27

Testing of Internal
LIniroduction. 2. Thermodynamic
Combustion Engines
Tests for L.C.
Power. 7. Engines.
Power. 5. Morse Test. 6. Brake 3.
Rikance Sheet. Eficiencies of anIndicated Mean
L.C. Engine. 8.Effective Pressure.
Air
y Introduction
Consumption
lastchapter, we have
Inthe discussed the
whenanI.C. engine is designed and working i.e. operation of the 1.C.
iat,
manufactured, thenit istestedin a engines. As a matter
Sstingare:

1. To
determine the
information, which can not be
laboratory.The purpose
the
2 Toconfirm data used in design, the obtained by calculations.
3. Tosatisfy the customer regarding the
validity of which may be doubtful.
iue:By performance, we mean the
operation performance the engine.
of
of all variables
arepower, fuel consumption etc. relating to the working of the engine.
,Thermodynamic Tests for I.C. Engines
These
Aninteernal combustion engine is put to the
niOwing quantities: thermodynamic tests, so as to determine the
Indicated mean
E Brake Power ;6.effective pressure ;2. Indicated power; 3.Speed of the engine ;
Mechanical Losses (Motoring test) ;7. Mechanical
fion - 9., Thermal efficiency
4.Brake
; 10. Air efficiency ; 8. Fuel
neratures ; and 13. Heat balance sheet. consumption 11. Volumetric efficiency; 12. Various
;
t may be noted that these quantities are measured after
nditions. the engine has reached the steady
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
The indicated mean effective pressure of an
zn with the help of an engine indicator, by any engine is obtained from the indicator diagram
one of the
1. By drawing the diagram on a squared paper and following methods :
number of squares. then finding its area by counting the
2. By finding the area of the diagram with
the help of a planimeter.
3. By mid-ordinates taken from one end
to another.
all these methods, the aim is to determine the height of a
uhe indicator diagram. The height of this rectangle gives the rectangle of an area equal to the
mean effective pressure.
Z1.1(a) shows the indicator diagram and the equivalent
area as that of the rectangle, i.e. arectangle having
-am or card. indicator diagram, whose length is equal to the length of the indicator
611
 AText Book
.of
612
s= Scale of the
pressure, i.e. scale of
indicator sprinThe
g* rm
inal
Let
a= Area of thediagram
l= Length of the
pressure (in bar)
or rectangle
diagram in mm.
in mm² and
bar
Engecigmm,
per
.: Mean effective card x: Scale of indicator
Areaof indicator spring
Length of indicator card
mean effective
helpful for finding outthe pressure by
methods.
This relation is
using he first
Indicator diagram

Equivalent Pressure
reclangle
Pressure

Volume Volume
(a) Equivalent rectangle method. Mid-ordinate method.
Fig. 2 7 . 1 e
In case of mid-ordinate method, the indicator diagram is divided| into strips of equal width
shown in Fig. 27.1 (b). Atthe centre of each strip, mid-ordinate (shown dotted) are drawn. Alltese
mid-ordinates are added and the total is divided by number of ordinates to get the mean heiob
diagram.
Let m= Mean height ofthe diagram, andao
S =Scale of the indicator spring.
. Mean effective pressure
= m.s
x
Note :The mean efective pressure calculated on the basis of the theoretical indicator diagram, is known
theoretical mean effective pressure. If it is based on the actual indicator diagram, then it is called achual me
effective pressure.
27.4., Indicated Power
The indicated power (briefly written as I.P.) is the power actually developed by the engie
cylinder. It is based on the information obtained from the iadicator diagram of the engine.
Let Pm = Actual mean effective pressure as obtained from the indicator diagrun
in bar ;
L= Length of stroke in metres ;
A = Area of the piston in m ; kastoneb
N= Speed of the engine in r.p.m., and
which is stampe
An engineindicator is, usually, provided with aset of accuratelyycalibrated springs eeachof of !1mn.The
with anumber. This number indicates the pressure (in bar) required to producea deflection
number is sometimes known as spring number.
 | Combustion,Engines
n= Number of 613
=N
working strokes per minute
= NI2 ...(For two stroke cycle engine)
...(For four stroke cycle engine)
dpower, I.P.
Indicated =PX 10 xLxAxn
:
60 wats
100 p LAn
60 kW
... (For single cylinder engine)
100 KPm LAn
60 kW
...(For multi-cylinder engine)
K = Number of cylinders.
1S,
MorseTest

The Morsetest
is adopted to
find the
without using indicator diagram. The indicated powerout ofas each
test is carried cylinder of ahigh speed 1.C.
follows:
Considera four
cylinder engine. First of all, the brake power of the engine, when all
the
ylindersarein operation, is measured. accurately (by means of a brake dynamometer) at aconstant
eedandload. Now, one of the cylinders (say cylinder 1) is cut-off so that it does not develop any
Ower..This is done by short circuitingthe spark plug of the cylinder in petrolengines andcutting-off
dividualIfuel supply in diesel engines. The speed ofthe engine decreases and in order to bringthe
ai back tothe original speed, theload lon the engine is reduced. The brake power is now measured
hi new condition which gives the brake power of the remaining three cylinsers.
In the similar way, each cylinder is cut-off one by one and the brake power of the remaining
tre cylinders is determined by correcting the engine speed, if necessary.
Let I,1,, and 1, = Indicated power of each individual cylinder.
F,F,, F, and F, =Frictional power of each individual cylinder.
We know that total brake power of the engine when all the cylinders are working is given by
B= Total indicated power-Total fictional power
=(,+B, +,+)-(F, +F, +E,+F) ...()

When the cylinder No. lis cut-off, then /, =0, but the frictional losses of the cylinder remain
the sarme.
i Brake power of the remaining three cylinders,
(ü)
B, =(0+,+, +l)-(F, +F, +F, +F)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (Ö).
B-B, = 1
Indicated power of the first cylinder,
I, =B-B,
Similarly, indicated power ofthe:second cylinder,
1, = B-B,
cylinder,
Indicated powerrof thethird
1, = B-B,
 AText Book
kof
Thermal
Engi e tn
614

Indicated powerofthe fourth cylinder,

I,= B-B,
of the engine,
and total indicated power
. engine develops 4kW
cylinder, two stroke petrolpresSure
Example 27.1. A
Findthe average speed of
single
the piston, ýthe mean effective is 6. 5 bar
indicated power
aid piston
J00mm.
Solution. =4kW; p =6.5
Given:LP.
bar; D, =100 mm =0.l m
metres, and
diamet ris
L = Length of stroke in
Let
N=Speed of theengine in r.p.m.
strokes per minute,
.. Number of working Engine works on
n= N two stroke cydle
We know that area of piston,
10- m?
A =(0.1) = 7.85S x
.:. Indicated power (I.P.),
100 p LAn 100x 6.5 xL×7.855x 10- xN
4 = 60 60 =0.0851 LN
or
LN=47
.:. Average speed of the piston
= 2LN= 2x47 = 94 m/s Ans.
Example 27.2. In alaboratory experiment, the following observations were noted durinp
the test of afour stroke Diesel engine:
Area of indicator diagram =420 mm; Length of indicator diagram =62 mm; Spring nunber
=Ll bartmm; Diameter of piston =100 mm ; Length of stroke =150 mm , Engine sped =60
rp.m.Determine: 1. Indicated mean effective pressure, and 2. Indicated power.
Solution. Given : a= 420 mm²;l=62 mm;s= 1.l bar/mm;D, =100mm =0lm;
L= 150 mm =0.15 m;N=450 r.p.m.
We know that area of piston,
A= (0.1) = 7.855 x 10- m²
and number of working strokes per minute,
n = NI2 = 450/2 = 225 ...(::Engine works on four sroke cyde)
1. Indicated mean effective pressure
We know that indicated mean
effective pressure,
a.s 420 x 1.1
Pm = = 7.45 bar Ans,oee
62
2. Indicated power
We know that
indicated power,
IP. = 100 p LAn 100 x7.45 x 0.15 x7.855 x 10-x22 W
60 60
= 3.29 kW Ans.
 ylnternal1 Combustion Engines
BrakePower
(briefly 615
The, brake power is, writen as B.P.) is the
werofan L.C. engine usually, measured by meanspower available at the crank shaft. The
of brake
case
In
of prony brake, let mechanism (prony brake orbrake
rope
W =Brake load in
newtons.
|= Length of arm in
metres, and
N = Speed of tthe
power of the engine,
engine in r.p.m.
. Brake
Torque in N-m:n x Angle turned
B.P. = Iin radians through 1l
Tx 2rN
60
Wlx 2rN
revolution XR.P.M. watts
60 60 watts
brake, let
Incase of rope
W = Dead load in newtons,
S = Spring balance reading in
D = Diameter of brake drum in
newtons,
metres,
d= Diameter of the rope in
metres, and
N = Speed of the engine in r.p.m.
. Brake power of the engine,
B.P. = (W- S) Tt DN watts
60 ... [without considering dhameter of he opel
=
(W- S) T(D+ d) Nwatts
60 [Consideing dhameterd o he cpei
Example 27.3. The following data were recorded during a test on an od engine:
Speed of the engine = 1000 r.p.m. ; Load on the brake = 1000 N; Leng:h of the brzke a70
Delermine : 1. Brake torque ;and 2. Brake power of the engine.
Solution. Given: N= 1000 r.p.m.; W= 1000 N; =750 mm = 0.75 m
Brake 1orque
We know that brake
torque,
T= Wl = 1000 x 0.75 = 750Nm Ans.
Ble power of the engine
We know that brake
power of the engine,
Tx2 TN 750 x 2 IX 1000 = 78 550 W = 78.55KW AIs
B.P, =
60 60
rupe
of600 mm and the iameterofmakes
in.Exampl e 27.4. has brake wheel diameter
The dead Arope brake
and spring balance reads 30 N. If the engine
210N
find theload
on the brake is
brake power developed. 0.005 m: W= 210
N;S= 30 N;
450Solr.up.tmio.n.
m;d=5mm =
Given : D= 600 mm = 0.6
 AText Book c of Thermal
616
Weknowthat
brakepowerdeveloped,
(W-S) z(D+d) N_ (210-30) T(0.6 +(
-0.005) 450
Engine ring
B.P. = 60 W
60
2.57 kW Ans.
= 2570 W=

Engine of work done to the energy

Eicien ciesofI.C. defined as the ratio
supplied to an
27.7. an engineis an I.C. engine are important from the
The efficiency of
efficienciesof to the
subject
point of view:
engine. The
following
Mechanical
Mathematically,
efficiency. It is the
mechanical efficiency,
ratiooof brake power (B.P.)
indicated
power (1P).
1.
B.P.
LP.
efficiency is always less than unity (i.e.
100 %)
thatthe mechanicall friction. In other words, the bécause
It may be
observed indicated
power is always
overcomingthe engine lost in overcoming the engine friction,
some power islost in is .is known
brake power. The power, which as
greater than frictional power,
frictionalpower. Therefore IP. - B.P.
F.P. =
It is the ratio of work obtained at the crankshaft in a given time to
efficiency.
2. Overall fuel during the same
time.
supplied by the
the energy Mass of fuel consumed in kg per hour, and
Let fuel.
C= Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg of
per minute
:. Energy supplied by the fuel
m,xC
kJ
60
per minute
and work obtained at the crankshaft
...((: B.P.is in kW and1kW = IkJs)
= B.P. x 60 kJ
B.P. x 60 x60 B.P.x 3600
. Overall efficiency, no = m,x C m,x C
equivalent to one kW hour to the
3. Indicated thermal efficiency. Itis the ratio of the heat
heat in the fuel per I.P. hour. Mathematically, thermal efficiency,
Heat equivalent to one kW hour
Heat in fuel per I.P.hour
3600AP. x3600
m,xC m,xC
LP.
Note : The ratio is known as specific fuel consumption per I.P. per hour.
LP.
tothe heat
4. Brakethermal efficienicy. Itis the ratio of the heat equivalent to one kW hour
in fuel per B. P. hour. It is also known as overall thermal efficiency of the engine. Mathematically,
brake thermal efficiency,
Heat equivalent to one kW hour
Heat in fuel per B.P. hour
 HCombustion,Engines
617
3600 B.P.x 3600
m,x C
B.P.

ML is known as specificfuel l consumption per B.P. per r hour.

s Aistandard efficiency. The air standard efficiency of an I.C. engine may also be
mathematically
from the general expression for the air standard efficiency i.e.
Tase
...(For petrol engines)
P). =1 p'-1
-Y(p- 1)| ...(For Diesel engines)
r= Compression ratio,
Y= Ratio of specific heats,
ause and
p= Cut-off ratio.
6 Relativeeficiency. It is also known as efficiency ratio. The relative efficiency of an I.C.
ratioofindicated thermal efficiency to the air
the
ia standard efficiency. Mathematically,
e to Relative efficiency = Indicated thermal efficiency
Air standard efficiency
, Volumetric efficiency. It is the ratio of actual volume of charge
ke at N.TP.to the swept volume of the piston. Mathematically, admitted during the
volumetric efficiency,
Volume of charge admitted at N.TP.
Swept volume of the piston'
e The volumetric efficiency may also be defined as the ratio of the mass of actual charge
admitted to the
tMaSs of the charge at N.TP.
kJ's) Example 275. Agas engine has piston diameter of 150 mm, length of stroke 400 mm and
fective pressure 5.5 bar. The engine makes 120 explosions per minute. Determine the
eiaical efficiencyof the engine, if its B.P. is 5 kW.
Solution. Given: D,= 150mm =0.15 m;L=400 mm =0.4 m,p, =5.5 bar ; n= 120;
the
=5kW
We know that area of the piston,

A = (0.15) = 0.0177 m²
100 p LA n 100x5.5 x0.4 x 0.0177x 120 = 7.79 kW
indicated power, LP. =
60 60
We know that mechanical efficiency of the engine,
heat B.P. 5 = 0.642 or64.2% Ans.
ally. ILP. 7.79
Example 27.6. Afour cylindertwo stroke cycle petrolengine develops 23.5kWbbrake pOwer
500 r.D.m. The on each piston is 8.5 bar and the
mechanical
strokeefficiency
mean efjective pressure
SSimes%.Calculdiateameter
the the diameter and stroke of each cylinder, assuming the length of
of cylinder.
equal to
 AText Book
of
.Pm=8.5 Thbare:rmal
618 r.p.m.
Given: K= 4; B.P.= 23.5kW;N=2500
Solution. and
cylinder,
Let D, = Diameterof
15 D.
L= Length of stroke =
the cylinder,
We know that area of
A=0' =0.7855(D,)?
strokes per minute,
and number of working n= N= 2500 Engine works on
power,
We know that indicated B.P. 23.5 = 27.65kW
L.P. = 0.85
power (1.P.),
We also know that indicated
100 Kp. LAn
27.65 =
60
100x 4 x 8.5 x 1.5 D, x 0.7855 (D)' 2500
60 = 166920(D
(D) = 0.000 165 or D, =0.055 m = 55mm Ans.
and L= 15 x55 = 82.5 mm Ans.
Example 27.7. During the test on single cylinder oil engine, working on the four stroe-
andfied with a rope brake, the following readings are taken:
Efective diameter of brake wheel = 630 mm; Dead load on brake = 200 N; Sprirz x
reading = 30 N; Speed = 450r.p.m. ; Area of indicator diagram = 420mm; Length of n
diagram = 60 mm ; Spring scale = 1.1 bar per mm ; Diameter of cylinder = l00 mn Se
= 150mm ; Quantity of oil used = 0.815 kg/h ; Calorific value of oil = 42 000 kJ/kg.
Calculate brake power, indicated power, mechanical efficiency, brake thermal e'ien a
brake specific fuel consumption.
Solution, Given: K=1 :D= 630 mm = 0.63 m: W= 200N:S= 30 N;N=4r
=0
a= 420 mm;l=60 mm ;s= 1.1 bar/mm;D =100 mm = ( rm;L= 150 mm
:0.1
m, = 0.815 kgh ; C= 42 000 kJ/kg
Brake power
We know that brake power,
B.P, = (W-S) rDN (200- 30) Tx 0.63 x450 = 2520W
60 60
= 2.52 kW Ans.
Indicated power
We know that indicated mean effective
pressure,
420 x 1.1
Pm = = 7.7 bar
60

Area of the cylinder, A= D, =(0.1

4
= 7.855 x 10 m
 lernalCombustionEngines
WOrking strokes per min, 619
aON n= NI2 = 450/2 = 225
that indicated power, ...(.Ergine works on fourske cyle
100 Kp, LAn
LP. = 100 x
60
= 3.4 kW Ans.
1x7.7x0.1560x7855x10 223
eiency
efficiency.
nwthat mechanical
B.P. 2.52
LP. 3.4
= 0.7418 or 74 18% Ans
maleficiency
efficiency,
Wb knowthat brake thermal
B.P.x 3600 2.52 x 3600
m, x C 0.815 x42 0000 = 0.265 e 26 5"% Ans
unificfuelconsumption
Weknowthat brake specific fuel consumption
m 0.815 = 0.323 kg
B.P. 2.52 /BP. /h Ans.
Iumple 27.8. An engine uses 6.5 kg of oil per hour of calorifie waue 0 Uke he
e engine is 22 kW and mechanical efficiency 85%, caicuiate : l
brdaatet henul
2.Brake thermal efficiency ; and3. Specific fuel consumption in kgBPA
Salution. Given : m, = 6.5 kg/h ;C= 30 000 kJ/kg : BP. =22 kW:n. - 85% 04$
Kraied thermal efficiency
We knowthat indicated power,
B.P. 22
LP. = = 25.88 kW
0.85
0ndicated thermal efficiency,
LP. x 3600 25.88 x 3600
n, = = 048 o 48% A
myxC 6.5 x 30 000
bale thermal efficiency
he koow that brake
thermal efficiency.
B.P. x 3600 22 x 3 )
= 046 00% Ans
65x 30 0
iz jufuel
consumption
knuw thal specific fuel consuinption
m 6.5
- 0295kg /BP. /h Ans.
B.P. 22
Exampl e 219. Afour cylinder engine rwning ut l20rpm gave 13 6LW bruke prwer
average lorque when one cylinder was cut out was l0S NmlDetermine he ndicuted theml
 Ook.of Thermal
is 42 000 kJho and the engine uses
620
calorific value ofthe fuel
efficiencyifthe
Solution.
brakepower hour. Given : K= 4;N= 1200r.p.m. ; B.p 18.6 kW ;T=105 1 0.34 k8 o}
/h = 0.34 x<118.6 = 6.324
kg / h petr
0.34kg/ B.P.
kJkg; m = powerpercylinder
brake
We know that 18.6 = 4.65 kW
4
.. Brake powerforthree cylinders (i.e. when one cylinder is cut-out)
13.95 kw
= 4.65 X3 =
Sincetheaveragetorque(1)for three cylinders (i.e when one cylinder
therefore
T= 105 N-m,
three cylinders,
Brakepowerfor the
Tx2tN 105 × 2 TX 1200
= 13
60 60 20O W=
132KW
and frictional power per cylinder
= 13.95 - 13.2 = 0.75 kW
cylinders,
.Total frictional power for four
FP. = 0.75 x 4 = 3 kW
We know that indicated power,
LP. = B.P. +F.P. = 18.6+3 = 21.6 kw
. Indicated thernal efficiency,
LP.x 3600 21.6× 3600
n, =
m,xC 6.324 x 42 000 = 0.293 or 29.3% Ans.
Example 27.10. Afour stroke, six cylinder gas engine witha stroke volume of .3 a
develops 25 kW at 480 r.p.m.. The mean effective pressure is 6 bar. Find the
each cylinder misfired in one minute. number average
Solution, Given K = 6; v. = LA = 1.75 litres = 1.75x 10-m; IP =
N=480 r.p.m ;p. = 6bar
Let
n, =Number of working strokes produced per minute.
We know that indicated
power ((.P.),
25 = 100 Kp LAn, 100 x 6x6x 1.75x 10- xn
60 60
n, = 238
Butthe number of
working strokes per
minute are given as
worksonfours
n = NI2 = 480/2 = ..(:: Engine
:. 240
Number of times each cylinder misfired in one minute
=n-n, = 240 -238 = 2 Ans.
nelternatCombustion Engines
2711.
The diameter and
pAmple
strokemm of a
yolume cycle, are 200 length
and 300 mmsingle cylinder twwiothstroke gas 621
Wn the
engineis running at 135
wasCOnSAmption 8.8 m/hour. If ther.p.m., the resp e ctiv ely clearance engine,
etftiiency;2
indicated power calorific invaldicubyate eofd themeangaseffused
ectiv e
is 16presure
volue
rd
1otheengine.
Given: D=200 mm=
developed the 350
engine and 3. kJ/.find .
;
was 52 bar
Solution.

Srpm,P, = 5.2
2 =
bar ; m 88 indicated thermal
=0.m'2lm;h;C=L=30016350mm=03kJ/m m;,= 2.78 litres=0 0278 m.
ndardeticiency
Weknowthat area of the cylinder,

A= 4 (0.2) = 0.031 42
m?
. Stroke volume, v, = AL = 0.031
42x0.3 = 0.009 426 m
mreSSIOnratio. Total volume of cylinder
Clearance volume
0.002 78+0.009 426
0.002 78 = 44
We know that air standard efficiency,

Mase =I-i=l- aLA- =1-0.553 =

0.447 or 447% Ans
aicated power developed by the engine
We know that indicated power
developed by the engine,
IP, = 100 p LAn 100 x 5.2 x0.3 x 0.031 42 x135
60 60

...(:n = N, for two sruke cycie engne)

= 11.03 kW Ans.
Kái sed
thermal efficiency
We know that
indicated thermal efficiency,
LP, x 3600 11.03 x 3600 =0.276 o 27.6% Aas
n, = 8.8x 16 350
my xC
Wile Exampl
at e 27.12. Afour stroke petrol engine 80 mm bore, l0 mUM strvke, is lesled u t
lu constant jvw cyider
speed. The fuel supplyvis fixed at 0.068 kg/min and the plgof thecorrespudingly
aled.cessiThevely short circuited without change of speed, brake wrque beug
brake pOwer measurements are the following :
With all cylinders firing 12.5kW
With cylinder No. I cui off 9W
With cylinder No. 2Cut off = 9/5 kW
With cylinder No. 3cut off = 9.2kW
With cylinder No. 4cut off = 9.1kW
 622 engine under these
conditions. Also
Compare this the determine Thermal Engine t%
Determine
cficieny
value
LP.
Calorific
Cleamnce
ofthe
44 100kIkg.
value ofthefuel is is 70x 10mm
Given :ofone
Solution, wolne cylinder
with the
D, =80 mm = 0.08 m; L= 100 mm =0.1 m;m,=
efficiency indicated ler
=9kW;B,= , =9.15kW ;B, =9.2 kW;B, =9.1 kw.
B= kW
125 ;B,
4.08 kgh;
,=70x 10'mm
LP. oftheengine indicated power produced in cylinder 1,
We know that = 12.5- 9 = 3.5kw
1, = B-B,
in cylinder2,
Indicatedpowerproduced 12.5-9.15 = 3.35 kw
1, = B- B, =
cylinder3,
Indicatedpowerproducedin -9.2 = 3.3 KW
1, = B-B, = 12.5
produced in cylinder 4,
and indicated power = 3.4 kw
I, =B- B, = 12.5-9.1
. Indicated power of the engine,
IP. = 1, +, +1, +1, = 3.5+ 3.35 ++3.3 +3.4 =13.55 kw Ans.

Indicated thermal efficiency

We know that indicated thermal efficiency,
IP. x 3600 13.55 x 3600
= = 0.271 or 27.1% Ans,
4.08 x 44 100

Air standard efficiency

We know that swept volume

e, =DL =(80)² 100 =503 x10° mm'

: Compression ratio,
r=
Total cylinder volume
Clearance volume
70x 10 + S03 x 10
= 8.18
70 x 10
We know that air standard efficiency,

..(Takingy= 1.4 ira

(8.18)14-1
=|-043| = 0.569 or 56.9% Ans.
Ratio of air slandard etficiency to indicated thermal
0569
efficiency
0271=2.1
Thus air standard Iefficiency is 2.1 times the
indicated thermal efficiency. Ans.
 gwiernalCombustion Engines
stroke diesel 623
Afour
27.13.speed
i.300
engine has a cylinder bore of 150
Erample
crankshafi r.p.m. and fuel consumption is 1.2 kg/h, mm and a stroke of
indicated mean effective pressure is 5.5 bar. If the having acalorific value
rl.8,
the
calculate relative eficiency, taking y =1.4.
mm =
compression ratio is 15 and
Solution, Given : D= 150 0.15 m; L = 250 mm =
0.25 m; N= 300
kJ/kgipm 5,51
= bar ; r= 15 r.p.m. ;
900
.C= 39
thecylinder.
;p=1.8;y=
14
nowthatareaof
A=(0.15) = 0.0177 m
UTMber
of workingstroke per minute,
n= NI2 = 3002 = 150
...(: Engine works on four stroke cycle)
I.P.
100 p, LAn
power,
- Indicated 60
100 × 5.5×0.25 x 0.0177 x 150
60 = 6.1 kW
indicatedthermal efficiency,
I.P. x 3600 6.1 x 3600
n, =
myxC 1.2 × 39 900 = 0,4586 or 45.86%
Weknowthat air standard efficiency for diesel lengine,

p-1
nase
-Yp-1)
(L8l4-1 =1-0.386 = 0.614 or 61.4%
I15)4-7 1.4(1.8 1)
: Relative efficiency, n, = Indicated thermal efficiency 0.4586
Air standard efficiency 0.614
= 0.747 or 74.7% ARs.

Example 27.14. Apetrol engine has a cylinder diameter of 60 mm and stroke 100 mm f
naSs of the charge admitted per cycle is 0.0002 kg, find the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
tune characteristic constant for the charge as 287 J/kg K.
URUDO, Given: D = 60 mm = 0.06 m:L=100 mm =0.l m;m=0.0002 kg
We know that swept volume of the
piston,
=(0.06)
4
0.1 = 0.283 x10- m
Let
D, = Volume of charge admited at *N.TP.
We knowthat
according to characteristic gas equations,
mRT 0.0002 x287 x2733 ..(po= mRT)
1.013x 10
= 0.155x 10- m
bet or 1Imeans normal temperature and pressure, ie. temperature (7) of 0" Cor 273 Kand pressure 1.013
013x 10 Nim.
 AText
624 Book of
.. Volumetric efficiency, Thermal
Example 27.15. Find the engine
0.155 x 10-3
0.283 x 10-3 *
dimensions ofa wo
0.548

cyl
or

inder,
54.8% Ans.
two stroke I.
Engeay
the follo ing data: =
: Volumetric efficiency C.
Engine speed = 400 rp.m. gravity = 0.73) ; 0.77; Mechanical l
coSumpiion= 10 litrsh (specific Air-fuel ratio = engine=frew
Fuel
60 m'min ; Indicated mean
efective pressure = 5 bar.
Find also the brake power. Take Rfor gas
Solution.
mixture as 281
Given : K = 2;N= 4000 r-p.m. ; n, = Jkg Kat S.T.P.
0.77;n. =
ef icenPicsyton sp7,esj
18:1 :
.
= 7.3 kg /h;m/m, = 18;2LN= 600 m/min;Pm= 5 bar ; R= 281 J/kg K
Engine dimensions
Le D. = Diameter of the cylinder, and
L= Length of the stroke.
We know that piston speed,
2LN = 600
L.= 600/2 N=600/ 2 x 4000 =
0.075 m or
Mass of air required m = m,x 18 = 7.3 x 18 = 131.4 kg|h 75 mm Ans,
and coresponding volume of air required at *S.T.P., ...(:mm, =
m RT
131.4 X 281 x288
1.013 x 10 = 105 m'/h =
175 mImin
We know that swept volume of the
piston per minute,
D,=DLxnx K
4 (D 0.075 x 4000 x 2 =471.3 (D)'
m/min
and volumeticefficierncy (n,). ..( n = N, for two stroke cyck ng*

0.77 = 1.75
4.71.3 (D)
(D) = 4.82 x 10-3 or D, = 0.0694 m or
Brake power 69,4 mu a
We knuw that area of
the cylinder,
A
=0 =(0.0694)² = 0.003 78 m²
STP. means standard
bar or 1.013
10LS
pressure
x 10
N/m.temperature and pressure, i.e. lemperature (T) of 15º Cor288 Kand}
 eMernalCombustion Engines
625
100 Kp LAn 100 x 2 x5x0.075
icated
power,
1.P. = 60 x0.003 78 x4000
kW
60
= 18.9 kW

.BrakepOwer, B.P. = IP. Xm = 18.9 x0.75 = 14.17 kW Ans.

Example.27.16. Afourstroke petrol engine with a compression ratio of 6.5 to l and total
.displacementof 5.2 x 10-3mdevelops 100 kW brake power and consumes 33 kg of petrol
value44 300 kJkg at 3000 r.p.m.
caloriic
Find:1. Brake mean effectivepressure;2. Brake thermal efficiency ; 3.Airstandard efficiency
ourof
and Air-fuel
ratio by mass.
YE14); 14.a volumetric efficiency of 80
Assume %. One kg of petrol vapour occupies 0.26 m' at 1.013
K.
5°C Take Rforair 287 JIkg
Solution. Given : r=6.5; v, = LA = 5.2x 10-m;B.P. =100kW;m, = 33 kgh;
0.8
g;N=
kIkg 3000 r.p.m. iy= 1.4;n,=80% =
(z44300
pressure
Rrakemean effective = Brake mean effective pressure in bar.
Let
Pmb
power (B.P.),
We know that brake
100 p,%LAn 100 xp,, X5.2 x 10x 1500
100 = 60
- 13Pmb
60
...(': n= N2, for four stroke engine)

Pmh =7.7 bar Ans.

2 Brake thermal efficiency

We know that brake thermal efficiency,
B.P.x 3600 100 x 3600 = 0.246 or 24.6% Ans.
33 x 44 300
m,xC
3 Air standard eficiency
We know that air standard efficiency,
1
Tase =1-l-e4-0 1-0473
= 0.527 or 52.7% Ans.
4. Air-fuel ratio by mass
We know that actual volume of charge admitted during the suction stroke at N. TP,
= 4.16x 10-m' ...()
Va = U, Xn,, = 5.2 x 10-3x0.8
Let
D, = Specific volume of petrol(.e. volume of 1kg of petrol) at N.TP.
and
conditions, i.e. at T, = 0Cor 273 K andp, = 1.013 bar,
petrol) at T, =
D, = Specificvolume of petrol (i.e. volume of 1kg of
15° Cor 288 K and p, = 1.013 bar
". (Given)
= 0.26 m²
We know that
T P,2