to make it suitable for a particular purpose, ‘To adopt something is ‘to take it up’. For example, i Austin’s Pride and Prejudice has been adapted for television. We are adopting new proceduse for budget control. ‘The derived nouns are ‘adaptation’ for the first ‘adoption’ for the second. Some people now use ‘adoption’ in place of ‘adaptation’, but this is not Recommended 40. Adjoining, Adjacent ‘Things are ‘adjacent’ when they are side by side. But things are ‘adjoining’ when they share a common boundary. For example, “They were sitsing in adjacent seats ‘They had adjoining rooms in the hotel. In many circumstances cither word can be used. But note that ‘adjacent’ does not mean ‘near’ or ‘close’, and wordings like very adjacent are thereof re frowned on by careful writers. Write ‘very close’ or ‘very neat? instead, Note also the following difference in grammar: ‘Their land is adjacest to ours, but their land adjoins ours. 41. Effect, Affect ‘These two are often confused. Apart from one or two technical uses, the word ‘affect’ is strictly a verb. In contrast ‘effect is primarily a noun. For example, JOIN TELEGRAM — English with NIMISHA BANSAL EE a _Wihatsapp 9953592800 ‘This won't affect our chances, This will have no effect on our chances. ‘There is, however, a verb spelled ‘effect? and meaning “bring about’, For example, General Vibhay managed to effeet the withderwal of his oops, But this last verb is race, except perhaps in the expression effect a change’ 42. Whole, All ‘AI and ‘whole’ have almost similar meaning. “Whole! ‘means ‘complete’; ‘entire’ ete. ‘All’ means ‘everything’ or ‘everyone of. But there is much difference in their (@) When the article ‘the’ or a possessive adjective (ny, your, his, our, ete) is to be used with ‘all, it (the or possessive adjective) is put after the wort ‘all, but before the word ‘whole’. For example, All the members were present. She lost all his money, ‘They got their whole share. Note: Icis wrong to write - the all boys. (6) ‘All’ may be followed by ofpersonal pronoun in the objective case, provided such a pronoun has no noun in apposition. If there is a noun in apposition to pronoun (not after ‘of) after ‘all’, it (pronoun) will be putin the nominative case. For example, all of us all you students ete Note: In expressions like ‘all day’, ‘all sight, ‘all roxning’, ‘all afternoon’, the article ‘the? should not be put after ‘all. 43. Neatly, Practically, Almost [Al these words ean be used before “every. For example, Almost (nearly, practically) all the boys had left ‘Youtube@nimishabansal P, ‘akways’ andIES NIMISHA BANSAL __ coming? They're almost here. To is a preposition that can indicate direesion: Sita walked to school, She said hello to Ram when she 4 him, To is also used in the infinitive form of verbs ‘waited onal dhe lst minote to do his homework. Tee is used as an intensifier, and also means “also”: Site waited too long to do her homework, 190. 29. Toward / Towards ‘Toward ig standard in American English. Toverd is standard in British English. 30. Who's / Whose W's is « contraction of “who fs": Who's calling Ram at tis hour? I7Baue is a possessive pronoun thar means “belonging to [someone]”; Ram, whose phone hada’t stopped singing all morning, barely ate anything for breakfast, 31, Affect / Effect Aft is wsvally » verb: Ram's humming affected Sit’s ably to concentrate. Fife is usually a nown: Ram was sory for the effect his humming hed. If you Gnd yourself stumped about which one to ute in a sentence, ‘ay substituting the word “alter” or “result” If “alter” fis (Ram’s humming altered Sita's ablliy_ to concentrate), use aff. If “result” fits (Ram was sony for the result his humming had), use off. 32, Abbreviations, Acronyms ‘An ‘abbreviation’ is a short way of writing a word or phrase which could also be written out in full, using ‘only letters of the alphabet and possibly full stops. For example, De for Doctor ‘An abbreviation does not normally have 2 distinct pronunciation of its own. These properties distinguish abbreviations from ‘acronyms’ and ‘initalisms’ like ‘USSR and BBC 33, Ability, Capability, Capacity Applied to a person, Ability and Capacity mean about the same, but they don’t behave grammatically in the same way. For example, We have an ability to do something, but Youlube@nimishabansal Webs: worw.rimishabansct cn png. something, capability, this s + eapacity For doing, somethings capa . 2 ei the plual and with no mati following: yon ‘capabilities? are your abilities ‘and your talents a whole 134, Abotishment, Abolition Tn most comexts, the noun deived from the ‘abolish fs ‘abolition’, but ‘abolishment’ is sometime in legal and financial contexts. Thersfore, w aie of the abolition of slavery but possibly of the Nbofishment’ of morgage telief: But ‘abolition’ casually possible in any context, 135, Misuse, Disabuse, Abuse misuse? something is to use it wrongly. To ‘abuse itis to misuse it so badly that you damage it: To ‘distbnse Somebody of an idea is to show her that idea is wro0y For Example, They will be quickly disabused of th ‘notion that linguistics is an easy subject. 36. Abortion, Miscarriage Both these words refer ro a premature expulsion of the foes from the womb, ‘The difference lies in th: following: ‘Abortion’ can refer to a premature coming out of the foetus on account of some biochemical or harmonic istarbanee. Tt can also sefer to a deliberate expulsion of the foems by a physician in the interest of the mother’s health and life or for some other reason. The ‘use of ‘miscarriage’ on the other hand is confined to natural coming out of the foetus on account of some biochemical ot harmonic disturbance. “Miscarriage’ ‘cannot be used io the case of a deliberate expulsion o' the foets. 37, Avcordance, Accord. ‘When you do something of your ‘own accord’, you do it voluntarily, without being asked instructed to do it ‘Note the preposition ‘of here ‘on your own accord’ is not standard English. However, when you do something in obedience to instructions, you do i ‘in accordance with’ those instructions. 38. Precise, Accurate ‘These words ure not interchangeable. Something which is ‘accurate’ is correct; the opposite is ‘inaccuric which means “wrong to some extent’, But ‘precis:’ “JOIN FACEBOOK -ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL| Ea) Vn a means 10 show off: Ram flaunted his sylsh ne Fee, ns meas $0 Set, expecially iy wy tht cat To Sa et th been dry fy wearing «tna and Spl, i 4.Gatt/Galfe ‘a gafb # 9pe OF SPear OF Hook with « long handle Fe Tu clbs tendo ate oe Ran Perrowed fom his uncle’ Gshing boat. A guféis «faux oe social misstep: Sita mide a gaffe when she Pm genally called Ram by the wrong name. 15, Gray/Grey Gro in the sondard American English spelling, Grey i re andars British English spelling 16, Histocic/ Historical tee means famous, important, and infliential: Ram jared the beach in Kity Hawk where the Wright Jeothers made theit historic first airplane flight Fiver! means related 10 history: Sita donned a historical bonoet forthe renaissance fair. 17, Linply /Infer Imply means (© hin: at something without saying it Ghecrpy Ram implied that Sita was i. trouble, but he ‘paula’ tell bec why. Inf means to deduce something vpar hasn't been stated directly: Sita inferred that Ram tas nervous about something from the way he kept ooking over his shoulder. 18, 1es/lts {risa contraction of "itis": Sica nceds to pack for het trp because it’s only two days away, Tir is a possessive pronoun that means “belonging to i”: Ram is obsessed wich both the book and its author. 19, Lay/Lie Te by means to put or to place. One way to remember this is that there is an a in both # day and fo ple: Sita will lay out her outfit before she gocs to bed, To fe means to recline. One way to remember this is that there is an e in both fo de and 0 recline Ram will He down for a nap. Be careful, though. The dey is Lid Sita laid out her outfit. The pa is dg: Ram lay down for a nap over an hour ago. past tense of st tense of Hie Jn TELEPORT Ereish with NISHA BANSAL ‘Wnatsapp 9959692800 20, Lead/Led Lead, when it rhymes with “bed, metal: Sita wore a lead apron whil ¢ of refers to a 15D ile the dentist X-rayed her teeth Lads the past cense of the verb fad, which means to guide of to be first: Ram led the way. 21. Learned/Learnt Leamed is standatd in American English. Leaner standard in British English 22, Loose /Lose that the Loase is usually an adjective: Sita discovered cows were loose. Last is always a vetb. It means £0 misplace something of to be unvietorious in a game oF contest: Ram was enteful not to lose his ticket 23. Principal/Principle Prindpal can be a noun or adjective. As a noun, it refers to the person in charge of 2 school of organization: Sit was called into the principal's office. As an adjective, it means moet important: The principal reason for this meeting isto brainstorm ideas for the theme of Ram's birthday party. A prindple (ways 2 noun) is 2 fiemly hheld belief or ideal: Sita doesn't like surprise parties as matter of principle. 24 Anquiry/Enquiry Ingviry and enguy both mean “a request fOr information.” Ingairy is the standard American English spelling. Enguin is the British spelling. 25, Stationary / Stationery Stotionay means vasnoving: The revolving door remained starionary because Sita was pushing on it the ‘wrong way. Sttionen refers to leter writing materials sand especially to high quality paper: Ram priated his ‘résumé on his best stationery. 26, Than / Then “Than is used for comparisons: Sita mas faster chan Ram, They is used to indicate time or sequence: Sita took off cunning, and then Ram eame along and finished her breakfast. 27, Theie / There /They're ‘Their is the possessive form of “they”: Ram and Sica took their time. Tere indicates a place: It took them an hour to get there. They'n is a contraction of “they are”: ‘Youtube@rimishabansal aCo) =————" Chapter 4 MOST COMMONLY USED CONFUSING WORDS 1. Among/Amongst Arworg is the preferred and most common variant of this word in British English, Armongstis more common in American English. Neither version is wrong, but irongt may seem fussy 10 British readers, 2 Among / Bewween Ams expresses x collective oF loose relationship of several items: Ram found a letter hidden among the papers on the desk. Between expresses the relationship of one thing to another thing or to many other things: Sita spent all day carrying messages between Ram and the other students The idea thar beter can be used only when talking about two things is a myth—it’s perfeedy correct t0 use Jenween if you ore walking sbout multiple binary relationships, 3. Assure/Ensure /Insure Avr means 10 tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true: Sita assured Ram that no one would cheat at Bingo. Emir means to _guarantce or make sure of someching: Sita took steps to censure that no one cheated at Bingo. Inre means 10 take out an insurance policy: Sita was glad the Bingo ‘hall was insured against damage caused by rowdy Bingo Players. 4, Breath/Breathe Breath is 2 noun; it's the air that goes in and out of your Jungs: Ram held his breath while Sita skatcboarded down the stairs. Breathe is a verb; it means to exhale or inhale: After Sita’s spectacular landing, Ram had to remind himself to breathe again, 5. Capital/Capitol 4 Capital has several meanings. It can tefer to an uppercase letter, money, or a city where a seat of government is located: Rem visited Brasilia, the capital of Ayodhya. Cipifo! means the building where a of the capitol after watching bill become a law 6. Complement/Compliment A. cemphoret is something, that completes sor else. It’s often used to describe things that go together. Ram's lime green boots were a peri complement to his jacket. A compliment is a nice thing say: Sita received many compliments on her jin fedora. 17, Disinterested/Uninterested Diinteested means impartial: A panel of disinteres judges who had never met the contestants hei. judged the singing contest. Unintersted means bored ‘not wanting to be involved with something: Sita x uninterested in attending Ram’s singing class 8. Defence /Defense Defenses standard in Ametican English. Define is fous mainly in British English. 9. Emigrate/Immigrate Exrigate means to move away from a city of coun live somewhere else: Ram’s grandfather emigrated fr Canada sixty years ago. Immigrate means to move int country from somewhere clse: Sita’s sister immigra: to Ireland in 2004. 10. B.g./Le. ‘These two Latin abbreviations are often mixed up, by 4g means “for example,” while ie. means “that is.” 11, Empathy/Sympathy Empathy is the ability to understand another persox's perspective or feelings. Sympatly is a feeling of som for someone clse’s suffering. A syopathiger is someon who agrees with a particalat ideal or cause 12. Farther/Further Fartter refers to physical distance: Sita can nan farther than Ram. Further refers to metaphorical distance: Ru is farther away from finishing his project than Siti is