Summer 2019 Model Answer Paper

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

MODEL ANSWER
Subject: Data communication Subject Code: 22322
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance
(Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate‟s answers and model
answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate‟s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10
(a) Define Protocol. State key elements of Protocol. 2M
Ans. A protocol is defined as “a set of rules that governs the Definitio
communication between computers on a network”. n 1M
The key elements of protocol are as follows: Any two

1.Syntax elements
1/2
2.Semantics M
3.Timing each
(b) List different types of guided media. 2M
Ans. The different types of guided media are
1. Twisted pair cable Any two
2. Co-axial cable. types
3. Fiber -optic cable 1M each
(c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

Ans. Line of sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic
radiation or acoustic wave propogation which means waves travel in
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MODEL ANSWER
a direct path from the source to the receiver .Electromagnetic

transmission includes light emissions travelling in a straight line. The Correct
rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected or absorbed by definitio
atmosphere an obstructions with material and generally cannot travel n 2M
over the horizon or behind obstacles.
(d) Define multiplexing. List its type. 2M
Ans. Multiplexing is the process in which multiple data streams, coming
from different sources, are combined and transmitted over a Definitio
single data channel or data stream. n 1M
The following three major multiplexing techniques are discussed:
 Frequency division multiplexing Types
 Wavelength division multiplexing 1M
 Time division multiplexing
(e) Define switching. List its types. 2M
Ans. The process by which nodes forward data at one of its inputs to one Definitio
of its outputs is known as switching. n 1M
The types of switching are: Types

1/2
1. Circuit Switching M
2. Packet switching each
(f) List any four functions of Data link layer. 2M
Ans. The functions of Data link layer are as follows:
1. Link establishment and termination Any
2. Physical addressing four
3. Frame sequencing function
1/2
4. Frame Acknowledgment M
5. Error control each
6. Flow control
(g) Enlist various IEEE standards for wireless communication. (any 2M

four)
Ans. The various IEEE standards for wireless communication are as
follows: Any
 802.11 four
 802.11a standard
 802.11b s 1/2M
 802.11n each
 802.11ac
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MODEL ANSWER
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(a) Explain the process of FSK modulation with diagram. 4M
Ans. In FSK, frequency of sinusoidal carrier is shifted between two
discrete values. One of these frequencies (f1) represents a binary 1
and other value (f2) represents binary 0.There is no change in
amplitude of carrier. It consists of voltage controlled oscillators Explana
(VCO) which produce sinewaves at frequencies f1 and f0. tion 2M
Corresponding to "binary 0 "input, the VCO produces a sinewave of
frequency f0 whereas corresponding to binary 1 input VCO produces
a sinewave of frequency f1.
Diagram
2M
(b) Explain any four standard organizations. 4M

Ans. 1. ISO (International organization for standardization: The ISO is a
multinational body whose membership is drawn mainly from the
standards creating committees of various governments throughout
the world. The ISO is active in developing cooperation in the
realms of scientific, technological and economic activity. Any
2. International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication four
Standards Sector (ITU-T): standard
The United nations responded by forming as part of its organiza
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a committee the tions 1M
consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and each
Telephony (CCITT). This committee was devoted to research and
establishment of standards for telecommunications in general and
for phone and data systems.
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is private
non-profit organization affiliated with U.S. federal government.
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All ANSI activities are undertaken for the welfare of the united
states and its citizen occupying primary importance.
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics engineers (IEEE): IEEE is
the largest professional engineering society in the world
International in scope, it aims to advance theory, creativity, and
product quality in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics
and radio as well as in all related branches of engineering.
5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA): Aligned with ANSI, EIA
is a nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of electronics
manufacturing concerns. Its activities include public awareness
education and lobbying efforts in addition to standards
development.
(c) Explain propagation modes in fiber optic cable with neat 4M
diagram.
Ans. The different propagation modes in fiber optic cable are as follows:
 Multimode step index fiber: In multimode step index fiber, the
core has one density and the cladding has another density. Explana
tion 2M
Diagram
2M
Therefore at the interface, there is a sudden change that is why it is
called step index.
Multiple beams take different paths on reflection as shown in figure.
The beam that strikes core at a smaller angle that has to be reflected
many more times than the beam that shifted the core at a larger angle
to reach other end. This means that at the destination, all beams do
not reach simultaneously. It is used for short distances.
 Multimode graded-index fiber:
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 In this, core itself is made of a material of varying densities.

 The density is the highest at the core and gradually decreases
towards the edge.
 Therefore, a beam gas through gradual refraction giving rise to a
curve except that the horizontal beam travels unchanged.
 Single-mode:
 It uses step-index fiber and a highly focused source of light that
limits beam to a small range of angles, all close to horizontal.
 It is manufactured with much smaller diameter than that of
multimode fiber and with substantially lower density.
 The decrease in density results in a critical angle i.e. close enough
to 900 to make propagation of beams almost horizontal.
(d) Explain datagram approach for packet switching. 4M

Ans. In the datagram approach of packet switching, each packet is
considered as a totally independent packet from all others.
Even when there are multiple packets sent by the same source to
same destination for the same message, each packet is independent of
all other packets from point of view of network and can follow
different path. Explana
Figure Illustrate packet switching in datagram networks approach. tion 3M
Hence, computer A is sending four packets to another computer D.
These four packets belong to the same original message, but travel
via different routes and also can arrive at the destination D in a
different order than how the source A has sent them.
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
1M
Fig: Datagram Networks Approach
 Therefore, the destination node needs to have a buffer memory to

store all the packets and resequence them to form original
message.
 Figure shows a datagram networks approach.
 It is obvious that each packet must have a header containing the
source and destination address, packet number, the CRC etc.
 The reasons that the packet travel via. different routes is that the
routing decisions are taken for every packets separately, each time
at every node, as the packet travels from one node to the next.
(a) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of 4M
modulation:
(i) 5000 bps, ASK (ii) 4000 bps, FSK
Ans. For baud rate (S), we know that the formula is:
S=N/r. Each bit
N=S*r 2M
Here, N is Bit rate, S is the Baud rate
r = number of bits in signal elements
So, at first we need to calculate r for each case.
We know, r = log2L.
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MODEL ANSWER
i)For ASK, r = log22 = 1

S=5000 bps/1=5000 baud
ii) For FSK, r = log22 = 1
S=4000bps/1=4000 baud
(b) Explain the construction of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable. 4M
Ans. STP is similar to UTP but with each pair covered by an additional
copper braid jacket or foil wrapping. This shielding helps to protect
the signals on the cables from external interference. Shielding
provides a means to reflect or absorb electric fields that are present
around cables. Shielding comes in a variety of forms from copper
braiding or copper meshes to aluminized. Explana
tion 2M
STP is more expensive than UTP but has the benefit of being able to
support higher transmission rates over longer distances.
STP is heavier and more difficult to manufacture, but it can greatly

improve the signaling rate in a given transmission scheme Twisting
provides cancellation of magnetically induced fields and currents on a
pair of conductors.
Magnetic fields arise around other heavy current-carrying conductors

and around large electric motors. Various grades of copper cables are
available, with Grade 5 being the best and most expensive.
STP is used in IBM token ring networks.
Diagram
2M
Figure: Construction of Shielded Twisted Pair
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MODEL ANSWER
(c) Five channels each with 200kHz bandwidth are multiplexed using 4M
FDM. Find minimum bandwidth of the link if guard band of
10kHz is used.
Ans. Five channels each with 200 kHz bandwidth are multiplexed using
FDM.
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. Correct
Guard Bands of 10 KHz is used. answer
4M
This means that the required bandwidth is atleast
5*200+4*10=1040 KHz.
(d) Assuming odd parity, find the parity bit for each of the following 4M
data unit:
(i) 1011010 (ii) 0010110
(iii) 1001111 (iv) 1100000
Ans. Odd parity refers to number of „1‟ present in a byte to be transmitted
should be odd.
(i) 1011010:
Step 1: Count the number of „1‟s in the byte
Answer: 4
Step 2: compute the parity bit Each bit
Answer: 1011010 1 1M
Since the total number of 1‟s is 4, the odd parity will have a value of
„1‟.
(ii) 0010110:
Answer: 3
Step 2: compute the parity bit
Answer: 0010110 0
Since the total number of 1‟s is 3,the odd parity will have a value of
„0‟.
(iii) 1001111:
Answer: 5
Answer: 1001111 0
„0‟.
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MODEL ANSWER
(iv) 1100000:
Answer: 2
Answer: 1100000 1
„1‟.
(a) A signal carries five bits in each signal element. If 1600 signal 4M
elements are sent per second, find the baud rate and bit rate in
kbps.
Ans. Baud rate is number of signal elements per second.
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud
We also know that S=N/r where S is the baud rate, N is the bit rate rate 2M
and r is the bits in each signal element.
In this case 1600 signal elements are sent per second. Bit rate
So baud rate is 1600. 2M
Now S=1600,r=5 and N is unknown.

So N=S*r=1600*5=8000 bps or 8 kbps.
Therefore the bit rate is 8kbps.
(b) Explain the reason for using different frequency bands for uplink 4M
and downlink in satellite communication.
Ans. The uplink frequency is the frequency which is used for transmission
of signals from earth station transmitter to the satellite.
2
The downlink frequency is the frequency which is used for reasons-
transmission of signals from the satellite to the earth station receiver. 2M each
Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency for following

reason:
 The satellite transmitter generates a signal that would jam its own
receiver; if both uplink and downlink shared the same frequency.
 Trying to receive and transmit an amplified version of the same
uplink waveform at same satellite will cause unwanted feedback
or ring around from the downlink antenna back into the receiver.
 Frequency band separation allows the same antenna to be used for
both receiving and transmitting, simplifying the satellite
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MODEL ANSWER
hardware.
 To overcome the above-mention difficulties satellite repeaters
must involve some form of frequency translation before power
amplification.
So, Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency.

(c) Explain the process of asynchronous TDM with example. 4M
Ans. Asynchronous TDM:
1. It is also known as statistical time division multiplexing.
2. Asynchronous TDM is called so because is this type of
multiplexing, time slots are not fixed i.e. the slots are flexible.
3. Here, the total speed of input lines can be greater than the capacity
of the path. Explana
4. In synchronous TDM, if we have n input lines then there are n slots tion 2M
in one frame. But in asynchronous it is not so.
5. In asynchronous TDM, if we have n input lines then the frame
contains not more than m slots, with m less than n (m < n).
6. In asynchronous TDM, the number of time slots in a frame is based
on a statistical analysis of number of input lines.
7. In this system slots are not predefined, the slots are allocated to any
of the device that has data to send.
8. The multiplexer scans the various input lines, accepts the data from
the lines that have data to send, fills the frame and then sends the
frame across the link.
9. If there are not enough data to fill all the slots in a frame, then the
frames are transmitted partially filled.
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MODEL ANSWER
Example:
Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing is depicted in fig. Here
we have five input lines and three slots per frame.
1. In Case 1, only three out of five input lines place data onto the Example
link i.e. number of input lines and number of slots per frame are 2M
same.
2. In Case 2, four out of five input lines are active. Here number of
input line is one more than the number of slots per frame.
3. In Case 3, all five input lines are active.
In all these cases, multiplexer scans the various lines in order and fills
the frames and transmits them across the channel.
The distribution of various slots in the frames is not symmetrical. In
case 2, device 1 occupies first slot in first frame, second slot in
second frame and third slot in third frame.
(d) Explain the process of Checksum with example. 4M

Ans. Checksum:
Checksum is an error detection method.
Error detection using checksum method involves the following steps-
Step-01:
At sender side, Explana
tion 2M
 If m bit checksum is used, the data unit to be transmitted is divided
into segments of m bits.
 All the m bit segments are added.
 The result of the sum is then complemented using 1‟s complement
arithmetic.
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MODEL ANSWER
 The value so obtained is called as checksum.

Step-02:
 The data along with the checksum value is transmitted to the
receiver.
Step-03:
At receiver side,
 If m bit checksum is being used, the received data unit is divided
into segments of m bits.
 All the m bit segments are added along with the checksum value.
 The value so obtained is complemented and the result is checked.
Then, following two cases are possible-
Case-01: Result = 0
If the result is zero,
 Receiver assumes that no error occurred in the data during the
transmission.
 Receiver accepts the data.
Case-02: Result ≠ 0
If the result is non-zero,
 Receiver assumes that error occurred in the data during the
transmission.
 Receiver discards the data and asks the sender for retransmission.
Checksum Example:
Consider the data unit to be transmitted is-
10011001111000100010010010000100
Consider 8 bit checksum is used. Example
2M
Step-01:
At sender side,
The given data unit is divided into segments of 8 bits as-
Now, all the segments are added and the result is obtained as-
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 10011001 + 11100010 + 00100100 + 10000100 = 1000100011

 Since the result consists of 10 bits, so extra 2 bits are wrapped
around.
 00100011 + 10 = 00100101 (8 bits)
 Now, 1‟s complement is taken which is 11011010.
 Thus, checksum value = 11011010
Step-02:
 The data along with the checksum value is transmitted to the
receiver.
Step-03:
At receiver side,
 The received data unit is divided into segments of 8 bits.
 All the segments along with the checksum value are added.
 Sum of all segments + Checksum value = 00100101 + 11011010
= 11111111
 Complemented value = 00000000
 Since the result is 0, receiver assumes no error occurred in the data
and therefore accepts it.
(e) In Bluetooth communication calculate the length of frame for 4M
following scenarios:
(i) Three slot (ii) Five slot
Assume data rate = 1 mbps
Ans. In Bluetooth communication, when the link speed or data rate is
1Mbps each slot length is 625µs or 1600 hops/sec
Packets can be of 1, 3, 5 slots.
Each bit
i) Since each slot length is 625µs, 2M
Total length of the frame containing three slots is 625*3=1875µs,
Or 1600*3=4800 hops/sec
ii) Since each slot length is 625µs,

Total length of the frame containing five slots is 625*5=3125µs,
Or 1600*=8000 hops/sec.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

(a) Explain Microwave transmission with its advantages and 6M
disadvantages.
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
Microwave:
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300GHz
are called microwaves.
Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits
microwave waves, they can be narrowly focused. This means that the
sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned. The unidirectional
property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned
without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas. The
following describes some characteristics of microwave propagation:
 Microwave propagation is line-of-sight.
 Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This
characteristics can be a disadvantage if receivers are inside
buildings. Explana
 The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz. tion 4M
Therefore wider subbands can be assigned, and a high data rate is
possible.
 Use of certain portions of the band requires permission from
authorities
Applications:
Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful
when unicast (one-to-one) communication is needed between the
sender and the receiver. They are used in cellular phones, satellite
networks, and wireless LANs.
Advantages:
 Installation of towers and associated equipments is cheaper than
laying down a cable of 100KM length.
 Less maintenance as compared to cables.
 Repeaters can be used. So effect of noise is reduced. Any two
advanta
 No adverse effects such as cable breakage.
ges and
 Due to the use of highly directional antenna no interference is
disadvan
there.
tages
 Size of transmitter and receiver reduces due to the use of high 1M
frequency. each
Disadvantages:
 Signal strength at the receiving antenna reduces due to multipath
reception.
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 The transmission will be affected by the thunderstorms and other

atmospheric phenomenon.
(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6M

Ans. Stop and Wait:
This is a very simple method where in the sender sends one frame of
data and necessarily waits for an acknowledgement (ACK) from the
receiver before sending the next frame. Only after the sender receives
and acknowledgement for a frame does it send the next frame. Thus,
the transmission always takes the form Data-ACK-Data-ACK….etc,
where the Data frames are sent by the sender, and the ACK frames
are sent by the receiver back to the sender. This is shown in figure. Explana
tion 3M
The stop-and wait- approach is pretty simple to implement. Every
frame must be individually acknowledged before the next frame can
be transmitted. However, therein also lies its drawback. Since the
sender must receive each acknowledgement before it can transmit the
next frame, it makes the transmission very slow.
Example:
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MODEL ANSWER
Example
3M
(c) Draw and explain Mobile Telephone System Architecture. 6M

Ans. Cellular telephony is designed to provide communications between
two moving units, called mobile stations (MSs), or between one
mobile unit and one stationary unit, often called a land unit. A service
provider must be able to locate and track a caller, assign a channel to
the call, and transfer the channel from base station to base station as
the caller moves out of range. Explana
To make this tracking possible, each cellular service area is divided tion 4M
into small regions called cells. Each cell contains an antenna and is
controlled by a solar or AC powered network station, called the base
station (BS). Each base station, in turn, is controlled by a switching
office, called a mobile switching center (MSC). The MSC coordinates
communication between all the base stations and the telephone
central office. It is a computerized center that is responsible of
connecting calls, recording call information, and billing.
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Diagram
2M
Cell size is not fixed and can be increased or decreased on the

population of the area. The typical radius of a cell is 1 to 12mi. High-
density areas require more, geographically smaller cells to meet
traffic demands than do low-density areas. Once determined, cell size
to optimized to prevent the interference of adjacent cell signals. The
transmission power of each cell is kept low to prevent its signal from
interfering with those of other cells.
6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12
(a) Explain process of synchronous time division multiplexing with 6M
its advantages.
Ans. Synchronous TDM or TDM:
In the technique called synchronous TDM, also referred to as TDM,
the time slice is allocated to a source node regardless of whether it
wants to send some data or not. This is a fairly simple mechanism to Explana
identify, at a destination node, which data originated from which tion with
source node, since every source node has a fixed time slot. Therefore, diagram
the position of the data within the data frame specifies its origin. 5M
However, it can be a very wasteful scheme, because the time slot is
allotted to a source node even if it has nothing to send.
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A small buffer memory is associated with every source node. At any

time, not all nodes may want to send some data. Regardless of this,
the timing device in the multiplexer allocates some time for each
node to transmit the data from its buffer, and then repeats this cycle.
E.g. A-B-C-D-A-B-C-D etc. AS shown in the figure. By the time its
turn comes next, if a node wants to transmit any data, it will have
moved a small chunk to its buffer. If there is no data to be
transmitted, the buffer will be empty but still the turn of the node will
come.
Advantages:
 An order is maintained Advanta
 No addressing information is required, channel capacity should be ges 1M
large.
(b) Explain process of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) with 6M
example.
Ans. CRC Encoder:
In the encoder, the dataword has 𝑘 bits (4 here); the codeword has n Encoder
bits (7 here). The size of the dataword is augmented by adding 𝑛 − and
𝑘 (3 here) 0s to the right-hand side of the word. The 𝑛-bit result is fed Decoder
into the generator. The generator uses a divisor of size 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1 (4 explanat
here), predefined and agreed upon. The generator divides the ion with
augmented dataword by the divisor (modulo-2 division). The quotient example
of the division is discarded; the remainder 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟0 is appended to the 6M
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MODEL ANSWER
dataword to create the codeword.

Example:
Let us take a closer look at the encoder. The encoder takes the
dataword and augments it with 𝑛 − 𝑘 number of 0s. It then divides
the augmented dataword by th divisor, as shown in Figure.
CRC Decoder:
The codeword can change during transmission. The decoder does the
same division process as the encoder. The remainder of the division is
the syndrome. If the syndrome is all 0s, there is no error; the
dataword is separated from the received codeword and accepted.
Otherwise, everything is discarded.
Example:
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MODEL ANSWER
(c) Explain DSSS mechanism with neat diagram. 6M

Ans. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:
The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique also expands
the bandwidth of the original signal, but the process is different. In
DSSS, we replace each data bit with 𝑛 bits using a spreading code. In Explana
other words, each bit is assigned a code of 𝑛 bits, called chips, where tion 4M
the chip rate is 𝑛 times that of the data bit.
Block
diagram
2M
Figure: Concept of DSSS
As an example, let us consider the sequence used in a wireless LAN,

the famous Barker sequence where 𝑛 is 11. We assume that the
original signal and the chips in the chip generator use polar NRZ
encoding. Figure shows the chips and the result of multiplying the
original data by the chips to get spread signal.
Page 20 / 20

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answer Marking

The key elements of protocol are as follows: Any two

(c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

a direct path from the source to the receiver .Electromagnetic

The types of switching are: Types

(g) Enlist various IEEE standards for wireless communication. (any 2M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(b) Explain any four standard organizations. 4M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

 Multimode graded-index fiber:

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

 In this, core itself is made of a material of varying densities.

(d) Explain datagram approach for packet switching. 4M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

Fig: Datagram Networks Approach

 Therefore, the destination node needs to have a buffer memory to

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

i)For ASK, r = log22 = 1

STP is heavier and more difficult to manufacture, but it can greatly

Magnetic fields arise around other heavy current-carrying conductors

STP is used in IBM token ring networks.

Figure: Construction of Shielded Twisted Pair

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

Now S=1600,r=5 and N is unknown.

Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency for following

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

So, Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency.

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

(d) Explain the process of Checksum with example. 4M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

 The value so obtained is called as checksum.

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

 10011001 + 11100010 + 00100100 + 10000100 = 1000100011

ii) Since each slot length is 625µs,

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

 The transmission will be affected by the thunderstorms and other

(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

(c) Draw and explain Mobile Telephone System Architecture. 6M

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

Cell size is not fixed and can be increased or decreased on the

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

A small buffer memory is associated with every source node. At any

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

dataword to create the codeword.

SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

(c) Explain DSSS mechanism with neat diagram. 6M

Figure: Concept of DSSS

As an example, let us consider the sequence used in a wireless LAN,

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