EXAMPLE1: 109

A masonry dam of
trapezoidal
ntical and a horizontal base, cross
is 8 m high, Itsection, with one face
om at the top and 4 m at the has a thickness of 70
is 23.540 N/m. What is the bottom. The weight of the mnasonry
if the resultant force depth of water on the vertical side
themiddle third? Assumeintersects the base at the downstream edge of
that there is no hydrostatic uplit.
SOLUTION:

1. The external forces per meter length of

the dam are as
follows:
(a) Pressure Force, F=wh
wh²

2 (9.81)h² or4.9 h² KN
(b) Gravity Force: G, =wV

- 23.54 (0.70 x 8x 1)
- 131,80 KN

-23.54 (380x8x1)
=310.7O KN

resultant force are:

The components of the
RyFor 4.9h² KN
GË + G, or 442.50 KN
Ry =
110

Elev. 8 m
W.S.
Elev. h

*-4)1.3n

Elev, 0

FIGURE 3.21
(U =0)
R
Ry
4 m

FIGURE 3.21

2. From the toe, the moment arms (m) of the external

forces are:

(a) F

(b) G, .... 3.65 m

2.20 m
3. The moments of the external forces about the toe in KN-0
are:

(a) F 4.9h² xh
-h or 1.63 h³ (0 M.)
 111
(b) G, 131.80 x 3.65 or 481.00 (R.M.)
Ga ... . 310.70 x 2.20 or 683.50 (R.M.)

The summation of moments are:

2 R.M. = 1165 KN-m

20.M. = 1,63 h³ KN-m

4. Since the position of the resultant force is known to be at

the downstream edge of the middle third or X = 3
or 1.33 m, then by equation (3.27) we have

X= E R.M. -2 0.M. [toe

Ry
1165--1.63 h3
and 1.33 =
442.50

from which h=7.00 m

EXAMPLE2:
The cross section of the Elephant Butte Dam in New Mexico
approximates a triangle, with a height of 85.40 m and upstream
face with a slope of 1 H:16 V and a downstream face with a
slope of 2 H:3 Vfor the first 61 m, and 1 H:1 V for the last
24.40 m down to the base. The maximum flood backs up water
to a depth of about 82.30 m, and the tailwater depth is 24.40 m.
The masonry in this dam weighs 21,540 N/m. Assume the uplift
to vary linearly from full hydrostatic pressure at the heel to full
hydrostatic at the toe, but assume that these uplift pressures only
act over 2 of the area of the base. Using a coefficient of friction
of 0.75, determine (a) the factor of safety vs. sliding, (b) the
factor of safety vs. overturning, (c) the point where the resultant
112
intersects the base and (d) the maximum and minimum pressures
developed on the foundation.
Elev. 85.40 m
Elev. 82.30 m

G6
W.S. Elev. 24.40 m

G
T Elev, 0

wh
"p07.40 Kps

wh' 230.40
KP
U

FIGURE 3.22
SOLUTION:
Geometric Properties of the Dam's Section:
BC 1
16 (82.30) or 5.14 m
 1 113
HG=
16 (85.40) or 5:34 m
GF(61) or 40.67 m Base Length,
b= 70.41 m.
FT=24.40) or 24.40 m
Volume of water for G,:V, - (5.14 x82.30 x1)
= 211.50 m3

Volume of concrete for G,:V = 2

(5.34 x 85.40 x 1)

= 228 m3
1
Volume of concrete for G,: V,=(40.67
2 x 61 x 1)
= 1240,40 m³

Volume of concrete for G:V4= 40.67 x 24.40 x 1

992.40 m
Volume of concrete for Gg: Vs =(24.40 x 24.40 x 1)
= 297.70 m3

Volume of water for G,: V, 2

(24.40x24.40 x1)
297.70 m³.

Note that the masonry section is divided into four smaller

Bections while the trapezoidal uplift preesure distribution is divided
into two sections. This is done for computational purposes.
1, The external forces per meter length of the dam:
114
(a) Hydrostatic Force
wh² (9.81) (82.30) or 33,220 KN

1
F, -w(h')?
2
=(9.81) (24.40)² or 2,920 KN
(b)Gravity Force
G, = w V,=9.81 x 211.50 or 2,075 KN

G, = w V, =21.54 x228 or 4,910 KN

G = w V, = 21,.54 x 1240.40 or 26,720 KN
G4 =w VA=2154x 992.40 or 21,380 KN

G, w V, 21.54 x297.70 or 6,410 KN

G6 w V, =9.81 x 297.70 or 2,920 KN

(c) Uplift Force

U, = (70.41 x 1)(239.40)
3
or 11,240 KN

U, = 1(70.41 x1) (807.40 -239.40)

13,330 KN.

The components of the resultant force are:

Ry F; -F, or 30,300 KN
Ry= ZG-2U or 39,845 KN
2. The moment arms (m) of the external forces from T:
F,.... 1 (82.30) or 27.40
 115
1
F,.. 3 (24.40) or 8.10

G,.... 70.41 3 (5.14) or 68.70

2
G, .... 70.41 - (5.34) or 66,90

G, .... 24.40 + (40.67) or 51.50

G4 .. 24.40 +(40.67)
2
or 44.70
2
G, .... (24.40) or 16.20
Ge .... (24.40) or 8.10

U, .... (70.41) or 35.20

U,.... 3
(70.41) or 46.90
3. Moments of the external forces (KN-m)about T:
F,..... 33,220 x27.40 or 910,230 (O.M.)
F, 2,920 x 8.10 or 23,650 (R.M.)
G,..... 2,075 x 68.70 or 142,550(R.M.)

G2 4,910 x 66.90 or 328,480 (R.M.)

G,..... 26,720 x 51.50 or 1,376,080 (R.M.)

G4.. 21,380x 44.70 or 955,690 (R.M.)

G,..... 6,410 x16.20 or 103,840 (R.M.)
Go 2,920 x 8.10 or 23,650 (R.M.)
116
U,.... 11.240 x35.20 or 395,650(0.M.)
U,..... 13,330 x46.90 or 625,180 (0.M.)
Summation of moments are:

E R.M. = 2,953,940 KN-m

2 0.M. 1931,060 KN-m
pRy 0.75 x39,845
4. F.S.Vs. Sliding
30,300
=0.99 say 1.00.
Overturning=2RM ERM.. 2,953.940
F.S. vs. Overturning = 20.M. 1,931,060

= 1,50.

5. Location of the Resultant R (from the toe):

X: 2 RM. - 20.M.
Ry
2,953,940 - 1,931,060
39,845
25.70 m(within the middle third)
Hence the eccentricity of R is
e-D- Xor 35.20- 25.70
9.50 m.
6. Maximum and minimum pressures on the foundation:
8
(11 )
 117
39,845 1t 6x9.50
70.41 70.41

Smax = 565.90 x 1,80 or 1,020 KPa (at the toe)

and Smin = 565.90x 0.20 or 113 KPa (at the heel).

III.7 STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

A floating body in equilibrium is supported by a buoyant

force which is equal, opposite to and along the same line of action
as its gravity force or weight. Depending more on its physical
and geometrical characteristics, a floating body may be classified
under any one of the following conditions of equilibrium: (1)
stable equilibrium, (2) neutral equilibrium, and (3) unstable equi
librium.
floating body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it will be
restored back to its original position after having been slightly
displaced, either linearly or rotationally. Such type of equilibrium
will always be maintained if the position of the center of gravity
G of the floating body is below the center of buoyancy B,, as in
Fig. 3.23. (It is also possible for a floating body to be in stable
equilibrium for the case where G is above B. This is discussed at
alater part of the present section.) Note that in Fig. 3.23(a) in
which the buoyant force F, and the gravity force Ware equal,
colinear and in opposite direction the summation of forces and
moments are both zero easily satisfying the conditions of equi
librium, On the otherhand, Fig. 3.23 (b) shows a slight rotation
of the same body which creates a moment tending to restore it
back to its former position and thus maintaining the criterion for
stability.
REMARKS: In order for the relative positions of G and B
toexist as in Fig. 3.23 the floating body must be weighted
or be nonhomogeneous.

In particular, a homogeneous cylinder or sphere having the

condi
Center of gravity at its geometrical centroid will float in a 3.24)
tion of neutral equilibrium. Such a cylinder or sphere (ig.