GAS POWER SYSTEM

Dr. Mior Azman B Meor Said

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Gas power systems - working fluid remains a gas

throughout the cycle, i.e., no change in phase.
System analysis – use air-standard assumptions.

The gas power systems are presented in two parts:

Part 1: Internal Combustion Engines
Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle

Part 2: Gas Turbine

2
 Contents

 Learning Outcomes and Introduction

 Carnot Cycle
 Air-Standard OTTO Cycle
 Air-Standard DIESEL Cycle
 Air-Standard DUAL Cycle

3
 Learning Outcomes

• To describe the various internal combustion

engines for power generations.

• To develop simplifying assumptions applicable to

gas power cycles.

• To analyse the energy conversion for power

production of internal combustion engines.

• To evaluate the performance of gas power cycles.

4
CONSIDERATION IN POWER CYCLE
ANALYSIS
In actual devices, COMPLICATION of friction,
heat losses and insufficient of time to establish
equilibrium conditions.

In IDEAL CYCLE, no internal

irreversibilities and complexities
considered.

IDEAL CYCLE enables engineers to

study effects of major parameters
with ease, without complexities
 Introduction

Idealisations commonly used in powercycles:

 Ideal cycle ( vs real cycle)

 No friction (i.e., no pressure drop)
 All expansion and compression are quasi-
equilibrium
 Heat transfer from pipes are negligible
 Changes in kinetic and potential energy is
negligible

6
 Carnot Cycle

• P-V and T-s diagrams

7
Carnot Cycle

CARNOT CYCLE is composed of four totally reversible

processes:

(1) Isothermal heat addition

(2) Isentropic expansion
(3) Isothermal heat rejection
(4) isentropic compression

CARNOT CYCLE is most efficient cycle that can

be executed between a heat source of TH and a
sink at TL
 Internal Combustion Engines

• ICE refers to reciprocating engines commonly used

in land transport.
• Processes occur within reciprocating piston-cylinder
arrangements.
• Two principal types:
– Spark-ignition engine (SI engine). Otto Cycle is
the ideal cycle for the SI Engine
– Compression-ignition engine (CI engine). Diesel
Cycle is the ideal cycle for CI Engine

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 Internal Combustion (IC) Engine

Terminology
• TDC
• BDC
• Stroke
• Bore
• Valve
• Displacement volume
• Clearance volume
• Compression ratio
• MEP
• SI
• CI
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Important Terms
Compression ratio, r Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
Vmax V B D C Wnet
r= = MEP =
V min V TDC Vmax −Vmin

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engine

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engine

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 Otto-Cycle: The ideal cycle for Spark Ignition
Engine
The piston executes four distinct strokes within the
cylinder for two revolutions of the crankshaft.

1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust

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 Pressure-Volume Diagram

Actual 4-stroke SI engine cycle

Otto Cycle

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Air-Standard assumptions for Otto Cycle

• An ideal cycle
• Working fluid is air
• Assumed as closed system
• Operates as 4-stroke cycle
• Heat addition at constant volume (replaces the
combustion process of the actual cycle
• Heat rejection at constant volume (replaces the
exhaust stroke)

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 Air-Standard OTTO Cycle

Comprises of 4 internally reversible processes

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression of the air
Process 2-3: Constant-volume heat transfer to the air
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection

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 OTTO Cycle Analysis

Writing the energy balance equation (closed system) for each

processes:
q − w = ∆pe + ∆ke + ∆u
Assuming change in kinetic energy and potential energy can be
ignored, the processes can be expressed as:

w12 = u1 − u 2 w34 = u3 − u4

q23 = u3 − u2 q41 = u1 − u4
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 OTTO Cycle Analysis

The internal energy value can be obtain from the isentropic

process relationship:
k −1
T 2  V1 
=  T2 = T1 r k −1
T1  V2 

k −1
T3  V 
= 
4
T3 = T4 r k −1
T4  V3 

Where:
k = c p cv

V1 V4
= =compression ratio = r
V 2 V3
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 Thermal Efficiency - OTTO Cycle
Recalling from second law of thermodynamics:

η= Wnet = Qin − Qout = 1− Qout = 1− qout

Qin Qin Qin qin
For constant-volume processes of the Otto cycle,
the efficiency can be expressed as:
cv (T4 −T1 )
η= 1 −
cv (T3 − T2 )

(T4 − 1) Since,
η= 1−
(T4 − 1)r k −1 T2 = T1 r k −1 and T3 = T4 r k −1

1
And finally, η th,Otto = 1 −
r k −1
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 Exercise 1.1
At the beginning of the compression process of an
air-standard Otto cycle, p1 = 1 bar, T1 = 290K,
V1 = 400 cm3. The maximum temperature in the
cycle is 2200 K and the compression ratio is 8.
Determine:
(a) The heat addition, in kJ
(b) The net work, in kJ
(c) The thermal efficiency
(d) The mean effective pressure, in bar

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Exercise 1.1: Solutions

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Exercise 1.1: Solutions

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Exercise 1.1: Solutions

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 Air-Standard DIESEL Cycle

• An ideal cycle
• Working fluid is air
• Heat addition occurs during constant-pressure
process when piston is at TDC
• Comprises of 4 internally reversible processes
– Process 1-2: Isentropic compression of the air
– Process 2-3: Constant-pressure heat transfer to the air
– Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
– Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection

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P-v and T-s Diagrams of Air-Standard
DIESEL Cycle

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 DIESEL Cycle Analysis

Writing the energy balance equation (closed system) for each

processes:
q − w = ∆pe + ∆ke + ∆u
Assuming change in kinetic energy and potential energy can be
ignored, the processes can be expressed as:

w12 = u1 − u2 w34 = u3 − u4

q23 = h3 − h2 q41 = u1 − u4 27
 DIESEL Cycle Analysis

The internal energy value can be obtain from the isentropic

process relationship:
k −1
T 2 = V1  
= r k −1
T1  V2 

k −1 k −1
T 4 V3    rc 
= = 
T3  V4   r
Where:
k = c p cv
V1 V4
= = compression ratio = r
V2 V3
V3
= cutoff ratio = rc
V2 26
 Thermal Efficiency - DIESEL Cycle
Recalling from second law of thermodynamics:
η = Wnet = Qin − Qout = 1 − Qout = 1 − q out
Qin Qin Qin qin
For constant-volume processes of the Otto cycle,
the efficiency can be expressed as:
−T1 )
η= 1− cv (T4
c p (T3 − T2 )

T1 (T4 T1 − 1)
η= 1 −
kT2 (T3 T2 − 1)

1  rc k − 1 
And finally, η th,Diesel = 1 − k−1  
r  k(rc − 1)
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 Exercise 1.2

The pressure and temperature at the beginning of

compression of an air-standard Diesel cycle are
95 kPa and 300 K, respectively. At the end of the
heat addidition, the pressure is 7.2 MPa and the
temperature is 2150 K. Determine;
(a)The compression ratio
(b)The cutoff ratio
(c)The thermal efficiency of the
cycle
(d)The mean effective pressure
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Exercise 1.2: Solutions

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Exercise 1.2: Solutions

32
Exercise 1.2: Solutions
specific volumes:

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Exercise 1.2: Solutions

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Exercise 1.2: Solutions

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 DUAL Cycle
In modern high-speed compression ignition engines, fuel is injected
into the combustion chamber much sooner compared to the early
diesel engines.

Fuel starts to ignite late in the compression stroke, and

consequently part of the combustion occurs almost at constant
volume. Fuel injection continues until the piston reaches TDC, and
combustion of the fuel keeps the pressure high well into the
expansion stroke.

Thus, the entire combustion process can better

be modeled as the COMBINATION of
constant-volume and constant-pressure
processes.
 Air-Standard DUAL Cycle

• Approximate the pressure variations of actual internal

combustion engines
• Working fluid is air
• Heat addition occurs in two step during a constant-
volume and a constant-pressure process when
piston is at TDC
• Comprises of 5 internally reversible processes
– Process 1-2: Isentropic compression of the air
– Process 2-3: Constant-volume heat addition and
– Process 3-4: Constant-pressure heat addition
to the air
– Process 4-5: Isentropic expansion
– Process 5-1: Constant volume heat rejection
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P-v and T-s Diagrams of Air-Standard
DUAL Cycle

38
 DUAL Cycle Analysis

Assuming change in kinetic energy and potential energy can be

ignored, the processes can be expressed as:

The isentropic compression w12 = u2 − u1

The heat addition q23 = u3 − u2 and q34 = h4 − h3

The isentropic expansion w45 = u4 −u5

The heat rejection q51 = u5 − u1

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 Exercise 1.3
An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 9. At
the beginning of compression, p1 = 100 kPa and T1 = 300 K.
The heat addition per unit mass of air is 1400 kJ/kg, with one
half added at constant volume and one half added at
constant pressure. Determine;
(a)The temperature at the end of each heat addition process
(b)The net work of the cycle per unit mass of air
(c)The thermal efficiency
(d)The mean effective pressure

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Exercise 1.3

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Exercise 1.3

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Exercise 1.3

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Exercise 1.3

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Exercise 1.3

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Exercise 1.3

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