Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Nowadays, people are more engaged in cigarette smoking, especially the young

individuals in our society because of our evolving world, many of them are being curious of

what it tastes liked and what would be the feeling of smoking cigarettes. Another factor that

causes a person engaging in cigarette smoking is because they lacked parental guidance. Things

that trigger a person to do cigarette smoking are their emotions, social influence and withdrawal.

This issue is particularly relevant to Tomas Cabili National High School, as it is

important to understand the factors that influence smoking initiation among this specific

population. The selection of Tomas Cabili National High School as the focus of this study is

justified by the fact that it is a large high school with a diverse student population. Additionally,

the school is situated in an urban area where smoking is prevalent, which makes it an ideal

location to study smoking initiation among adolescents.

Among young individuals, the short-term health consequences of smoking include

respiratory and non-respiratory effects, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of other

drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking are reinforced by the fact that most

young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood. In adults, cigarette

smoking causes heart disease and stroke. Studies have shown that early signs of these diseases

can be found in adolescent who smoke.

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 Smoking affects young people’s physical fitness in terms of both performance and

endurance even among young people trained in competitive running. Smoking at an early stage

increases the risk of lung cancer. For most smoking-related cancers, the risk rises as the

individual continues to smoke. Teenage smokers suffer from shortness of breath almost three

times as often as teens who don’t smoke, and produce phlegm more than twice as often as teens

who don’t smoke. (Garfinkel L. et al., 2012)

The youth of today is the hope of the

future. What future holds for a nation
depends on how its citizens
conduct their affairs. Good health
is essential in preparing the fated
young generation in the Philippines.
It
becomes increasingly alarming that
what was imagined to be the role
models and leaders of the future will
have

2
a short life expectancy due to
smoking habits. Cigarette smoking
is the single most preventable
cause of
morbidity and mortality (National
Environmental Health Association,
2008). Despite the known hazards
of
The youth of today is the hope of the
future. What future holds for a nation
depends on how its citizens
conduct their affairs. Good health
is essential in preparing the fated
young generation in the Philippines.
It
becomes increasingly alarming that
what was imagined to be the role

3
models and leaders of the future will
have
a short life expectancy due to
smoking habits. Cigarette smoking
is the single most preventable
cause of
morbidity and mortality (National
Environmental Health Association,
2008). Despite the known hazards
of
The youth of today is the hope of the
future. What future holds for a nation
depends on how its citizens
conduct their affairs. Good health
is essential in preparing the fated
young generation in the Philippines.
It

4
becomes increasingly alarming that
what was imagined to be the role
models and leaders of the future will
have
a short life expectancy due to
smoking habits. Cigarette smoking
is the single most preventable
cause of
morbidity and mortality (National
Environmental Health Association,
2008). Despite the known hazards
of
The youth of today is the hope of the future. What future holds for a nation depends on

how its citizens conduct their affairs. Good health is essential in preparing the fated young

generation in the Philippines. It becomes increasingly alarming that what was imagined to be

the role models and leaders of the future will have a short life expectancy due to smoking

habits. Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality

(National Environmental Health Association, 2008). Despite the known hazards of

smoking, almost 3,000 adolescents became new smokers everyday (Thakur, et.al.,2003).

5
Smoking decision process starts very early for many children and appears only to be

narrow time for a period of two to three months where teenagers can be converted to regular

smokers (Albaum,2002). Young people who cannot rule out the possibility of smoking are

significantly more likely to start (Hebert, 2007).

Hence, the researcher aimed to know the influences of using cigarettes among the Grade

10 students of Tomas Cabili National High School.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore how cigarettes smoking impacts academic learning of Tomas

Cabili National High School students

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions;

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:

1.1. Name (optional)

1.2. Age

1.3. Gender

1.4. Grade level

2.What factors influence using cigarette smoking among the Grade 10 students of Tomas

Cabili National High School?

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 3What is the impact of using cigarette smoking among the Grade 10 students of Tomas

Cabili National High School?

Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Cigarette smoking influences of risk of suicide.

Most genetic mutations are deleterious to health.

A fast food diet has no effect on liver function.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

To The Student.

-The study will serve as an awareness to the students on the extent of cigarette smoking

and how it could affect their academic performance.

School Administrator.

-The study will serve as a guide to help better understand the students engaging in

cigarette smoking and if can cigarette smoking affect their academic performance.

Teachers.

-The study will serve as a guide to determine the extent of cigarette smoking of the

students and so that they could properly assist those students engaging in cigarette smoking.

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Future Researcher.

-The study will serve as a good source of secondary data to further the investigation

relatively to the extent of cigarette smoking among students.

Researcher.

-The study will serve as a stepping stone for him to become a competent and effective

future educator. It could also help him in having an idea about the extent of cigarette smoking

among students.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

The factors of using cigarette smoking among

the Grade 10 students of Tomas Cabili National
Profile: High School
Age:
Gender:
Social status:
The impact of using cigarette smoking among
the Grade 10 students of Tomas Cabili National
High School

In this study, the independent variables are age, gender, and social status, while the

dependent variables is the factors of using cigarette among the Grade 10 students of Tomas

Cabili National High School and The impact of using cigarette smoking among the Grade 10

8
students of Tomas Cabili National High School. The purpose of this study was identify all the

academic performance of students based on their life using cigarette smoking.

Smoking has been identified as the single most important cause of preventable morbidly

and premature death. Although many of the adverse health effects of cigarette occur later in life,

smoking has health implications for young people and is associated with other high-risk

behaviors among young people including abuse of other drugs, fighting and high-risk sexual

behavior. Smoking is commonly seen nowadays to all teenage and adults’ students. Many studies

have reported that cigarette smoking is rising in young adult between the ages of 18-24 years as

they are legal targets of tobacco industry marketing and increased the prevalence of smoking

among the students.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to provide information regarding the factors that

influence student to smoke and how cigarette smoking affects the lifestyle of a student. The

study considers the student’s personal information such as their name (optional) gender, and age.

The researchers limit the study to 24 students from junior high school and senior high school,

notwithstanding of their gender. Each of the respondents was given a questionnaire to answer.

The students selected came from different sections to avoid prejudice of their perceptions.

In order to assure manage ability of the collected data, the questionnaires only included

multiple choice items, checklist and ranking/rating questions and did not include open-ended

response items. The researchers included additional interview questions exclusive for some of

9
the 24 selected students. Open-ended questions were used to have a better and clearer

understanding of male students’ perception on cigarette.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally and conceptually to provide a common frame of
reference:

Variable Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

Cigarettes are an item made A cigarette is any product

from processed tobacco, consisting of a shredded, cured

Cigarette wrapped in paper, and tobacco product that is rolled in a

sometimes containing thin paper wrapper and designed

additional flavorings or to be smoked.

additives. They are typically

10
 smoked for pleasure or

relaxation, and have been

linked to many health risks.

Smoking is the act of inhaling Smoking is defined as the act of

and exhaling the smoke of inhaling and exhaling smoke from

Smoking
burning tobacco and other a lit cigarette, cigar, pipe, or other

substances to produce a smoking device.

psychoactive effect. It is a

form of recreational drug use

that has been practiced for

centuries. Smoking can have

both positive and negative

effects on physical and

mental health.

Nicotine is a chemical Nicotine is a measure of the

compound found in tobacco amount of nicotine present in a

Nicotine and certain other plants. It is given substance, typically

an addictive stimulant that expressed in milligrams per

produces euphoria and can milliliter or milligrams per gram.

have a calming effect on the

user. It has a number of

physiological effects,

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 including increased heart rate

and blood pressure, increased

alertness, and increased

metabolism.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies useful in the

development of the present study.

Related Literature

Smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable death. By itself and in interaction

with other risk factors, it may also be the chief cause of death in developed countries (McGinnis

et al., 1992). In the United States, smoking accounts for at least430, 700 death each year –

approximately 1 in every 5, with the largest portion of these deaths cardiovascular related

12
(American Heart Association, 2001b). Smoking also accounts for at least 30% of all cancer

deaths (American Cancer Society, 2001b).

Cigarette smoker appear to be generally less health conscious and are more likely to

engage in other unhealthy behaviors than are nonsmokers (F. G. Castro, Newcomb, McCreary, &

Baezconde-Garbanati, 1989). Smokers also have more accidents and injuries at work, take off

more sick time, and use more health benefits than nonsmokers, thereby representing substantial

costs to employers (Ryan, Zwerling,& Orav, 1992). Smoking appears to serve as an entry-level

drug in childhood and adolescence for subsequent substance use and abuse. Trying cigarettes

makes one significantly more likely to use other drugs in the future (Fleming, Leventhal, Glynn,

&Ershler, 1989; see also Hanson, Henggeler, & Burghen, 1987).

Smoking begins early. The Centers for Disease Control (1989) indicate that more than

15% of the adolescent population between the ages of 12 and 18 already smoke cigarettes

regularly and consider themselves to be smokers; if anything, these statistics probably

underestimate the adolescent smoking rate. However, smoking does not start all at once. There is

a period of initial experimentation, during which an individual tries out cigarettes, experiences

peer pressure to smoke, and develops attitudes about what a smoker is like. Following

experimentation, only some adolescents go on to become heavy smokers (Pierce, Choi, Gilpin,

Farcas, & Merritt, 1996). Moreover, during adolescence, beliefs about the harm of smoking and

concern with health may decrease, contributing to receptivity to smoking (Chassin, Presson,

Rose, & Sherman, 2001). A further understanding of these dynamics may help address the

problem of adolescent smoking.

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 Peer and family influence is one of the most important factors in beginning smoking in

adolescence. Starting to smoke results from a social contagion process, where by nonsmokers

have contact with others who are trying out smoking themselves (Presti, Ary, & Lichtenstein,

1992). More than 70% of all cigarettes smoked by the adolescents are smoked in the presence of

a peer (Biglan, McConnell, Severson, Bavry, & Ary, 1984). As noted, smoking at an early age is

generally part of a syndrome of problem behaviour in the presence of peers that includes

problem drinking, illicit drug use, delinquent behaviour, and precocious sexual activity in

addition to smoking (Donovan, & Jessor, 1985). Adolescents are also more likely to start

smoking if their parents smoke; if they are lower class; if they feel social pressure to smoke; and

if there has been a major stressor in the family, such as a family member’s job loss (for example,

Foshee & Bauman, 1992; Swaim, Oeting, & Casas, 1996; Unger, Hamilton, &

Sussman,2004).adolescents are also at increased risk to start smoking if their parents separate;

these effects are partly due to the increase in stress and depression that may result from

separation (Kirby, 2002).

“Chippers” is a term used to describe usually light smokers. Researcher have been

interested in what distinguishes them from people who go on to be addicted heavy smokers.

Chippers appear to share several risk factors with heavy smokers, including tolerance for

deviance, and attitudes and health beliefs that match those of smokers. But they also have more

protective factors such as high value placed on academic success, supportive relationships at

home, and little smoking among peers and parents. Somewhat surprisingly, the number of

chippers has increased, even while smoking problems have declined. The reason why this trend

is surprising is because smoking is such an addictive disorder. Low-rate smokers consume only a

14
few (less than five) cigarettes a day and seem to do so without moving on to heavy smoking. In

one study, people who give up smoking fairly easily were those with peers who smoked less

frequently, perceived less parental approval of their smoking, did not intend to continue their

smoking, were less likely to use marijuana, and had a more stable environment including living

in a nuclear family and attending fewer different schools. They also perceived themselves as

having more peer support and rated themselves as healthier (Ellickson, Tucker, & Klein 2001).

Chippers may be informative regarding tobacco control efforts generally and for theories

regarding addiction as well (Zhu, Sun, Hawkins, Pierce, & Cummins, 2003).

Rutter (1993), reported that the family and school are the most important social contexts

that influence adolescent risk behavior. Parents who smoke are known to influence their

children's smoking behaviors. In a study of families in which both parents smoke, 20.7% of girls

were smokers, compared with 7.6% of girls from families where neither parent smoked. Parental

smoking appears to be more influential for girls than for boys; this finding was particularly

pronounced for the influence of smoking mothers on adolescent daughters. The strong influence

of parental smoking has been demonstrated for European American girls, as well as for African

American girls, although the influence of parent behavior on African American girls is less

pronounced (OR3.07 versus 1.54, respectively. An explanation for the greater influence of

parental smoking on adolescent girls than on boys has been attributed to a greater need for

intimacy and family ties. Although adolescents seek independence and less oversight by parents,

the need for guidance and support is critical.

World Health Organization (2007), said that studies have shown that the smoker does not

only harm him or herself butal so put the life of other at risk. Research has firmly established that

15
an environment devoid of smoke is the only effective way to protect the population from the

detrimental effects of second hand smoke exposure.

Many of the factors that contribute to smoking initiation have been elucidated; the

strongest appear to be peer smoking and parent smoking. In addition to external influences,

factors within specific important relationship sand factors internal to individual adolescents may

be significant. This may be more important for girls than boys, and the influence of relationships

and internal self-concept have not been directly analyzed with regard to their effect on smoking.

Related Studies

According to US National Library of Medicine, National institutes of Public Health.

(2017) As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study carried out by the Harvard University

School of Public Health in 1997 (4), it was projected that mortality and morbidity from tobacco

use will increase by almost threefold worldwide in 20 to 25 years. Similar predictions have been

made by the Oxford University Center headed by Sir Richard Doll, who was one of the first

researchers to link cigarette smoking with lung cancer in the 1950s (5,6). Cancer, cardiovascular

diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continue to be the main health problems

16
associated with cigarette smoking. An extensive database has accumulated, which has

consistently documented a relationship between smoking and these specific diseases. The

strength of the association is further demonstrated by measuring the RR and the presence of a

dose-response relationship (ie, direct relationship between the intensity of exposure to cigarette

smoke and the risk of disease).

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodologies used in the study to include the research design,

research locale, research respondents.

Research Design

17
 The study used the descriptive–correlational survey method. Descriptive research is a

type of a quantitative research that involves making careful descriptions of educational

phenomena (Gall & Borg 2013). Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process

in which numerical data are used to obtain information of the world. It is used to describe

variables, to examine relationship among variables, and to determine cause-and-effect interaction

between variables.

Locale of the Study

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (unknown),stated that 18.7% of Filipino young

women between the ages of13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers go up if the sample is

restricted to teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10already have the smoking habit. Among

female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at the age of 18, while the

remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young. They continue to smoke despite

the fact that they are aware of the risks connected to smoking: nine girls out often know that

smoking can cause lung cancer, infertility, early menopause, osteoporosis, and hysterectomy. For

this reason, the country has begun an anti-smoking campaign supported by the local Catholic

Church: the first initiatives include that of putting warning labels on packaging.

Cabigon (2004) stated that there are more Filipino adolescents today who start smoking

at very early age compared to those teens 5 to 10 years ago. It must be stressed here that once

smoking becomes a habit, it takes time, conscious effort and practice to quit from it. Hence, there

is the necessity to address two sectors simultaneously. Those who have developed the habit of

18
smoking at young age is one sector and the advocacy campaign should include several

techniques to use for developing the nonsmoking habit and holding on to it. The other sector

refers to those who have not yet started smoking and prevention of early smoking should be the

order of the day. They should be made aware of the places and situations that prompt the desire

for a cigarette and ways to deal with the urge to smoke. The findings of this present study are

consistent with those found with the second YAFS by Choe et al. (2004) and with those found

with the same 2003YAFS by Berja and Cruz (2004) that close relationship with parents matters.

The present study demonstrates the importance of examining the factors influencing the initiation

of smoking separately for males and females as there are factors that are influential to females

but not for males and vice versa. Smoking environment at home especially the number of

smokers, the role of both parents in raising their male children and rural residence before age 15

only influential to males but not for females. On the other hand, parental education especially the

mother and getting along with the nuclear members are important for females but not for males.

These imply the need to prepare relevant advocacy materials and the need to understand further

the changing norms in the society. At the outset, the present study is the initial findings of an on-

going analysis to explain the unexpected pattern of effect of the covariate not getting along with

father or mother or siblings and to look at the several transition variables such as marriage, living

away from home, living in a city or poblacion, living in a dorm, living away from parents,

leaving school and having barkada for the first time. Taking these time-varying covariates

together with the significant time-constant covariates undoubtedly provide richer insights into

the phenomenon of area smoking initiation.

19
 Another study showed that a group of young people start smoking to have temporary

happiness, to reduce their weakness or due to lack of self-confidence and lack of personality

growth; but unfortunately, they get addicted. In addition, effect of friends and people who are a

little older than them can be considered as another factor since the person wants to be accepted in

a group. Living place, marital status, gender, religion, lack of family support, having friends who

smoke, being native or nonnative and academic progress were among the most important factors

reported as the causes of students smoking cigarette and hookah in a study.

Another study states what the factors that influence people to smoke are. According to

the journal, there are many factors that play significant roles in influencing people to smoke, but

the most common ones appear to be peer pressure, family history of smoking and the tobacco

industry’s advertising and media campaigns portraying smoking as aglamorous and socially

accepted behavior.

Respondents of the Study

The Respondents of the study analyzes have shown that in this sample 22.8% of current

smokers, and 7.8% is former smokers who now no longer smoke. Due to the adopted smoking

habits, which some students began to adopt in the age of 13, in 47.5% part of students were

occasionally observed symptoms (cough, etc.), which are attributed to smoking. The analysis

20
showed no statistically significant gender difference in smoking habits. Although the trend of

smoking in the population of female students is in progression, they are in the smoking quantity

as well as male colleagues. We did not find any statistically significant difference in onset of

adopting smoking habits. The study lacked knowledge about issues related harmful effects of

tobacco on the human body which will in the next survey will be incorporated. It is necessary to

organize and educational lectures in the student population to raise awareness about the harmful

effects of smoking in order to reduce the prevalence of smoking.

APPENDIX

Demographic Profile of Your Respondents

Age:
Gender:

21
 Social Status:
Monthly Income:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(Garfinkel L. et al., 2012) (National Environmental Health Association, 2008) (Thakur,

et.al.,2003) (Albaum,2002) (Hebert, 2007) (McGinnis et al., 1992) (American Heart Association,

2001b) (American Cancer Society, 2001b) (F. G. Castro, Newcomb, McCreary, & Baezconde-

22
Garbanati, 1989) (Ryan, Zwerling,& Orav, 1992) (Fleming, Leventhal, Glynn, &Ershler, 1989;

see also Hanson, Henggeler, & Burghen, 1987) (Pierce, Choi, Gilpin, Farcas, & Merritt, 1996)

(Chassin, Presson, Rose, & Sherman, 2001) (Presti, Ary, & Lichtenstein, 1992) (Biglan,

McConnell, Severson, Bavry, & Ary, 1984) (Donovan, & Jessor, 1985) (Foshee & Bauman,

1992; Swaim, Oeting, & Casas, 1996; Unger, Hamilton, & Sussman,2004) (Kirby, 2002)

(Ellickson, Tucker, & Klein 2001) (Zhu, Sun, Hawkins, Pierce, & Cummins, 2003) Rutter (1993)

(Gall & Borg 2013) Cabigon (2004) (Choe et al. 2004) (Berja and Cruz 2004)

Curriculum Vitae

9200 Steel Town Sta Elena, Iligan City

Mobile +639056928045

Email: darkkingvin@gmail.com

23
VICENTE A. GEONZON Jr.

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth November 21, 2004
Place of Birth Pala-o, Iligan City
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Baptist
Height 5’2
Weight 49
Father’s Name Vicente V. Geonzon Sr.
Mother’s Name Rosemarie A. Geonzon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary Angelico J. Medina Memorial School

Iligan City

Secondary Tomas Cabili National High School

Tominobo
2022-2023
SKILLS
EDITING

24