Machine 5 Print

3/2/2022
Construction of Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Machines
- Three phase AC machine.
- Always runs at constant Speed known as synchronous speed.
- Can be operated at both lagging and leading power factor.(over excited
and under excited )
- Two modes of operation: generator and motor
Induction Motor
Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/ IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/ IOE, Thapathali
3/2/2022 3/2/2022
Campus 1 Campus 2
• Major three parts: • Rotors are provided with rotor windings which when
a) Stator supplied by DC current produces flux. (Excitation)
• Two types of rotor construction:
b) Rotor
1. Cylindrical rotor or non salient type
c) Excitor 2. Salient pole Rotor
Stator
• Same as thee phase induction motor.
• Armature windings is in stator.
Rotor
• It is the rotating part of the machine which produces
magnetic flux required for the generation of voltage.
Cylindrical rotor salient rotor
3/2/2022 3 3/2/2022 4
Campus Campus
1
3/2/2022
1. Cylindrical type rotor or non salient type

• Has smooth magnetic field, uniform air gap, costlier than and used for
high speed machine eg. Gas turbine prime mover.
• the flux distribution is uniform and hence smooth and less noisy
operation.
2. Salient type Rotor

• Has projected magnetic poles, non uniform air gap, cheaper and easier
,used for low speed machine. eg. Diesel engine, water turbine.
• Due to non-uniform flux distribution the operation is quite noisy.
3/2/2022 5 3/2/2022 6
Campus Campus
Exciter: Working principle and EMF Equation of Alternator

• An auxiliary part which provide dc current to the field
winding of machine on rotor.
Excitation can be achieved in different ways:
1. External dc supply by means of slip rings and brushes
2. Special dc power source mounted on the shaft –brushless [in large
generators].
3. Static and Rotary Exciter.
Two types of operation:

1. Synchronous Generator or Alternator
2. Synchronous motor
3/2/2022 7 3/2/2022 8
Campus Campus
2
3/2/2022
Working principle and EMF Equation • The frequency of induced emf is given by f= p/2 x N/60 , Hz
• Working principle is based on Faraday’s law of Electro Magnetic • mathematically.,
Induction. • Three phase instantaneous induced voltage are expressed as:
• When the shaft of machine ( having magnetic field) is rotated or
driven by prime mover at constant speed equal to synchronous Ea
speed (Ns = 120f/P).
Eb
• The exciter mounted on the same shaft of machine builds the
voltage and supplies to the field winding, thus producing the rotor Ec
magnetic filed.
• Thus, stator conductors are cut by flux and by magnetic induction,
emf will be induced in the conductors.
• As the stator has three phase distributed windings, so three phase
voltage will be induced , which are 120 degree out of phase from
each others.
3/2/2022 9 3/2/2022 10
Campus Campus
EMF Equation if Tph is number of turns per phase of winding then Z= 2Tph,
Let, P = the number of poles the emf equation is
ϕ =Flux per pole in Webers Eph= 4.44 f φ Tph --------------------------------(1)
N = the speed in revolution per minute (r.p.m) The assumption of above equation are
f = be the frequency in Hertz • Coils have got the full pitch.
Zph = the number of conductors connected in series per phase • All the conductors are concentrated in one stator slot.
Tph = the number of turns connected in series per phase
Kc is the coil span factor If the coil span factor Kc and the distribution factor Kd , are taken into
Kd is the distribution factor consideration than the Actual EMF induced per phase is given as
Eph= 4.44 Kc Kd f φ Tph
Now, The average EMF equation is derived with the following assumptions
given below. Coil Span Factor/ coil pitch factor: The Coil Span Factor is defined as
• Coils have got the full pitch. the ratio of the induced emf in a coil when the winding is short pitched
• All the conductors are concentrated in one stator slot. to the induced emf in the same coil when the winding is full pitched.
3/2/2022 11 3/2/2022 12
Campus Campus
3
3/2/2022
• Distribution Factor (Kd): Distribution factor is defined as the ratio of

induced EMF in the coil group when the winding is distributed in a number
of slots to the induced EMF in the coil group when the winding is
concentrated in one slot. It is given by the equation
Hence, the emf equation becomes

Eph= 4.44 Kc Kd f φ Tph --------------------------------(2)
3/2/2022 13 3/2/2022 14
Campus Campus
Advantages of stationary Armature Alternator on Load and Equivalent circuit:

 When the synchronous generator is loaded, the terminal voltage V is less
• The stationary armature is more easily insulated for high voltage. than the induced EMF E, because of following reasons:
• Generally alternators are of high current rating. If we put armature - voltage drop in armature winding resistance (Ra)
on rotor, we have to install slip rings capable of bearing that high - voltage drop due to leakage reactance(Xl)
current. Also slip rings are to be insulated from the shaft. On the - voltage drop due to armature reactions(Xa).
contrary, field current is much lower than armature current. So Let E = EMF induced per phase in stator/armature winding
putting field on rotor requires slip rings of small current rating. V= Terminal voltage across the load per phase.
• Since armature circuit carries huge current, it heats up more than
the field circuit. It is easy to cool armature on stator by putting
cooling channels carrying water/air/hydrogen through stator body.
• The armature winding being stationary are not subjected to
vibration and centrifugal forces and can be easily braced
mechanically.
3/2/2022 15 3/2/2022 16
Campus Campus
4
3/2/2022
Alternator on Load and Equivalent circuit: Armature Reaction and effect of Armature reaction:
 When synchronous generator is loaded, the armature current will flow
through three phase stator windings. This current will produce its own
magnetic flux , which is rotating in nature at synchronous speed.
 The effect of Armature (stator) flux on the flux produced by the rotor
flux(main flux) is called Armature Reaction.
 This armature flux reacts with the main pole flux, causing the resultant
flux to become either less than or more than the original main field flux.
 The nature of effect of armature reaction depends upon the nature of
load.
Case I- Resistive Load:
3/2/2022 17 3/2/2022 18
Campus Campus
When the load is resistive, voltage and current are in phase. Since the nature Case II- Inductive Load:
of armature flux is same as that of armature current. So mathematically we  When load is inductive, the current lags voltage, so wave form of armature
have, flux also lags by some angle w.r.t. that in the case of resistive load.
ΦA = Φm Sin(ωt)
 In this case, armature reaction has de-magnetizing and cross magnetizing
ΦB = Φm Sin(ωt – 120o)
ΦC = Φm Sin(ωt – 240o) effect as shown below.
When the rotor N pole is in upward direction as shown in figure i.e. when
rotor has moved to 90 degree then corresponding armature fluxes are given
by above equation. At wt= 90,
ΦA = Φm
ΦB = -0.5Φm
ΦC = -0.5Φm
Hence, ΦAR =1.5 Φm
thus, it is seen that armature flux ΦAR  Case III- capacitive Load:
lags by 90 with the direction of main  When load is capacitive, the current leads voltage, so wave form of
field flux 0f rotor. armature flux also leads by some angle w.r.t. that in the case of resistive
Both of these flux rotate with same speed in same direction. Hence, armature load.
Reaction flux distort the main flux, which is called cross magnetizing effect of  In this case, armature reaction has magnetizing and cross magnetizing
armature reaction. effect as shown above.
3/2/2022 19 3/2/2022 20
Campus Campus
5
3/2/2022
 Thus , armature reactions causes voltage drop in the armature.  When

 This the voltage drop due to armature reaction may be accounted in
equivalent circuit by assuming presence of a reactance Xa in series with
armature winding.
 The value of Xa is such that IaXa represents the voltage drop due to the
armature reaction.
 Now,
3/2/2022 21 3/2/2022 22
Campus Campus
Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation

 As the load on the generator increases, the terminal voltage drops (lagging
• Voltage regulation is defined as the change in generator terminal voltage and unity PF loads cases). But, the terminal voltage, must be maintained
when load on the generator changes from no load to full load, the speed constant, and hence the excitation on the machine is varied, or input power to
and field current remaining constant.
the generator is varied. That means, Ea has to be adjusted to keep the terminal
• Mathematically, it is expressed as voltage VT constant.
VNL  VFL -If SG operate at lagging power factor the VR is very high.(Positive voltage regulation).
 100 %
VFL -If SG operate at unity power factor just small positive VR
Here, - At leading power factor VR is negative.
|VNL| is the magnitude of a terminal voltage at no-load How the terminal voltage is corrected? The procedure:
|VFL| is the magnitude of rated terminal voltage at full load • Recall: V  EA  jXsIA • Decreasing the field resistance
• The magnitude and nature of voltage regulation depends upon the power and EA  K will increase its field current.
factor of the load. And accordingly terminal voltage may decrease or • Since the frequency
increase. • The increase of field current will
(ω) should not be
• For unity and lagging power factors, there is always a voltage drop with changed, then Ф must increase the flux and increase
the increase of load, and for leading power factor, the terminal voltage the EA, and the Vф will increase.
be changed.
may be greater than induced emf i.e. negative voltage regulation.
• but for a certain leading power, the full load voltage regulation is zero.
3/2/2022 23 3/2/2022 24
Campus Campus
6
3/2/2022
 Formula: for inductive load  When
 For capacitive load: modify the formula.
3/2/2022 25 3/2/2022 26
Campus Campus
 When  When
3/2/2022 27 3/2/2022 28
Campus Campus
7
3/2/2022
Synchronous Motor Why synchronous motor is not self starting?

[Operating principle]
Its construction same as
Synchrounous genertor.
-It is doubly excited ac motor

Unlike an induction motor i.e. both
Stator and rotor is fed from source.
Special features:
• It always runs t synchronous speed at any loading condition.
• It is not self starting motor. It needs some auxiliary means to
start at starting.
• It can be operated at wide range of power factor, both lagging
and leading.
3/2/2022 3/2/2022 30
Campus 29 Campus
Special features:
• The stator is excited by the three-phase supply, and the
rotor is excited by the DC supply.
• three phase voltage supplied to stator will setup rotating
magnetic field, rotating at synchronous speed (Ns).
• At the same time when rotor is supplied by dc voltage, rotor
poles will get magnetized.
• Under this situation, stator magnetic filed and rotor magnetic
pole will not be able to produce a continuous rotation .
• Explanation:
Self from class notes and discussion:
3/2/2022 31 3/2/2022 32
Campus Campus
8
3/2/2022
Starting Methods: 1. Use of dc shunt motor coupled to shaft of synchronous motor.

1. Use of dc shunt motor coupled to shaft of synchronous motor.
2. Using the exciter of synchronous machine as DC motor for
starting time.
3. use of small induction motor of at least one pair of pole less
than synchronous motor.
4. Use of Damper winding as a squirrel cage induction motor.
3/2/2022 33 3/2/2022 34
Campus Campus
Motor Starting with Damper Windings:

• A Damper Winding consists of heavy copper bars inserted in the • As soon as the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the DC
slots of the pole faces of the rotor as shown in the figure below. excitation is applied to the field windings.
• These copper bars are short-circuited by end rings at both ends of • As a result, the rotor of the motor will pull into step with the stator
the rotor. Thus, these short-circuited Bars form a squirrel cage magnetic field and motor runs with constant speed.
winding.
• When a three phase supply is connected to the stator, the
synchronous motor with Damper Winding will start. It works as a
three-phase induction motor.
3/2/2022 35 3/2/2022 36
Campus Campus
9
3/2/2022
No load and Loaded operation:  At no load if there is no power losses, the stator pole and rotor pole will be
 When synchronous motor gets started by some auxiliary means and rotor along same axis and phase difference between V and back EMF Eb will be
field is supplied by dc voltage from exciter, stator pole and rotor pole gets exactly 180 degree out of phase.
engaged or locked and rotor moves synchronous speed.  But in actual machine, there is some power losses due to iron and friction
 And when load on the motor , the rotor poles progressively tends to fall losses and copper losses, even at no load.
back in phase by some angle in space but still continue to run with  Hence the rotor pole lags by some angle ∝ with stator pole.
synchronous speed. Loaded operation and Equivalent Circuit:
NO LOAD CASE: Note: it is well known that in case of DC motor , the speed of armature
decreases with increase in load due to which back emf decreases and
armature current will increase to overcome the increased load. But in
synchronous motor speed does not change with load.
• When the load on the synchronous motor increases the rotor pole lags the
stator pole by some larger angle ∝.
• and phase angle between V and back emf Eb will increase and so that net
resultant voltage Er will increase and so armature current will increase.
3/2/2022 37 3/2/2022 38
Campus Campus
 When  When
3/2/2022 39 3/2/2022 40
Campus Campus
10
3/2/2022
Effect of Excitation current and V curves:  When

 A synchronous motor runs at constant synchronous speed, regardless of
the load.
 When load on the shaft is increased, the rotor slows down momentarily, as it
required some time to take increased power from the line.
 In another word, it can be said that even if the rotor is rotating at
synchronous speed, the rotor slips back in space because of the increase in
the load. In this process, the torque angle δ becomes larger and, as a result,
the induced torque increases.
3/2/2022 41 3/2/2022 42
Campus Campus
 When  When
3/2/2022 43 3/2/2022 44
Campus Campus
11
3/2/2022
 When • Remining topics
3/2/2022 45 3/2/2022 46
Campus Campus
12

Machine 5 Print

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine 5 Print

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine 5 Print

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3/2/2022

Construction of Synchronous Machine

1. Cylindrical type rotor or non salient type

2. Salient type Rotor

Exciter: Working principle and EMF Equation of Alternator

Two types of operation:

• Distribution Factor (Kd): Distribution factor is defined as the ratio of

Hence, the emf equation becomes

Advantages of stationary Armature Alternator on Load and Equivalent circuit:

 Thus , armature reactions causes voltage drop in the armature.  When

Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation

 Formula: for inductive load  When

 For capacitive load: modify the formula.

Synchronous Motor Why synchronous motor is not self starting?

-It is doubly excited ac motor

Starting Methods: 1. Use of dc shunt motor coupled to shaft of synchronous motor.

Motor Starting with Damper Windings:

Effect of Excitation current and V curves:  When

 When • Remining topics

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.