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glue.things – a Mashup Platform for wiring the

Internet of Things with the Internet of Services

Conference Paper · October 2014

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3039.9049

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 glue.things – a Mashup Platform for wiring the Internet of
Things with the Internet of Services
Robert Kleinfeld Dr. Stephan Steglich Lukasz Radziwonowicz Charalampos Doukas
Senior Research Engineer Director Future Applications Research Engineer Senior Research Engineer
Fraunhofer FOKUS and Media Fraunhofer FOKUS CREATE-NET
Berlin, Germany Fraunhofer FOKUS Berlin, Germany Trento, Italy
robert.kleinfeld@fokus.fraun Berlin, Germany lukasz.radziwonowicz@foku charalampos.doukas@creat
hofer.de stephan.steglich@fokus.frau s.fraunhofer.de e-net.org
nhofer.de

ABSTRACT in the recent years. For each specific product developers have to
Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending topic. Market analysts implement or integrate a gateway for collecting device data and
predict a large growth of the entire IoT market with an explosion controlling its settings.
of new products. In this paper, we argue how the data of these Against this background, the IoT landscape can be
devices can be connected in an efficient and extensible way. For grouped into a number of categories with specific features and
this purpose, we present glue.things a mashup platform for wiring technologies. These categories include hardware boards with
data of Web-enabled IoT devices and Web services. The work micro controller, Web-enabled IoT devices, IoT platforms and
carried out in this paper addresses concepts and technologies that hybrid approaches such as Web of Things (WoT) hubs [5].
are referred as “web-friendly IoT technologies”. We elaborate Popular examples for hardware boards are Arduino1, openPicus2
aspects of device integration, real-time communication and data with Flyport3, Spark4 and many more. They are providing
stream mashups. These aspects are discussed on features and Software Development Kids (SDKs) or client libraries for device
technologies of the prototype implementation glue.things. communication with a specific integration effort for accessing
these devices in consumer applications. Furthermore there is a
General Terms huge market growth of Web-enabled IoT devices in the smart
Design, Prototype Implementation home and wearable device domain. Products such as Philips Hue5
and Fitbit6 supporting Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
Keywords based on Representation State Transfer (REST) for easy device
Internet of Things; Internet of Services; Web of Things; Mashup integration, but with a gateway as broker between device and Web
Platform; Discovery; Composition; Gateway; Web of Things service of the provider. This trend is set to continue: more and
Hub; Web Tools more products will come out with Web-based interfaces built on
established Web standards. There are IoT platforms supporting
1. INTRODUCTION specific application domains such as openHAB [6] in the smart
The Internet of Things (IoT) makes many of the familiar
home environment. They provide Integrated Development
devices in our lives, from door locks to tollbooths to refrigerators,
Environments (IDEs), proprietary APIs, data models and script
suddenly Internet-connected, smartphone-accessible, and
engines. However, these IoT platforms moving in a Web-centric
responsive. In particular, with respect to the consumer space,
direction with REST APIs and Web-based dashboards. In
many products and services have already crossed over into the
contrast, WoT hubs abstract form device-specific gateways and
IoT, including kitchen and home appliances, lighting and heating
technologies. With the purpose to provide a set of Web-based
products. The numbers being forecast for the IoT are truly
APIs and tools for developing IoT applications in an efficient
astonishing. Gartner find that the numbers of everyday and
environment. Platforms such as Xively [7], Temboo7 or Carriots8
enterprise devices that will soon be connected to the Internet will
providing an entire programming environment including Web-
be huge: 1.9 billion devices today, and 9 billion by 2018,
based APIs, SDKs, client libraries for specific hardware boards
according to Gartner estimates, roughly equal to the number of
and dashboard for device management. WoT hubs are located at
smartphones, smart TVs, tablets and wearable computers, and PCs
the highest level of the IoT software stack (gateway, service and
combined [1]. Especially market analysts predict that this trend
application layer). In conclusion, the vertical nature of this IoT
will drive trillions in economic value as it permeates consumer
software stack has contributed to fragmentation of its
and business life [2]. Despite all these positive predictions, the
infrastructure. In this fragmented landscape, Web technologies are
question arises, how are the “things” in the IoT actually put
together?
1 http://arduino.cc/
This challenging question manifests itself in a large
2
number of IoT infrastructures that are built in silos with a lack of http://www.openpicus.com/
interoperability at the gateway, service and application layer [3]. 3 http://www.openpicus.com/site/products
With a dynamic IoT market and new products becoming available 4 https://www.spark.io/
all the time, it is inefficient and time-consuming for developers to
5
support all these products [4]. The number of communication http://www2.meethue.com/
protocols and IoT technologies is steadily increasing, and more 6 http://www.fitbit.com/
and more APIs and data models are released for a specific domain 7
and product. It can therefore be concluded that there has been a https://www.temboo.com/
large number of IoT infrastructures and proprietary technologies 8 https://www.carriots.com/
the most promising approach for interoperability and standards. Clickscript is a Firefox plugin written on top of an Ajax
REST APIs, JSON data models, Web Sockets, Publish / Subscribe library that allows users to visually create Web mashups by
mechanisms such as XMPP and JavaScript-based Open Source connecting building blocks of resources (Web sites) and
projects for IoT data stream management are tried and proven in operations (greater than, if/then, loops, etc.). Since it is written in
production practice [8]. JavaScript, Clickscript cannot use resources based on proprietary
service protocols. However, it can easily access RESTful services,
The work carried out in this paper addresses concepts such as those provided by Web applications. This makes it
and technologies that are referred to WoT hubs. The paper straightforward to create Clickscript building block that represent
elaborates aspects of device integration and real-time application. In comparison to Clickscript it should be mentioned
communication (Web Sockets, MQTT and CoAP based on real- that Node-RED10 as visual Web-based mashup tool getting more
time data stream networks such as MeshBlu 9, PubNub [9] and and more attention in the IoT. Node-RED has a similar approach
servIoTicy [10]), data stream mashups, triggers / actions and in creating Web mashups by connecting building blocks.
finally distributed deployment of these mashups. One special However, Node-RED is an event-processing engine that basically
focus of this work is on the composition of data streams from prevents hardware and software developers from having to
Web services and Web-enabled IoT devices. All these mentioned continually reinvent the wheel. Node-RED doesn't take away the
aspects will be discussed in depth based on the prototype need to write code altogether, but it does reduce it, and in the
implementation glue.things. glue.things is a coherent and robust process both lowers the technical barrier and allows users to focus
mashup platform covering both delivery and management aspects on the creating, rather than on the doing. Node-RED provides a
of device data streams, applications and their integration. In this user interface where users’ drag-and-drop blocks that represent
respect, glue.things builds on proven real-time communication components of a larger system. In Node-RED's case usually the
networks for easy device integration and data stream devices, software platforms and Web services are blocks that are
management. to be connected. Further blocks can be placed in between these
This paper is structured as follows: section 2 presents components to represent software functions that wrangle and
additional approaches of WoT hubs and mashup solutions and transform the data in transit. Node-RED flows are represented in
how they are related to the concept of glue.things. Section 3 JavaScript Object Notation or JSON and can be easily exported to
introduces glue.things including architecture, features and benefits the clipboard to be imported into Node-RED or shared online.
with a focus on plugin-able real-time data stream networks. Open Sen.se doesn’t address the IoT, but the Internet of
Section 4 presents the core components of the mashup platform. Everything (IoE) – a world in which humans, nature, machines,
Finally, section 5 outlines further research questions as result of information, objects and environments all interact and
the current work as well as future steps regarding distributed communicate in different ways. Open Sen.se provides a platform
deployment, compositions and an easy integration of devices from for imagining, prototyping and testing new devices, installations,
the consumer perspective. scenarios and applications for this new interconnected world. It’s
both free and easy to use, enabling both professionals and amateur
2. Background hobbyists to experiment with ease. Users create dashboards called
The term mashup is pretty broad and widespread. A Sense Boards containing the user interface from a wide collection
good definition for a mashup tool is a solution that allows of plug-ins installed by the user to enter, visualize and process
developers to combine data streams and then visualize that data data. Developers can easily integrate devices such as a suitably
through a Web or any mobile application [11]. Usually, mashups equipped Arduino by sending or receiving data from named input
are Web applications that can be created quickly using standard and output feeds that containing time stamped values using its
Web services (e.g., REST) and components (e.g., Widgets). Early RESTful API. Output feeds allow Open Sen.se to not only collect
mashup tools are Microsoft Popfly [12] and Yahoo Pipes [13]. sensor data, but also control things. Open Sen.se feeds can contain
Particular, the term and underlying approach is of greater concern integers, float, boolean and string values. Currently, Open Sen.se
in the IoT. While the IoT is still taking shape, it’s already make devices cannot be shared with others on the system.
incredible strides as a new frontier for the connected world in
which people, devices, environments and virtual objects are all WoTKit serves as a sensor data aggregator,
connected and capable of interaction. There’s a new wave of visualization, remote control and processing tool. It aggregates
technology platforms targeting the need to bridge these data from a variety of sensors, and allows simple control
sophisticated communications, as well as hardware manufacturers messages to be passed to actuators. WoTKit allows users to
producing physical devices and sensors to power the IoT. There quickly find and subscribe to sensor data of interest, process data
are innovative tools and technologies for developers to build and and visualize the data using widgets on a dashboard. Like Open
deploy powerful IoT applications, tools for device manufacturers Sen.se, the WoTKit provides a flexible dashboard; processing
to quickly add new connected services to products and even components are included and sensor feeds can contain numeric
technologies for everyday users to enable automated and string types, however, the WoTKit focuses less on the
communications and actions between devices and social networks integration of applications into the platform user interface, rather
and so much more. For this background there are various providing basic built in visuals and processing components.
providers with mashup tools which also building on REST WoTKit supports non-numeric feed values and includes a more
interfaces for the IoT. Well-known examples for such tools are comprehensive event-based processing engine. The WoTKit can
Clickscript [14], Open Sen.se [15], WotKit [16] as well as create pipes that act as connectors, connecting sensor data to
Paraimpu [17]. For all four of these, commercial companies have actuators such as email and other output modules.
been created products to bring these innovations to the market. Paraimpu is a social tool for connecting physical and
virtual devices, composing and interconnecting them and sharing

9 10
http://skynet.im/ http://nodered.org/
data and published objects on the social Web. Using Paraimpu, STOMP/TCP, STOMP/WS, MQTT and CoAP. glue.things REST
users can create customized applications for the IoT, enabling API provides communication features (pushing, retrieving and
users’ devices and objects to react to environmental changes, composing data). glue.things supports JSON-based data models
activities or events. Ultimately, the result is a physical-virtual for device updates and the description of the processing model.
Web mashup in which users can tap into shared data and virtual Web communication protocol provides features for creation and
objects to further their own applications and devices. Paraimpu management of pub/sub subscriptions, invocations and status
provides a palette of configurable sensors, actuators and check of actuations. These features are available for developers
connections that provide processing capability such as filtering via client libraries. For a more intuitive registration of devices, the
and mapping between sensor inputs and actuator outputs. Sensors dashboard supports device templates. Devices can be registered
and actuators can be public, allowing them to be shared between via a Web formula in a few steps.
Paraimpu users who are also your friends.
3.1.2 Collect Data and Build Mashups
The point is that all those solutions are perfectly valid glue.things integrates a mashup tool to aggregate,
for their specific applications domain. This paper will not reinvent manipulate, and mashup data streams from connected devices.
the wheel of mashup tools but rather adapts and extends current This mashup tool enhances Node-RED [20] for visual stream
approaches and technologies. Based on evaluations and compositions (automatic update of the node list if a new device is
requirement analyses, Node-RED was identified as the most registered, multi-user and session capability). Developers grab the
promising tool for browser-based and visual data stream output of any data stream as JSON and use it in the final mashup
aggregation. The following sections will discuss the scope of application. glue.things mashup tool supports nodes for multiple
glue.things and the extension of valid mashup approaches in the Web-enabled IoT devices as well as Web services such as
IoT domain. glue.things can be classified as IoT mashup platform Foursquare11, Twitter12, Google Speech To Text13, OpenCV [18]
that concentrates on users and less developers. For this reason, for facial recognition and recommendations. Complex mashups
glue.things extends Node-RED with easy-to-use and predefined between IoS and IoT can be realized. Finally, developers have the
trigger and actions nodes for devices and Web services. option to define condition statements, triggers and actions for
these mashups of data streams.
3. OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH
The objective of glue.things is to build an open and 3.1.3 Deploy and Distribute Mashups
extensible hub for WoT applications based on the described IoT Mashups are deployed as Node-RED application
landscape in the introduction. Therefore, glue.things builds on including triggers, actions and authentication / authorization
established Open Source technologies for device integration and capabilities. glue.things mashup applications have different
communication, composition of data streams and distributed presentation for developers and end-users. Developers can access
deployment of these compositions. This section will describe the a mashup via a RESTful API for using the provided features in
design approach of glue.things from a developer perspective by their own native or Web-based applications. End-users can access
addressing the development process of WoT applications in glue.things for browsing through a collection of mashup
glue.things. In the next step, core components of the architecture applications that can be used for their own purpose. Change
will be addressed. This section will conclude with features and device settings, define parameters for triggers / conditions, and
benefits of glue.things. apply these mashups to their own home environment including
owned devices. Concepts for sharing these mashups with other
glue.things offers a mashup platform to connect TVs,
end-users and distributed deployment on mobile devices are
wearable computing devices, and all of the consumer and business
integrated.
tools to the Internet. For integrating devices, glue.things offers
two approaches. (i) First, client libraries leverage the glue.things
REST API over HTTP, Web Sockets, MQTT and CoAP to make
connecting devices to glue.things. (ii) Secondly, glue.things
integrates real-time communication networks such as Meshblu
(Open Source machine-to-machine instant messaging network and
API), PubNub (Global Messaging Service for building real-time
Web and mobile apps) and servIoTicy (data processing platform
for the IoT). Given the devolved approach to glue.things,
developers can access and communicate with a large variety of
devices with low development and integration effort. glue.things
supports home appliance devices such as Belkin WeMo Switch,
Philips Hue; activity trackers such as Fitbit and Jawbone Up;
hardware boards such as Arduino, openPicus Flyport and Spark.
The glue.things dashboard supports the development process with
features for device and data management, aggregation and
manipulation of device data streams and distributed deployment
of data stream mashups. The development process contains three
steps: connect devices, build device data stream mashups, deploy
and run these mashup applications on cloud platforms.
3.1 Development Process 11 https://foursquare.com
3.1.1 Connect Devices 12
Developer connect devices to glue.things to make them https://twitter.com/
available on the Web. Supported protocols are HTTP/TCP, 13 https://gist.github.com/alotaiba/1730160
3.2 Architecture contains a powerful mashup tool to aggregate, manipulate and
The architecture of glue.things builds on three layers mashup data input from connected devices. Developers take
that are shown in Figure 1: (i) device layer, (ii) service layer and advantage of the glue.things Distribution Manager, for publishing
(iii) application layer. and sharing device data streams and finally distribute the mashup
application to potential customers.
3.3.2 Token Management
glue.things provides token management for devices and
their data. API access is controlled by API tokens, they give
developers the information what they can do and see. Tokens are
defined by using glue.things fine grained policy and visibility
management.
3.3.3 User Management
glue.things provides different role models for
developers and end-users. Depending on the user type, glue.things
supports individual views, access policies and privacy
enforcements. Developers register their account and glue.things
provides access to all management features, the glue.things API
and SDK. End-users can access the collection of mashup
applications to use them in their own home environment.
Additionally, mashup application can be shared with other end-
Figure 1: glue.things Architecture users.

(i) The device layer integrates Open Source real-time 3.3.4 Data Management
communication networks such as Meshblu, PubNub and glue.things monitors and visualizes the output data of
servIoTicy. This approach has the advantage of device access to a connected devices in a consistent interface. Developers can add
large number of Web-enabled IoT devices. glue.things has not to new data channels or change their description and type.
rebuild multiple device gateways. Furthermore, these networks glue.things Dashboard retrieves real-time updates of device data
support messaging with real-time Web Sockets via Remote directly in the glue.things Device Manager. glue.things Token
Procedure Calls (RPC), MQTT and CoAP. An important Management provides the ability for defining policies and views
argument is the support of device directories to discover and of device data streams. Developers can aggregate, manipulate, and
query devices across the Internet. All networks are accessible via mashup device data streams with the glue.things Composer.
RESTful APIs. Therefore, glue.things builds on popular Web 3.3.5 Device Management
technologies and proven Open Source solutions. glue.things is
Developers can easily connect devices such as TVs,
open and extensible to integrate further real-time communication
wearables, mobiles, home appliances by using device templates
networks and gateways. All features can be accessed via the
with glue.things. Through device virtualization, connected devices
glue.things API.
are centrally managed and accessible from anywhere on the
(ii) The service layer integrates all features from the Internet (based on the real-time communication networks
real-time communication networks to provide mechanisms for Meshblu and PubNub). Developers can remotely maintain, control
data and device management. glue.things builds on Node-RED as and interact with connected devices regardless of their location.
development and runtime environment for mashup applications. Furthermore, developers have the option to monitor the output of
All registered devices are managed in a virtualized device connected devices, set offsets, select threshold limits for data
container. The service layer facilitates features for device streams and modify the data visualization.
discovery, communication, data management and aggregation.
Additionally, glue.things uses OAuth as open standard for 3.3.6 Deployment
authorization (especially for Web service authorization). Mashups glue.things builds on Open Source cloud platforms such
of data streams are managed as compositions of JSON objects in as CloudFoundry [20], and supports Node.js to build and deploy
combination with a Node.JS-based workflow engine. mashup applications on glue.things. Developers can deploy their
applications quickly, easily and in just one click directly from the
(iii) The applications layer contains all user interfaces glue.things Dashboard. glue.things Dashboard provides an
for device registration, configuration and monitoring. These overview of all mashup applications, recently activity, and
interfaces are developed with the JavaScrip library AngularJS [19] collaborators, giving developers a cohesive interface to manage
as well as HTML and CSS. glue.things Dashboard combines all all mashup applications.
user interfaces in a coherent front-end for developers and end-
users. Mashup applications are deployed as Node-RED service on 3.3.7 Developer Tools
CloudFoundry. They are available for further configuration and Developers can access and manage devices with the
management in the user interface. glue.things API and SDK. glue.things supports various hardware
combinations needed to create mashup applications for the IoT.
3.3 Features and Benefits The SDK implements libraries for a variety of platforms.
3.3.1 glue.things Dashboard glue.things API exploits the simplicity and power of the well-
glue.things Dashboard offers an intuitive, Web-based known REST implementation with the support of JSON and XML
interface for improving the method of application development for data formats.
the IoT. Developers can connect, manage and monitor their
devices with glue.things Device Manager. glue.things Dashboard
4. GLUE.THINGS MASHUP PLATFORM
Using the glue.things mashup platform, developers will
find all the necessary tools to get prototypes up and running
quickly and easily. Tools include Device Manager, Composer and
Deployment Manager covering the entire glue.things development
process in one common user interface.
4.1 Device Manager
The Device Manager in Figure 2 is a Web-based tool for
connecting and registering any device on glue.things. Once a
device is connected, developers will retrieve real-time updates of
the device data stream.

Figure 3: glue.things Composer

The Composer facilitates nodes for Web-enabled IoT
devices and Web services. These mashups can be extended with
condition statements, triggers and actions. For example,
developers can create a simple mashup for Beacons, Foursquare
and Philips Hue. One option for a trigger can be: if someone
enters a meeting room, then check-in this person on Foursquare
and turn on the Philips Hue. Accordingly, this mashup can be
deployed as Node.JS application with a RESTful API and input
form for configuration and device settings. glue.things provides
various trigger and actions nodes for devices and Web services.
Users are very fast in creating scenarios for the smart home
Figure 2: glue.things Device Manager application domain. Node-RED is extended from a developer tool
to an end-user application based on presets and guidelines.
Developers can manage and organize one or multiple
devices, monitor their status and configure access policies for 4.3 Deployment Manager
applications talking to them. The output data of devices is Mashup applications are deployed as Node-RED
visualized in a consistent interface. Depending on the data type, application on CloudFoundry. Generally, glue.things is open to
the interface provides the right visualization based on various other or additional cloud platforms. Mashup applications provide
predefined charts. Once adopted the already mentioned real-time a RESTful API for communication and further integration in
communication networks, the device manager empowers native applications such as iOS or Android. As shown in Figure 4,
developers with various device templates for mobile, wearables these mashups are presented as collection in the user interface.
and home appliances. For example, a Philips Hue can registered
with the Device Manager in a few clicks. Developers choose the
device from a template. Afterwards the device will be discovered
in the network. glue.things supports pre-settings of device
templates. Developers are free to extend these templates with their
own integration.

4.2 Composer
The Composer provides developers the capability to
aggregate, manipulate, and mashup device data streams in a visual
and intuitive way using a Web-based flow editor that makes it
easy to wire together flows. The Composer is a powerful
composition tool build on Node-RED as shown in Figure 3.
Developers have a bunch of features for data manipulation: select
data streams from a collection of devices and Web services; click
and drop data streams on a canvas and connect them with flows
for further modifications; combine many data streams into one,
then sort, filter and manipulate it with basic operations. Finally,
developers grab the composition and deploy it as mashup
application on the glue.things runtime.
Figure 4: glue.things Mashups
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