PH Test

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU
WATER QUALITY LAB

pH TEST
NAME
MATRIC NO.
Objective:
The purpose of a pH test is to measure acidity/alkalinity of various samples.
Theory
The pH test measures the H+ ion concentration in liquids and substances. All measured liquids or substances are
given a pH value on a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. Water (H 20) contains both H+ (hydrogen) ions and OH-
(hydroxyl) ions, Pure de-ionized water contains equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions, and has a pH of 7. This
makes it neutral, neither acidic nor basic. If a water sample has more H+ than OH- ions, it is considered acidic
and has a pH less than 7. If the sample contains more OH- ions than H- ions, it is considered basic with a pH
greater than 7. It is important to understand that for every one unit change on the pH scale, there is in fact an
approximately ten-fold change in how acidic or basic the sample is. This is 4.3, or roughly ten times more acidic
than normal rainfall of 5.0- 5.6. Lakes of pH 4 (acidic) are roughly 100 times more acidic than lakes of pH 6.
The pH of natural water is usually between 6.5 and 8.5, although wide variations can occur. Increased amounts of
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO-2), primarily from automobile and coal-fired power plant
emissions, are converted to nitric acid and sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. These acids combine with moisture in
the atmosphere and fall to earth as acid rain or acid snow. In some areas, the type of rocks and minerals present
determine the acidity of the local water. If limestone is present, the alkaline (basic) limestone neutralizes the
effect the acids might have on lakes and streams. However, usually the areas which are most hit by acid rain are
downwind of urban/industrial areas and do not have any limestone to reduce the acidity of the water. Changes in
the pH value of water have an important effect on the organisms living within it. Most organisms have adapted to
life in water of a specific pH and may die if it changes even slightly. Immature stages of aquatic insects and
young fish are extremely sensitive to pH values below 5. At extremely high or low pH values (e.g., 9.6 or 4.5) the
water becomes unsuitable for most organisms 14 pH Test. Furthermore, acidic waters can also cause heavy
metals, such as copper and aluminum, to be released into the water. Again the consequences this has on fish life
can be serious as heavy metals can accumulate on the gills of fish or cause deformities in young fish, reducing
their chance of survival.
Equipment
1. pH Meter
2. Beaker
3. Water Sampling Equipment
Reagents
Test reagents are as follows:
1. Distilled water.
NOTE: Use only high-grade distilled or deionized water. The water must contain less than 0.01 mg/L copper,
and be free of chlorine, chloramines, caustic alkalinity, organic material, or acids.
Procedure :
The water sample for the pH test should be collected away from the river bank and below the surface. If possible,
use an extension rod sampler. The sample must be measured immediately because changes in temperature can
affect the pH value. If pH must be measured later, the sample should be placed on ice and measured as soon as
possible. Procedure of using pH reading is differentiate between the type of pH Meter.
For pH 211 Microprocessor pH Meter & HI 8424-
1. Remove the electrode protective cap before taking any measurements. If the electrode has been left dry, soak
the tip in HI 70300 storage solution for a few hours or overnight to reactive it.
2. Connect the pH electrode to the BNC connector on the top of the instrument.
3. Connect the temperature probe to the RCA connector. The temperature probe can be used independently to
take temperature measurement, or in conjuction with the pH electrode to utilize the ATC capability of the
meter.
4. Turn the meter ON by pressing the ON/OFF key. The display show all the used segment for a few seconds
(or as long as the button is held), follow by the percentage indication of the remaining battery life, and then
enters normal measurement mode.
pH Measurements
1. To take a pH measurement simply submerge the electrode tip (at least 4 cm / 1½") and the temperature probe
into the sample to be tested.
2. Select the pH mode by pressing the RANGE key until the display changes to pH.
3. Stir gently and wait for the stability symbol (hourglass) to turn off. The display will show the pH value
automatically compensated for temperature.
Note:
1. In order to take accurate pH measurement, make sure that the instrument has been calibrated before use.
2. If measurements are taken in different samples successively, it is recommended to rinse the electrode
thoroughly to avoid cross-contamination. After cleaning, it is recommended to rinse the electrode with some
of the sample to be measured.
ORP Measurements
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) measurements provide a qualification of the oxidizing or reducing power of
the sample tested.
1. Connect the ORP electrode (optional) to the BNC connector.

2. To enter the "mV" mode turn the instrument ON and press the RANGE key until the display change to
mV,
3. Submerge the ORP electrode tip (at least 4 cm /1½") into the sample to be tested and allow time for the
reading to stabilize( hourglass symbol turns off).
4. Measurement within the ±699.9 mV range are displayed with 0.1 mV resolution, while outside this range
the resolution is 1 mV.
Note:
1. To perform correct ORP measurement, the surface of the ORP electrode must be clean and smooth.
2. When not in use, the tip of the electrode should be kept moist (use HI 70300 storage solution) and safe from
any mechanical stress which might cause damage to the glass/platinum junction.
Temperature Measurement
1. Turn instrument ON and press the RANGE key to select the temperature mode.
2. Make sure the temperature probe is connected to the meter.
3. Dip the temperature probe into the sample, allow the reading to stabilize
(hourglass symbol turns off) and read the temperature value.
4. Temperature measurement can be displayed in °C or °F units (see "Menu selection" for details).
Note:
1. A blinking full scale value means that the reading is out of range.
2. To freeze a reading on display while in measurement mode, press the HOLD key. The "HOLD" tag will
blink. The pH, mV and temperature vales are held, and the RANGE key can be used to view the values.
Press HOLD again to return to normal mode.
3. If enable, key presses are followed with an acoustic signal. A lower note indicates that the key is not
currently active.
4. To save battery life, the meter is provided with an auto-off feature, which turns the instrument off after 20
minutes of non-use. This future can be disabled by the user (see "Menu selection" for details).
Data For The pH Test
Sample Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average
Table 4: pH Average Reading
Extension Activity
 Discuss in group about the data from the experiment
 Produce a mind map that shows the experiment activities for pH test

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK KOTA BHARU

WATER QUALITY LAB

3. Water Sampling Equipment

For pH 211 Microprocessor pH Meter & HI 8424-

1. Connect the ORP electrode (optional) to the BNC connector.

Data For The pH Test

Sample Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average

Table 4: pH Average Reading

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