Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/11
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 2 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 11

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number

1 D 21 A
2 C 22 B
3 B 23 A
4 D 24 C
5 A 25 C

6 C 26 D
7 B 27 A
8 C 28 B
9 D 29 D
10 A 30 D

11 C 31 A
12 D 32 B
13 D 33 A
14 C 34 D
15 C 35 D

16 A 36 D
17 C 37 C
18 B 38 B
19 C 39 D
20 C 40 A

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/12
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 2 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 12

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number

1 D 21 A
2 D 22 B
3 C 23 C
4 D 24 A
5 B 25 B

6 C 26 C
7 C 27 D
8 A 28 A
9 A 29 C
10 C 30 A

11 B 31 C
12 D 32 C
13 A 33 D
14 D 34 B
15 D 35 C

16 A 36 C
17 C 37 A
18 B 38 C
19 A 39 C
20 B 40 A

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/13
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 2 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 13

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number

1 A 21 A
2 A 22 B
3 B 23 C
4 B 24 D
5 A 25 B

6 B 26 B
7 B 27 A
8 A 28 C
9 C 29 A
10 D 30 A

11 C 31 D
12 D 32 D
13 Question Discounted 33 A
14 B 34 D
15 D 35 A

16 A 36 B
17 D 37 C
18 A 38 B
19 D 39 C
20 D 40 D

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/21
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 7 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternatives answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
mp marking point (with relevant number)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

1 must have correct spellings of Plasmodium and Vibrio cholera

feature malaria tuberculosis cholera

name of Plasmodium ; Mycobacterium Vibrio cholerae ;

pathogen tuberculosis

type of protoctist / protoctistan bacterium bacterium ;

organism ;
A protist / protozoan / A bacteria
sporozoan

mode of by, a vector via, (airborne) drinking water and

transmission or droplets / aerosol(s) food contaminated
(feeding or biting by) (infection) ; with human faeces
Anopheles / mosquito ;

[6]

[Total: 6]

2 (a) (i) phagocytosis / endocytosis ; R pinocytosis I engulfing [1]

(ii) E transcription ;
F translation ; A post translation(al) modification [2]

(iii) B (phagocytic / endocytic) vacuole / phagosome ; A vesicle

R incorrectly qualified vacuole or vesicle (e.g. permanent / large /
secretory / Golgi / excretory)
I food / pathogenic
G (80S) ribosome ; A rough endoplasmic reticulum R RER / rough ER
I 70S or any other type of incorrect S as a qualification
H Golgi (body / apparatus / complex) ;
J mitochondrion ; A mitochondria [4]

(b) I fusion of lysosomes with phagosome and diffusion of products of digestion

1 bacteria are, killed / destroyed / broken down / digested ; A hydrolysed

A cell wall broken down
R bacteria are cut up
2 (by hydrolytic) enzymes ;
3 any example, e.g. carbohydrase / lysozyme / protease / nuclease ;
4 killed by, hydrogen peroxide / H2O2 / free radicals / AW ;
5 AVP ; e.g. correctly named substrate for enzyme
murein / peptidoglycan, polysaccharide(s), polypeptides, nucleic acids, lipids
e.g. correctly named bonds broken
glycosidic, peptide, ester, phosphodiester [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

(c) 1 idea that only, a few / some / small number / AW, with correct specificity ;
2 (different) T-lymphocytes are specific to different antigens ;
3 (T cell) receptor is, complementary (in shape to antigen) ;
4 AVP ;
e.g. this may be during a primary immune response so no memory cells
e.g. disease state (HIV / AIDS and leukaemia) or treatment where few
T-lymphocytes in the body [max 2]

[Total: 12]

3 (a) (i) N ciliated ; A pseudostratified I columnar / cuboidal R cilia [1]

(ii) O mucous glands ; A mucus glands / serous glands [1]

(iii) P cartilage ; [1]

(b) I more air can enter unqualified

1 more air / oxygen, reaches the, alveoli / gas exchange surface ;
2 more gas exchange / greater absorption of oxygen / excretes more carbon
dioxide ; AW
A maximises oxygen obtained
3 satisfies increased demand for oxygen / AW ;
4 trachea / bronchi / airways, widen / AW ;
e.g. dilate / expand / enlarge A diameter of lumen increases
5 reduces resistance to air flow ; R rate of air flow increases [max 2]

(c) collagen has

three polypeptides / a quaternary structure ;
I more than one polypeptide unqualified
glycine is every third amino acid ; I at regular intervals R roughly / approximately
(triple) helix / helical (shape) ; I regular coils’ R alpha helix [max 2]

[Total: 7]

4 (a) transpiration is an inevitable consequence because

1 stomata open ;
2 for diffusion in of carbon dioxide / carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis ;
3 water vapour, diffuses out / moves out down the water potential gradient ;
A description of water potential gradient / high to low water potential
A vapour pressure gradient / water vapour gradient
allow water vapour if it is clear that evaporation has occurred
A water evaporates and diffuses out
R water evaporates out
I water (vapour) concentration gradient [3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

(b) 1 adhesion of water to, cellulose / lining / walls (of xylem vessels) ;
A adhesive force
2 ref to, hydrophilic / polar, property of cellulose (fibres) ;
A hydrophilic / polar, parts of lignin
3 cohesion between water molecules ; cohesive force
4 maintains column of water / prevents water column breaking / AW ;
5 ref. to transpiration pull / AW ; I transpiration unqualified [max 3]

(c) mp3 – units for rates of transpiration must appear once correctly in the whole
answer to award this point
1 rate (of transpiration) of all trees is 0 at, 06.00 / start ; A no transpiration
2 rates (of transpiration) increase and decrease (in all three) ; A peaks
3 highest rates:
emergent trees at 14.30 at 8.5 kg h–1
canopy trees at 14.30 at 3.5 kg h–1
suppressed trees at 13.00 at 1.6–1.7 kg h–1 ;
must have units at least once
accept kg / h or kg per hour
4 emergent trees (always) have highest rate or suppressed trees have lowest
rate ;
A emergent trees have higher rate than, canopy and suppressed, trees
5 rate of emergent trees is, much / AW, higher than rates for canopy and
suppressed trees ;
6 emergent trees have, steeper / steepest, increase in (transpiration) rate ;
A emergent trees have, steeper / steepest, decrease in (transpiration) rate [max 4]

(d) following factors may be given in answers, any three of these factors = 1 mark
light, intensity / wavelength I ‘more light’
humidity
temperature
wind speed / air movement
size of tree / height / area of leaves
water availability / depth or length of roots
transpiration rate for emergent trees is higher because … accept ora for
suppressed trees
accept vapour pressure gradient / water vapour pressure gradient / water vapour
diffusion gradient for water potential gradient
1 high(er) light intensity for emergent trees increase in stomatal aperture ; ora
A more sunlight
A stomata open more
I more stomata open
2 lower humidity for emergent trees so steeper water potential gradient ; ora
A description of water potential gradient
3 higher temperature / AW, for emergent trees so higher rate of,
evaporation / diffusion ; ora
4 higher wind speed for emergent trees so, steeper water potential
gradient / lower humidity ; ora
A ref. to diffusion shells / descriptions of water potential gradient
5 emergent trees have longer roots so take up more water ;
6 emergent trees have more leaves so, greater surface area / more stomata
per unit area (of leaf) ; [max 4]

[Total: 14]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

5 (a) (i) if draw other stages mark first one only – either left to right or top to bottom

four chromatids / daughter chromosomes, drawn as single structures

between equator and poles ;
V shaped, chromatids / daughter chromosomes, in correct orientation ;
spindle (fibres) attached to all four, centromeres / kinetochores / apex, and
centrioles ; R if these extend between chromatids [max 3]

(ii) 1 attach to the, centromeres (at prophase) ; A kinetochores

I if attach at metaphase
2 attach to, centrioles ; A centrosome / MTOC
3 arrange the chromosomes on the, equator / metaphase plate ;
4 pull / move, (daughter) chromosomes, apart / to the poles ;
A separates for moves apart A (sister / identical) chromatids
I ends R homologous chromosomes [max 2]

(b) (i) 1 produces / makes / synthesises, haemoglobin ; I fills up

2 produces / makes / synthesises, carbonic anhydrase ; I fills up
3 loss / AW, of the nucleus ;
4 loss / AW, of (named) organelles ;
e.g. ribosomes / (R)ER / mitochondria
5 becomes biconcave / described ;
6 AVP ; e.g. cell surface / antigens / named antigens
ref. to cytoskeleton [max 3]

(ii) cell Y
1 remains / stays as a, stem cell ;
2 divides / undergoes mitosis ;
I ref. to becoming a type of blood cell / platelet
R if it becomes a cell other than a blood cell / platelet [max 1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 21

(c) (i) 13.5 ; [max 1]

(ii) 1 low(er) partial pressure of oxygen (at high altitude) ;

A pO2 / ppO2
2 less oxygen in, inhaled air / lungs / alveoli ;
3 so haemoglobin, is not fully saturated / has lower saturation (with
oxygen) (than at sea level) / lower affinity for oxygen ;
4 idea that more red blood cells so, higher concentration of / more
haemoglobin ;
5 allows, same / similar / enough, volume of oxygen to be transported in the
blood as at sea level ;
6 volume of oxygen transported in the blood is less ;
7 less oxygen for (aerobic) respiration / lack leads to anaerobic
respiration ;
8 any consequence, e.g. fatigue, altitude sickness ; [max 4]

[Total: 14]

6 (a) fluid
phospholipids (and proteins), move / AW ;

mosaic
proteins / glycoproteins, scattered / AW (in the phospholipid bilayer) ;
A different types of proteins
I pattern unqualified [2]

(b) 7 nm ; A any size or range within 6 nm and 10 nm

A 7 nanometres [1]

(c) cholesterol ;
unsaturated fatty acids ; A phospholipid tails
carbohydrate chains added to protein(s) / glycoproteins ;
A oligosaccharides for carbohydrate chains
carbohydrate chains added to lipids / glycolipids ;
glycocalyx ;
channel protein(s) / AW ; A aquaporin(s) ;
carrier proteins / AW ;
peripheral / extrinsic, proteins ;
attachment to, cytoskeleton / microfilaments ;
receptor(s) ;
antigen(s) ;
AVP ; [max 4]

[Total: 7]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

Mark scheme abbreviations

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants
accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
AVP alternative valid point

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

1 (a) A activation energy / energy of activation ;

B induced fit ; A induced fit, model / hypothesis / theory / mechanism

C globular ;

D extracellular ;

E Michaelis-Menten constant ; A Km [5]

[Total: 5]

2 (a) (i) curled / rolled, leaf ; R curly / curved / folded

or
trichomes / hairs ; A hair / hairy,-like structures R cilia / spines / needles [1]

(ii) allow explanations for stomata in pits, thick cuticle and no stomata on outer
surface as ecf from (i)

curled leaf / trichomes / stomata in pits

ref. to (creates) still / non-moving, air ;
(in enclosed area) humid / moist ; AW, e.g. traps water vapour / maintains
humidity

water potential gradient less steep or decreased rate of diffusion of water

vapour (out) ;
A (water) vapour pressure gradient for water potential gradient
I decreased concentration gradient of water vapour
assume in context of between substomatal air space and enclosed area
unless stated otherwise

thick cuticle
greater layer impermeable wax / AW ; A thicker waterproof layer
increases distance for diffusion ;
of water vapour ;

no stomata on outer surface

most water lost via (open) stomata ;
cuticular transpiration only ;
ref. to where most exposure to, light / air currents / wind ; [max 2]

(b) xerophytic / xerophyte ; [1]

[Total: 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

3 (a) (i) 1179 ;;

one mark if not to the whole person e.g. 1179.24 / 1179.2 or

if calculation correct but answer incorrect
e.g. 1.39 × 848.38 or 1.39 × (84 838 000/100 000) or
if no calculation to check but answer given as 1180 [2]

(ii) 1 provides information about / AW, proportion / percentage, (of population)

affected / AW ;
2 to, make (valid) comparisons / compare ; between countries / in one
country over time
3 provides information about severity of disease ; AW

4 population size, taken into account / different for different

countries / changes over time in a country ;
do not need ‘size’ if ‘use of ‘population’ is in correct context

5 idea that countries with larger populations will usually have more
cases / higher number of cases may just mean larger population of
country;

6 AVP ; gives guidance about whether the disease is,

spreading / becoming an epidemic / dying out (in one country) in context
of over time
idea that number of cases per 100 000 are, standardised / normalised,
values
7 use of data to support ; only two of Chad, Eritrea or Ethiopia where
comparisons between countries stated I ref. to other countries

(2009) actual cases and standardised cases

comparison (2009) to support mp 5 population size and actual

cases

stated values of similar number of cases per 100 000 and

populations of different sizes

countries compared, number of cases per 100 000 for any stated
year, with comment about severity

number of cases per 100 000 for one country over time, with
comment about severity / spreading / dying out / control / AW [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

(b) can give values of percentage vaccinated to describe ‘increasing / decreasing’

percentage vaccination

support
1 Gambia high percentage vaccinated (throughout) and low number of cases ;
A Eritrea

2 data to support ; e.g. a percentage vaccination for a year and number of

cases (same, or following, year after vaccination) or a range given for
percentage vaccinations over the whole, or stated, number of years or a
compilation of the two

partial / weak, support

3 Central African Republic decreasing vaccination and number of cases in
2011, higher / 15.31 ;
4 Chad (from 2008) increasing percentage vaccination and, low / stated,
number of cases,
2009 / 2010 / 2012 ;
1.45 1.66 0.96

do not support
5 Niger / Ethiopia / Chad, (generally) increasing percentage vaccinated and
number of cases, fluctuates / increase and decrease (ora) / AW ;
A stated correct data to show increase and decrease
A for Chad if mp 4 given and ref. to increase / 71.6 in 2011

6 (generally) increasing percentage vaccinated and number of cases,

increases / goes from 2.34–4.67, in 2011 in Niger or
increases / goes from 1.39–4.86, in 2010 in Ethiopia or
increases / goes from 1.66–71.6, in 2011 in Chad A 1.45–1.66 in 2010 ;

7 Central African Republic decreasing vaccination and low number of cases in,
2009 / 2010 / 2012 ;

8 / 9 AVP ;; e.g.
• idea that most values for number of cases are low irrespective of
vaccination percentage

• ref.to needs, high / 90%, vaccination to be effective

A < 80% / low, vaccination ineffective

• idea that generally Gambia / Eritrea, have higher percentage

vaccinated and have lower number of cases than, (three of)
Ethiopia, Chad, Central African Republic, Niger / the other countries

• ref. to Chad / Central African Republic, in 2011 and,

epidemics / inability to keep number of cases down / ineffectiveness
of vaccination programme I ref. to 71.6 (Chad) or 15.31 (Central
African Republic)

• Eritrea 2012 high vaccination but, increase in / 3.16, cases

• ref. to increasing percentage of vaccination in Niger and decrease in

cases, 2009–2010 from 5.23 to 2.34 / 2011–2012 from 4.67–1.59
A 2009–2012 from 5.23 to1.59 [max 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

(c) points refer to smallpox, look for points written as ora

any two from
1 high, percentage / proportion, immunised / vaccinated ; AW
A mass vaccination
2 no boosters required / one dose enough / immunity very long-lived ;
A idea of long-lasting effect of vaccine
3 same, vaccine / antigens, used (throughout) ;
treat as neutral ref. to, low mutation rate / stability, of smallpox virus
4 heat stable / thermostable / freeze-dried / lyophilised, vaccine ; I frozen
A no need to refrigerate / AW
A idea of longer shelf-life
5 ease of, administering vaccine / training people to give vaccine ;
6 ring vaccination / described, e.g. contact tracing ;
7 easy to identify infected people / AW, (to begin ring vaccination) ;
8 lower percentage cover required for smallpox than measles / lower herd
immunity required ;
9 AVP ; smallpox less infectious (so lower percentage cover required)
idea of less, civil unrest / war / movement of populations (so easier to
implement)
suggestion that smallpox live vaccine (and measles not live) [max 2]

(d) active artificial / artificial active ; treat as neutral acquired [1]

(e) can be from point of view of country programme or WHO programme cost
1 preparing / manufacturing / purchasing, vaccine ; A cost to provide vaccine
free to developing countries
2 disposables / equipment to administer (vaccine) ;
e.g. syringes / needles / (protective) gloves
3 storage ; e.g. space, security
4 refrigeration / maintaining cold chain ;
5 transport (of, vaccine / health care workers) ;
6 wages / training, of staff involved ; e.g. wages for, health care workers
administering vaccine / staff involved in training health care workers
7 record keeping / contact tracing ;
8 advertising / informing / marketing / education ;
9 research / development ;
10 setting up vaccination / immunisation, camps (for remote / epidemic, areas) ;
I building, hospitals / clinics [max 2]

[Total: 14]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

4 (a) blood contained in (blood) vessels AW

or
blood contained in any three of
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries ;

systemic and pulmonary, systems / circulation ; A ‘systematic’

A described if circulations not named
e.g. for each complete circuit (round the body) passes through heart twice
from heart to lungs and back, then to (rest of) body and back [2]

(b) W = aorta / aortic arch ;

X = pulmonary vein ;
Y = right atrioventricular / tricuspid, (valve) ;
Z = left, atrium / auricle ; [4]

(c) red blood cells ; A rbc

A platelets
A plasma proteins / named [1]

(d) 1 idea of carbon dioxide out (of blood to alveolus) and oxygen in (to alveolus
from blood) ;
2 diffusion / diffuses
or
(movement from) high concentration to low concentration / down a
concentration gradient ; A diffusion / pressure, gradient

3 (across) squamous epithelium / squamous cells (of alveolar wall) ;

A pavement cells
4 (and) endothelium / endothelial cells (of capillary wall) ;
A squamous cells but must be clear that this is for capillary wall

5 oxygen, into / AW, red blood cells ; I oxygen binds to Hb

6 steep gradient maintained by, ventilation / uptake by haemoglobin / blood

carries oxygen away / blood arrives with carbon dioxide / deoxygenated
blood arriving low in oxygen [max 4]

(e) (i) F = nucleolus ; A nucleus

G = cell surface / plasma, membrane ; [2]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

(ii) transport / transporter / carrier, protein ; R pump protein

specific protein ;
glucose, binding site / AW ; I glucose binds R glucose receptor
specific binding site (in protein) = 2 marks

(glucose binding causes) conformational change ; AW, e.g. changes shape

passive / no energy required / no ATP required ;

movement is, down the concentration gradient / from high to low

concentration ; must be in context of through the membrane protein [max 3]

[Total: 16]

5 (a) (i) coiling / supercoiling / condenses / condensation ;

A become shorter and thicker R contracts [1]

(ii) accept from labelled diagram

two chromatids ;
identical / sister, chromatids ;
joined by a centromere ; A kinetochore

one from
(reach chromatid) DNA complexed with protein
histone proteins / histones ;
telomeres at end of chromatids [max 3]

(b) metaphase versus anaphase

idea of single chromosome of two chromatids versus two separated
chromatids / daughter chromosomes
e.g. two chromatids versus, one chromatid / one daughter chromosome ;
sister chromatids joined at centromere versus chromatids separated
distance between sister chromatids zero versus increasing distance between
chromatids
share a centromere versus do not share a centromere / centromere divides

two DNA molecules versus one DNA molecule ;

at, equator / metaphase plate versus towards / at, poles ; R centre R ends

linear / straight versus V shape / AW ; [max 2]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

(c) acts at target cell ;

binds to receptor ; R receptor cells allow ecf for other mps

R trapped / caught
ref. specificity ; A receptor complementary (shape) for cytokinin
A cytokinin fits into receptor this is also mp2
A recognition of cytokinin by receptor

receptor (located) in, cell surface / plasma, membrane ;

A cell membrane A phospholipid bilayer A transmembrane receptor

sets off / AW, response in the cell / described response(s) ; e.g.

triggers secondary messenger
activates enzyme(s)
I signals / causes / stimulates, cell to divide / cytokinesis

(acts) extracellularly / extracellular signal or (acts) intracellularly / intracellular

signal ; must be in context of candidate’s answer [max 3]

[Total: 9]

6 (a) (i)
CH2OH HO CH2OH
O O
H H O
H OH
OH
OH H OH OH
OH OH
HO OH
OH
H OH OH
1 2 3

two marks for correct drawing of ring structure ;;

all atoms shown or one of diagrams 1–3 above

one mark if, inconsistent / incomplete, drawing:

diagram 1 – one missing H from any of carbons 2–6 (OH groups and rest of
drawing must be correct)
diagrams 2 and 3 – adding the H to one of carbons 1–5 (OH groups and rest
of drawing must be correct) [2]

(ii) glycosidic ; A glucosidic [1]

(iii) to form / has, (glycosidic α) 1–6, bonds / links (to make branches) ;

ref. to different shaped / specific / complementary, active site required to form

bonds (for branching) ; [max 1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 22

(b) (i) treat as neutral unit of inheritance

sequence of, nucleotides / bases ;
section / length / part, of DNA (molecule) ;
codes for a polypeptide ; A protein for polypeptide A enzyme
A information to produce a polypeptide
A codes / information, for sequence of amino acids / primary structure (of
a, polypeptide / protein)
R genetic code for a polypeptide [max 2]

(ii) 1 (in DNA / gene) altered, sequence / AW, of, nucleotides / bases ;
I DNA sequence
2 base substitution
or base / nucleotide, replaces another, base / nucleotide;
A example must be in context of, DNA / gene
3 (mRNA synthesised) during transcription ;
4 (mutation leads to) altered / AW, mRNA / messenger RNA ;

5 (only) one (mRNA) codon changed / a different codon ;

A one DNA, triplet / codon, changed I ref. to codons changed

6 tRNA, with / has, a different anticodon ;

7 (tRNA) brings, a different / a changed / the incorrect, amino acid, during
translation / to the ribosome ;
8 codon-anticodon, binding / complementary / AW ; A matches
R amino acid with anticodon [max 3]

(c) nucleolus ; R if other cell structures given

mitochondrion ; R if other cell structures given

rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi (body / apparatus / complex) ; [3]

[Total: 12]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/23
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 6 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over]

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 23

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 23

1 (a) (i) letter X written in space above cilia ; A label line into this space [1]

(ii) nucleus ; [1]

(iii) cilia ;
columnar / tall / not flat / not thin ;
nuclei rounded / AW ;
presence of goblet cells ; [max 1]

(b) (i) mitosis ; [1]

(ii) presence of any 3 of:

1 shorter / no / fewer / damaged, cilia ; A paralysed
2 undifferentiated / AW, cells ;
3 flattened / squamous, cells / epithelium ;
4 scar tissue ; A scar tissue forms
5 enlarged goblet cells ;
6 excess / accumulated / AW, mucus ; A excess mucus secreted
7 tar deposits ; A description of tar on lining
8 phagocytes ;
9 AVP ; e.g. inflammation (of bronchial lining)
[max 3]

[Total: 7]

2 (a) (i) 3.4 µM min–1 ; A 3.4 µM / min [1]

(ii) 0.15 mM ;; A ecf from (a) (i)

allow 1 mark if no units given

if answer incorrect allow one mark for evidence of ½ Vmax

3.4 / 2 = 1.7 [2]

(b) max 3 if no attempt at description (D) with explanation (E)

at lower substrate concentrations

1 (D) rate of reaction proportional to substrate concentration ; AW
2 (D) up to 0.25 mM ; A range 0.25–0.30 mM
3 (E) not all active sites occupied ;
A few, enzyme-substrate complexes / ES complexes / ESC
A more active site occupied as substrate concentration increases
4 (E) substrate concentration is limiting ;

at higher substrate concentrations

5 (D) less steep increase in rate (from 0.25 mM) ;
6 (D) further increase in substrate concentration gives, no further increase /
plateau / levelling out, in rate ; A rate remains at 3.4 µM min–1
7 (D) greater than / at, 0.45 mM ; A 0.46 / 0.47, mM
8 (E) enzyme concentration is limiting ; A idea that some other factor is limiting
9 (E) all active sites occupied / AW ;
10 (E) A for mp3 / mp6 description in terms of enzyme-substrate collisions in
context ; [max 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 23

(c) (i) folding / coiling, (of polypeptide chain) ;

tertiary structure ;
(held in position by) ref. to R group interactions ;
A two or more bond types in context
brings distant, amino acids / parts of the chain, close ; AW [max 3]

(ii) water ; A H2O [1]

[Total: 11]

3 (a) non-self
foreign / AW ; A not from the person’s own body
triggers / AW, an immune response / production of antibodies ;
A other events in immune response described

antigen
protein / glycoprotein ; A polysaccharide
ref.to, binding of specific antibody / formation of antigen-antibody complex ; [max 3]

3 (b) (i) P antigen-binding site / site for antigen attachment ; A variable region

Q hinge region ;

R constant region / site of attachment to receptors on phagocytes / AW ; [3]

(ii) disulfide (bonds) ; R if more than one type of bond stated [1]

(c) (i) 1 TNF-α / antigen, introduced into, mice / small mammals / named ;
2 (antibody-producing), B-cells / B-lymphocytes / plasma cells / splenocytes,
isolated (from spleen) ; A produced
3 fused with myeloma cells ;
4 using fusogen / PEG ;
5 hybridoma cells formed ;
6 ref. to screening / testing, for hybridoma producing desired antibody ;
7 ref. to scaling up / large-scale production ;
8 AVP ; e.g. HAT medium for, hybridoma growth / inhibiting myeloma
growth [max 3]

(ii) antibodies bind to TNF-α ;

inactivate / destroy TNF-α ;
inflammation cannot be triggered / AW ; in context of destroying TNF- α [max 2]

[Total: 12]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 23

4 (a) label line to wall or lumen of any phloem sieve tube ; [1]

(b) transport of assimilates ; A named assimilate e.g. sucrose / amino acids / auxins
from source to sink ; A from leaves to named sink e.g. roots / fruits
translocation / mass flow ; [max 2]

(c) lignin for, waterproofing ;

lignin, for support / to prevent (inward) collapse / AW (of vessel or plant) ;
R prevent bursting I withstand (high) pressure
cellulose for, adhesion of water / formation of hydrogen bonds with water ;
A hydrophilic parts of lignin
pits for lateral movement of water ;
AVP e.g. rings / spirals, for, extension / growth ; [max 3]

(d) (i) surface area (0.1 × 0.1 × 6 =) 0.06 (m2) ;

volume (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 =) 0.001 (m3) ; A 1 × 10–3
surface area to volume ratio
(0.06 / 0.001 =) 60 ; A ecf using values given for surface area or volume [3]

(ii) idea that

diffusion (via, body surface / to cells), cannot satisfy needs / too slow ;
or
transport system delivers materials to cells more quickly ;
A efficient supply of, nutrients / oxygen, to all cells

long(er) distances (to reach some, cells / tissues) ;

takes, materials / AW, close to cells ; [max 2]

[Total: 11]

5 (a) 0 marks if another mode of transmission given (e.g. faecal-oral / contact / sexual )
I in unpasteurised milk / contaminated meat (M. bovis)

1 aerosol / droplet, infection ;

only need to have one of ‘infected’ / ‘uninfected’ to gain mp2 and mp3
2 infected / AW, person, coughs / breathes / spits / talks / sneezes ;
3 uninfected / AW, person, inhales / inspires / breathes in, droplets ;

allow one mark if mp2 and mp3 given with no reference to, infected /
uninfected
4 organism / pathogen / bacteria / M. tuberculosis, in, airborne droplets / droplets
in air ; A without ‘airborne ‘ or ‘in air’ if mp2 gained [max 2]

(b) 1 incomplete treatment / dose not finished ;

2 not all bacteria killed / some bacteria survive ; R TB for bacteria
3 mutation ; R mutation to give immunity
4 further detail of mutation ;
5 selection of resistant bacteria / resistant bacteria selected for ;
6 resistant bacteria reproduce / vertical resistance ;
7 death of, susceptible / non-resistant, bacteria ;
8 AVP ; e.g. horizontal resistance / described [max 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 23

(c) (i) making / synthesis of, (m)RNA ;

from a DNA, template / sequence of bases / sequence of nucleotides ;
A from a gene [2]

(ii) idea that pathogen and human RNA polymerase are (slightly) different ; e.g.
(slightly) different shaped active sites
A rifampicin unable to, cross cell surface membrane / enter nucleus /
cross nuclear envelope [1]

(d) points can be general or TB specific

1 prescribing / take, antibiotics, only when (absolutely) necessary ;
2 ensure, correct / effective, antibiotic(s) prescribed / used ;
3 complete course / follow instructions for use, of antibiotics ; A ref. to DOTS
4 patients to, use only antibiotics prescribed / not use leftover antibiotics at a
later date / AW ;
5 ref. to monitoring situation to check if antibiotic is effective ;
6 use other antibacterials ;
7 develop new, drugs / antibiotics ;
8 ensure / improve, knowledge of, healthcare professionals / public ; AW
9 reduce / control, antibiotics in, agriculture / animals used for food ;
10 reporting patterns of antibiotic resistance / AW ;
11 ref. to breaking transmission cycle / described example ; e.g. vaccines good
hygiene in hospitals
12 break transmission cycle of resistant bacteria ; e.g. quarantine
13 AVP ; e.g. WHO Global Plan Stop TB
14 further detail of mp1 or mp2 ; e.g. only prescribe wide-spectrum antibiotics
when narrow spectrum not known [max 3]

(e) idea that antibiotics act at a cell structure not possessed by a virus ;
e.g. viruses, do not have, a cell wall / a cell surface membrane / ribosomes

suggestion that viruses, are inside host cells / not within reach(of antibiotics) ;
antibiotics act only on, living / growing, cells (viruses do not grow) ;
A can prevent metabolic processes not occurring in viruses
antibiotics do not act on, protein coat / capsid / capsomeres / viral envelope ; [max 2]

[Total: 14]

6 (a) (superior / inferior) vena cava ; [1]

(b) left (ventricle) pumps blood to the body / right ventricle pumps blood to lungs ;
A further distance
(left ventricle) requires higher pressure ; ora
ref. to overcoming greater resistance / lungs less resistance ;
pulmonary capillaries damaged by higher pressure ;
higher pressure requires more muscular force / AW ; ora [max 3]

(c) sinoatrial node ; [1]

[Total: 5]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/31
Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills 1 May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 4 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 31

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 31

1 (a) (i) (decides level of water)

two levels of water drawn + labelled ‘before’ + ‘after’ ;
bottom level drawn still above / covering the level of reducing sugar Visking tubing ; [2]

(ii) (decisions on completion of table)

correct volumes of G for four further dilutions ;
correct total volumes of 10 for each concentration ; [2]

(iii) (recording results)

1. heading (top left of data), % / percentage concentration of
reducing sugar solution ;
2. heading (any column / row), time + seconds ;
3. collects readings of reducing sugar solutions as whole seconds ;
4. concentration at top + other concentrations in decreasing order ; [4]

(iv) (decision about variable to standardise)

volume / 3 cm3, of Benedict’s (solution) or volume / 2 cm3, of U / sample or
temperature (of water-bath) ; [1]

(v) (interprets results)

time recorded in whole seconds + correct units ; [1]

(vi) estimate for U matches results in (a)(iii) ; [1]

(b) (i) (line graph)

1. (x-axis) percentage concentration of sucrose solution +
(y-axis) time (to) decolourise potassium manganate(VII)
solution / s ;
2. (scale on x-axis) 0.5 to 2 cm + labelled at least every 2 cm +
(scale on y-axis) 40.0 to 2 cm, labelled at least each 2 cm ;
3. correct plotting of five points with a small cross or dot in circle ;
4. five plots + thin line drawn ; [4]

(ii) (interpretation)
correctly reads from graph time to decolourise at 1.75% ;
correctly reads from graph time to decolourise + units ; [2]

(iii) (conclusion)
more substrate / higher enzyme activity ;
more active sites occupied / bind / join or more enzyme-substrate complexes / ESCs ; [2]

(iv) (modifications)
1. (standardise sucrose concentration) using same (sucrose) concentration or named
sucrose concentration ;
2. (independent variable pH) at least five pH or five examples ;
3. (method) use of buffers (to make pH at regular intervals) ; [3]

[Total: 22]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 31

2 (a) (i) (plan diagram)

1. plan diagram of appropriate size + no shading ;
2. no cells + correct section drawn ;
3. endodermis shown by two lines in the correct proportions ;
4. uses one label line + one label to xylem ; [4]

(ii) (drawing)
1. quality of line for outer wall of cells + size at least 40 mm across largest
cell ;
2. only four cells drawn, each cell touching at least one other cell ;
3. cell walls drawn as two lines close together ;
4. cells drawn with correct proportion of length to width ;
5. uses one label line + one label to cell wall ; [5]

(b) (i) (calculation)

collects correct measurements of lines K, L, M, N, O + correct units for
each measurement ;
shows division by the magnification (25) ; [2]

(ii) (displays and division)

shows addition of 5 measurements + shows division by 5 ;
correct answer + correct units ; [2]

(iii) (conclusion)
aquatic + air cavities for buoyancy or support or providing / storing oxygen ; [1]

(c) (observable difference between root on J1 and stem in Fig. 2.2)

organises comparison into three columns with one column for features,
one headed J1 and one headed Fig. 2.2 ;
any three observable differences of comparison ;;;
e.g. J1 has smaller air cavities than Fig 2.2 [4]

[Total: 18]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/32
Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 2) May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 4 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 32

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 32

1 (a) (i) (measures room temperature)

whole number or to half a degree + °C ; [1]

(ii) (decides on intervals for temperatures)

at least three additional temperatures + whole numbers + at even intervals +
°C ; [1]

(iii) (recording results)

1. table drawn + heading, temperature + °C ;
2. heading, height or length (of foam) + mm ;
3. records results for at least four temperatures ;
4. correct pattern of results ;
5. height or length (of foam) recorded as whole mm ; [5]

(iv) (sources of error with reason)

appropriate error with reason ;
e.g. difficulty of maintaining temperature within acceptable range
appropriate error with reason ;
e.g. difficulty of measuring foam as not even layer in test tube [2]

(v) (decides on control)

boils yeast suspension or replaces yeast cell suspension with same volume
of water ; [1]

(vi) (conclusion)
(as temperature increases) ref. to more kinetic energy ;
more successful collisions or more enzyme-substrate-complexes / ESCs
formed ; [2]

(vii) (modification to investigate another variable)

1. (to standardise temperature) stated temperature + thermostatically
controlled water-bath ;
2. (independent variable) at least five pHs ;
3. (method) ref. to use of buffers ; [3]

(b) (i) (line graph)

1. (x-axis) percentage concentration of glucose solution + (y-axis) volume of
CO2 released / cm3 ;
2. (scale on x-axis) 2.0 to 2 cm, labelled at least each 2 cm +
(scale on y-axis) 2.0 to 2 cm, labelled at least each 2 cm ;
3. correct plotting of five points with a small cross or dot in circle ;
4. five plots + thin line drawn ; [4]

(ii) (interpretation)
correctly reads from graph the volume of CO2 at 3.5% ; [1]

[Total: 20]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 32

2 (a) (i) (plan diagram)

1. plan diagram of appropriate size + no shading ;
2. no cells + at least two vascular bundles + correct section drawn ;
3. vascular bundle divided into at least two regions ;
4. depth of one vascular bundle drawn in correct proportion to width of
lamina ;
5. uses one label line + one label to xylem ; [5]

(ii) (drawing)
1. quality of line for outer wall of cells + size at least 40 mm across largest
cell ;
2. only four cells drawn, each cell touching at least one other cell ;
3. cell walls drawn as two lines close together ;
4. cells in a chain form part of a circle ;
5. uses one label line + one label to cell wall ; [5]

(b) (calculation)
1. collects number of eyepiece gratitude units equal to the length of the vascular
bundle ;
2. records whole numbers for eyepiece graticule units ;
3. shows multiplication of numbers for eyepiece graticule units by 29.5 µm ;
4. answer shown to appropriate accuracy + µm ; [4]

(c) (i) (observable differences between the leaf on M1 and the leaf in Fig. 2.2)
organises comparison into three columns with one column for features, one
headed M1 and one headed Fig. 2.2 ;
any three observable differences of comparison ;;;
e.g. M1 has more vascular bundles than Fig. 2.2 [4]

(ii) (conclusion)
(feature) thick cuticle or sunken stomata or few stomata ;
(explanation) reduces evaporation or reduces transpiration ; [2]

[Total: 20]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/33
Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 1) May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 4 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 33

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 33

1 (a) (i) (risk assessment)

(hydrogen peroxide) harmful or irritant + medium or high ; [1]

(b) (i) (measures room temperature)

whole number or to half a degree + °C ; [1]

(ii) (decides on interval for temperature)

at least three additional temperatures + whole numbers + even intervals ;
°C ; [2]

(iii) (recording results)

1. table drawn + heading, temperature + °C ;
2. heading, time + seconds ;
3. records results for at least five temperatures ;
4. correct pattern of results ;
5. times recorded as whole seconds ;
6. records results for repeats + means calculated ; [6]

(iv) (source of error with reason)

appropriate error with reason ;
e.g. concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases
appropriate error with reason ;
e.g. different volumes of extract on each square of filter paper [2]

(v) (conclusions)
(as temperature increases, activity increases) more successful collisions or
more enzyme-substrate-complexes / ESCs ;
(decreased / no activity) denatures or changed shape of active site ; [2]

(vi) (modification to investigate another variable)

1. (to standardise temperature) stated temperature + thermostatically
controlled water-bath ;
2. (independent variable) at least five concentrations of catalase ;
3. (method) simple dilution / proportional dilution / serial dilution ; [3]

(c) (chart)
1. (x-axis) different plant species + (y-axis) initial rate of activity of catalase /
s–1 ;
2. (scale on x-axis) even width of bars + (scale on y-axis) 0.05 to 2 cm, labelled
at least each 2 cm ;
3. correct plotting of five bars ;
4. five bars labelled with each horizontal line drawn as a thin line + each
column labelled ; [4]

[Total: 21]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 33

2 (a) (i) (plan diagram)

1. plan diagram of appropriate size + no shading ;
2. no cells + at least two vascular bundles + correct section drawn ;
3. epidermis drawn as two lines drawn closely together ;
4. line drawn to show area of cells located at tip of leaf ; [4]

(ii) (drawing)
1. quality of line for outer wall of cells + size at least 50 mm across largest
cell ;
2. only four cells drawn, each cell touching at least one other cell ;
3. cell walls drawn as two lines close together ;
4. one cell which shows a difference from other cells ;
e.g. cell contains an inclusion
5. uses one label line + one label to cell wall ; [5]

(b) (i) (ratio)

1. measures depth of midrib + diameter of the vascular bundle ;
2. records whole numbers or to 0.5 for both measurements ;
3. decides to use same units for both measurements ;
4. displays, in final ratio, larger number to smaller number ;
5. final answer as simplest ratio ; [5]

(ii) (conclusion)
(habitat) water + (feature) large air spaces or more air spaces or AVP ; [1]

(c) (observable difference between leaf on K1 and leaf in Fig. 2.2)

organises comparisons into three columns with one column for features, one
headed K1 and one headed Fig. 2.2 ;
any three observable differences of comparison ;;;
e.g. K1 has more vascular bundles than Fig. 2.2 [4]

[Total: 19]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/34
Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills 2 May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 4 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 34

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 34

1 (a) (i) (decides sampling times)

(0) 5 + 10 + 15 + or every 5 + minutes ; [1]

(ii) (decides on reagent and method to test for starch)

iodine solution or I + add to sample + orange / yellow / brown if starch absent
or (blue-)black if starch present ; [1]

(b) (risk assessment)

(acid / amylase / potassium manganate(VII)) harmful or irritant + medium or high ; [1]

(c) (i) (collects room temperature)

records whole number or to 1 decimal place + °C ; [1]

(ii) (recording results)

1. table drawn + heading (sample time) + minutes ;
2. appropriate heading for raw results ;
3. appropriate colours recorded for starch test for at least four times
including 20 minutes ;
4. correct pattern of results ;
5. processed times recorded as whole seconds ; [5]

(iii) (interpretation of significant error)

correct calculation of difference + not significant ;
A significant if difference 5 °C or more [1]

(iv) (conclusions)
1. (more heat energy / higher temperature) idea of (more / increase in)
kinetic / movement energy ;
2. (more heat energy / higher temperature) idea of more successful collisions
between S and E or more active sites bind / join with substrate or
more enzyme substrate complexes / ESCs ;
3. (at high temperature or increasing by 30 °C or above the optimum)
idea of denatured or active site changes shape (so fewer ESCs) ; [3]

(v) (modifications)
1. at least five pH or five examples ;
2. use of buffers ;
3. remove sample after set time / example of time or test with iodine and
idea of looking for a colour change or test with potassium manganate(VII) and
time taken to decolourise ; [3]

(d) (i) (line graph)

1. (x-axis) percentage concentration of starch +
(y-axis) initial rate of reaction of amylase / arbitrary units ;
2. (scale on x-axis) 1.0 to 2 cm + labelled at least every 2 cm +
(scale on y-axis) 100.0 to 2 cm + labelled at least each 2 cm ;
3. correct plotting of six points with a small cross or dot in circle ;
4. six plots + thin line drawn ; [4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 34

(ii) (display of calculations)

1. shows on the graph Vmax line at top of curve to the y-axis from the
maximum rate of reaction ;
2. shows on the graph how Km is read off at half Vmax ;
3. correct answer for Km from candidate’s graph ; [3]

[Total: 23]

2 (a) (i) (plan diagram)

1. plan diagram of appropriate size + no shading ;
2. no cells + only two whole vascular bundles + epidermis drawn ;
3. epidermis shown by two lines in the correct proportions ;
4. all vascular bundles divided into at least three regions ;
5. uses one label line + one label to xylem in any on vascular bundle ; [5]

(ii) (drawing)
1. quality of line for outer wall of cells + size at least 40 mm across largest
cell ;
2. draws only four whole cells + each cell of the group must touch
at least two other cells ;
3. at least one intercellular space ;
4. cell walls drawn as two lines close together ;
5. uses one label line + one label to cell wall ; [5]

(b) (i) (calculation)

1. collects correct measurement of length of scale bar + length of line
drawn across cell X + correct units ;
2. displays correct method for calculation ;
3. correct answer to calculation ; [3]

(ii) (observable difference between stem on N1 and root in Fig. 2.1)

organises comparison into three columns with one column for features,
one headed N1 and one headed Fig. 2.1 ;
any three observable differences of comparison ;;;
e.g. N1 has smaller xylem vessels than Fig 2.1 [4]

[Total: 17]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/35
Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills 1) May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 4 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 35

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 35

1 (a) (i) (decisions on serial dilutions)

1. correct concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 + % ;
2. shows transfer of 10 cm3 of 1(%) to next dilution + 10 cm3 transferred from
2nd to 3rd beaker and from 3rd to 4th and from 4th to 5th + cm3 ;
3. adds 10 cm3 of water to each beaker ; [3]

(ii) (interpretation of percentage error)

(actual error) ± half the smallest division on syringe ;
(percentage error) correct answer using actual error ; [2]

(iii) (recording results and completing column headings)

1. heading, percentage concentration of glucose + (units for time) seconds ;
2. records results for times and colours for five concentrations of glucose
solutions ;
3. result for time for first colour 1% concentration of glucose is faster than for
the lowest concentration of glucose recorded ;
4. times recorded as whole seconds ; [4]

(iv) (decides how to standardise Benedict’s test)

decides to use the same volumes of glucose and Benedict’s (2 cm3) ;
decides to heat water-bath to boiling ; [2]

(v) (collects result for solution P)

records time + seconds + colour for solution P ; [1]

(vi) (interprets result for solution P)

correct estimate for concentration of solution P ; [1]

(vii) (improvement)
use colorimeter or carry out repeats or use more concentrations within range
of the estimate ; [1]

(viii) (improvement)
draw a calibration curve ;
read off concentration of unknown from the calibration curve ; [2]

(b) (i) (graph)

1. (x-axis) time after eating the meal / minutes +
(y-axis) concentration of glucose in blood plasma / mmol dm–3 ;
2. (scale on x-axis) 20.0 to 2 cm, labelled at least each 2 cm +
(scale on y-axis) 0.5 to 2 cm, labelled at least each 2 cm, with 5 at the
origin ;
3. correct plotting of five points with a small cross or dot in circle ;
4. five plots with either ruled lines exactly point to point or smooth curve
drawn as thin line ; [4]

(ii) (calculation)
shows 6.750 minus 5.125, divided by 5.125 and multiplied by 100 or
alternative correct method ; [1]

(iii) (conclusion)
draws one label line and label X to indicate the section of the graph between
time at 0 minutes and time at 20 minutes ; [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 35

(iv) (conclusion)
ref. to glucose used by the cells (for respiration) or AVP ; [1]

[Total: 23]

2 (a) (i) (plan diagram)

1. plan diagram of appropriate size + no cells ;
2. at least three layers of tissue (4 lines) + correct section drawn ;
3. draws tissue layer beneath epidermis ;
4. diameter of the stele approximately a third of the diameter of the root ;
5. uses one label line + label Z to the endodermis ; [5]

(ii) (conclusion)
root + stele / xylem / vascular tissue in the centre ; [1]

(iii) (drawing)
1. quality of line for outer wall of cells + size at least 40 mm across largest
cell ;
2. only four cells drawn + each cell touching two of the other cells ;
3. cell walls drawn as two lines close together ;
4. records at least one air space between the cells ;
5. uses one label line + one label to cytoplasm of one cell ; [5]

(b) (calculation of magnification)

1. measures line A – B correctly in whole mm or 0.5 mm ;
2. shows measurement for A – B, converted to micrometres, divided by 3000 or
measurement for A – B in millimetres divided by 3 ;
3. correct magnification from calculation ; [3]

(c) (observable similarities between organ on L1 and that shown in Fig. 2.2)
organises table so that one column for features ;
any two observable similarities ;;
e.g. L1 and Fig. 2.2 stele / vascular bundle in centre [3]

[Total: 17]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/41
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over]

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
AVP alternative valid point (examples given as guidance)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

1 (a) both have ribose (sugars) ; R ribulose

ATP has 1, ribose / pentose / sugar, NAD has 2 ; I ref. to additional hexose
both have, adenine / purine (base) ; I adenosine
NAD has, nicotinamide / pyrimidine (base) ;
ATP has 3 phosphates, NAD has 2 ; [max 3]

(b) accept synthesise / produce / convert to, for ‘make’ for all mp
make (named), protein / polypeptide / peptides ; A protein synthesis / translation
make (named), disaccharide / oligosaccharide / polysaccharide / glycogen ; R non-
mammalian examples such as starch or cellulose
make (named), triglycerides / lipids / phospholipids / steroids / cholesterol ;
A glycogenesis
make, nucleotide / polynucleotide / nucleic acid / DNA / RNA ;
A transcription / DNA replication
AVP ; e.g. named example of, polymerisation / condensation
A phosphorylation example [max 2]

(c) substrate-linked / substrate-level, phosphorylation ; I condensation reaction [1]

(d) hydrogen, carrier / acceptor ; A gets reduced or gains H / H+ and electrons

I donates R H2 / hydrogen molecules
(acts as a) coenzyme ; A enables dehydrogenases to work
ref. to glycolysis / respiration in anaerobic conditions ; A anaerobic respiration
I aerobic [max 2]

(e) ‘more’ needed once plus implied for second mp

1 more, C-H bonds / hydrogen(s) / reduced ; I C-C bonds
R more hydrogen bonds R hydrocarbons

accept produces / gives / results in for ‘makes’ in mp 2 and mp3

2 (makes) more reduced NAD ;
3 makes more ATP per, gram / molecule / mole / unit mass ;
A releases / results in / gives, more energy per, g / etc.
4 more, aerobic respiration / electron transport chain (ETC) / oxidative
phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ; A higher rate of for ‘more’ [max 2]

[Total: 10]

2 (a) at lowest value / in shortest supply ; I insufficient supply / not enough

(the) one factor of several that affects rate ; A one factor of several prevents
increase in rate [2]

(b) to keep out unwanted CO2 (in air around leaves) ;

A to stop CO2 increasing / entering (upper chamber)
ref. to respiration of soil organisms ; A respiration of bacteria / fungi / seeds
ref. to respiration of plant roots ; [max 2]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

(c) (i) I ref. to set B throughout I time references

at low(er) light intensity / light intensity up to a figure in range 6 – 7 au

1 rate increases as light intensity increases ;
2 light intensity is (main) limiting factor ;
mp1 and mp 2 need to be in correct context

at high light intensity / light intensity above a figure in range 6 – 7 au

3 rate, levels off / reaches plateau / remains constant ;
A rate unaffected (by light intensity)
4 another (named) factor / not light intensity, is limiting ;
A CO2 concentration / temperature
mp3 and mp4 need to be in correct context [max 3]

(ii) more CO2 available in B / less CO2 in A ;

A CO2 concentration in B is double that of A
ref. to fixation / Calvin cycle / light independent reactions ;
A description, e.g. CO2 combines with RuBP
CO2 concentration is limiting factor in set A ;
A CO2 concentration is limiting at a higher light intensity in B [max 2]

(d) accept ora throughout

1 D, adapted to high CO2 / can use more CO2 (per unit leaf area) ;
A plants in D have, adjusted / accommodated, to high CO2
2 D have more, chloroplasts / chlorophyll ;
3 D have more, rubisco / RuBP ;
4 D have more stomata ;
5 D have thinner leaves ;
6 AVP ; e.g. ref. to diffusion of CO2 [max 4]

[Total: 13]

3 (a) (i) database(s) ;

computer (programs) / software ;
analysis of, data / biological information / sequences ;
A compare, genes / genomes [max 2]

(ii) 1 identify / recognise, gene(s) ; A find where genes are

2 predict, primary structure / amino acid sequences, of proteins ;
3 predict 3D structure of proteins ; A tertiary
4 identify / predict, functions of proteins (from 3D structure) ;
5 ref. to drug to, bind with / block activity of / disrupt structure of,
protein / enzyme ; A drug specific to protein I denature, protein / enzyme
6 drug prevents, transcription / expression, (of gene) ; I gene editing [max 3]

(b) (i) cheaper ; A more economic(al)

faster / can try many different drugs in a short period of time ; A time-saving
can try out changes to, model / drug structure, to see if more effective ;
no need for, laboratories / equipment ; I uses less labour
(initially) no need for tests on, animals / humans ; A fewer ethical issues [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

(ii) functionality / to test that drug, actually works / is effective ;

A cannot assume predictions are correct I efficiency
safety ; A ref. to clinical trials / side effects
dosage ; A theoretical modelling will not give information on doses [max 2]

[Total: 10]

4 (a) 1 best / desirable, plants crossed ; A cross-pollinated R cross with other

(maize) species
2 repeatedly / every generation ;
3 detail of cross-pollination ; e.g. ref. to male tassels and female silks
4 example of desirable characteristic ; A more kernels / big kernels / high yield /
ref. to kernel colour / fast-growing / cold-tolerant
5 hybridisation / two inbred (named) lines crossed / F1 hybrids formed ;
A description, e.g. cross two, homozygous parents / parents from two pure-
bred lines
6 gives more, vigorous / uniform, plants ; A heterosis
7 ref. to dwarf maize / mutant alleles for gibberellin (synthesis) ; [max 4]

(b) 1 discontinuous ;
max 2 for mp2–6
2 one gene / single locus / monogenic, inheritance ; A monohybrid
3 two alleles ;
4 dominant and recessive ;
5 1:1 ratio purple to yellow ; A 50% purple, 50% yellow
6 test cross / Aa × aa ; [max 3]

(c) (i) 1 as, Bt crops / area, increases the number of resistant, pests / species,
increases ; A the more (the area of) Bt crops grown, the more (the)
resistant species
2 figures quote ; (2 years, area with units once)
3 figures quote ; (2 years, no. resistant pest species)
4 mutation(s) (in pest species) ;
5 chance / random / spontaneous (mutations) ;
6 pests evolve resistance / natural selection for resistant pests ;
7 AVP ; e.g. plateau in resistance, 2002–2005 / 2009–2011 first 6
years / 1996–2001, no resistant species [max 4]

(ii) social
increased yield / more food / cheaper food / AW ;

environmental
decreased insecticide use / few hazards to humans / Bt only targets pest
species ; A no / less pesticide used R herbicide [2]

[Total: 13]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture / AW ; A catch, mark, return, catch

A mark-and-recapture
description (max 3)
2 detail of trapping ; e.g. Longworth / Sherman / live / small mammal
3 detail of marking ; e.g. felt tip pen / clipping fur / not to have adverse effects
4 detail of timing of second trapping ; e.g. not too soon or mixing will not occur /
not too long after as migration may occur / after 24 hours / 1 day (any number
of days up to two weeks)
5 detail of calculation ; e.g. Lincoln Index / Petersen index
or number marked time 1 × no. captured time 2
number of marked individuals recaptured time 2
A symbols in equation if key is given [max 4]

(b) glycogen ;
centrioles / centrosomes ;
(may have) cilia / flagella / microvilli ;
no cell wall ;
no, large / central / permanent, vacuole ; A no tonoplast [max 2]

(c) (i) 1 reduce, other organisms’ abundance / biodiversity ; A endanger, rare

species / water voles A causes extinction
2 alter food, chains / webs ;
3 due to predation ;
4 due to competition ;
5 due to spreading disease ;
6 may change habitat ; e.g. create shade, change soil pH
7 may be toxic / threaten human health ; [max 3]

(ii) culling / hunting / trapping ;

contraceptive measures ;
biological control disease agent ; I introduce new mink-eating predator
I biological control alone [max 1]

[Total: 10]

6 (a) key to 4 chosen symbols ;

A any two lettered pairs (e.g. E/e and A/a) identified I symbols for wing length
no eyes and black abdomen must be lower case (e, a)
with eyes and striped abdomen must be upper case (E, A)
allow ecf to max 3 if error in symbols

parents genotypes Eeaa × eeAa ;

gametes Ea ea × eA ea ; A each gamete written twice
F2 genotypes Eeaa eeaa EeAa eeAa ; [4]

(b) cross with, homozygous recessive / black no-eyes, fly ;

A double recessive / aaee (or own symbols) / organism showing recessive
characters or phenotype [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

(c)
observed expected O–E (O – E)2 (O – E)2
number (O) number (E) E

86 83 3 9 0.11

87 83 4 16 0.19

81 83 –2 4 0.05

78 83 –5 25 0.30

332 332 ;; χ2 = 0.65 ;

A fractions in last column A 3 s.f. in last column [3]

(d) no significant deviation from expected / difference not significant ;

A (95% probability that) difference is due to chance
A data is a good fit / match
A null hypothesis (no significant difference between O and E)
R comment on significance of results
R ‘the value’ is not significant

probability (of this deviation) is over 0.05 / χ2 is less than 7.82 ;

A χ2 / results (of χ2 test), less than value at probability 0.05

ref. to critical value ; ecf reverse arguments if answer from 6(c)is over 7.82
ref. to independent assortment / AW ; [max 2]

[Total: 10]

7 (a) maintaining a constant internal environment ; AW

R external I body conditions [1]

(b) (i) ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER ; [1]

(ii) exocytosis ; [1]

(iii) causes glucose uptake / increases permeability to glucose ;

adds transport proteins to cell (surface) membrane ; A in sarcolemma
A GLUT(4), proteins / channels / carriers
more glucose respired / increase in respiration rate ;
glucose converted to glycogen / glycogenesis ; [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

(c) accept stimulates / stimulated, for activates / activated throughout

1 (adrenaline) receptor shape change ;
2 G-proteins activated ; A description of G protein releases (α) subunit
3 adenylyl cyclase activated ; A adenyl(ate) cyclase
4 cyclic AMP made ;
5 (cAMP is) second messenger ;
6 activates / phosphorylates, kinase ;
7 ref. to enzyme cascade / cascade of reactions ;
8 glycogenolysis / hydrolysis of glycogen, stimulated / AW ; A break down
glycogen
9 AVP ; gluconeogenesis / ref. to glucose transport proteins
A description / glucose from, amino acids / lipids
A GLUT(2) channels / carriers [max 5]

[Total: 11]

8 (a) A – dendrite(s) ;
B – dendron / (sensory) axon ;
C – cell body (of neurone) / soma / centron ;
D – axon (membrane) ; A terminal axon [4]

(b) myelin insulates (axon) ;

action potentials / depolarisation, only at nodes (of Ranvier) ;
local circuits set up between nodes ; I local circuits at nodes
action potentials / impulses, ‘jump’ from node to node or saltatory conduction ; [max 2]

(c) only, stimulus / depolarisation / receptor potential / potential difference, that

reaches threshold produces an action potential ; ora
A -50mV for threshold A generator for receptor

idea that the action potential is the same size no matter how strong the stimulus ;
ref. to all-or-nothing (law) ; I all-and-nothing [max 2]

[Total: 8]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

9 (a) accept proton / hydrogen ion / H+ / H ion as equivalent throughout

1 reduced, NAD / FAD ; A NADH / NADH2 / NADH + H+ for reduced NAD
2 passed to ETC ;
3 inner membrane / cristae ;
4 hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2
5 split into electrons and protons ; A released as electron and proton
6 electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ; A electrons pass along
proteins of, ETC / carrier chain
7 energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space ;
8 proton gradient is set up ; A concentration gradient of protons is created
A full description
9 protons diffuse, (back) through membrane / down gradient ;
A protons diffuse into matrix
10 ATP synthase / stalked particles / protein channels ;
A ATP synthetase R ATPase
11 (ATP produced from) ADP and (inorganic) phosphate ; A context for ‘final’
12 idea of oxygen as final electron acceptor ;
13 addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ; [max 8]

(b) 1 pyruvate formed by glycolysis ;

2 reduced NAD formed by glycolysis ;
3 pyruvate decarboxylated / AW ;
4 ethanal produced ;
5 pyruvate decarboxylase ;
6 ethanal is, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ; A gains H or gains H+ and e–
7 from / by, reduced NAD ;
8 ethanol formed ;
9 ethanol / alcohol, dehydrogenase ;
10 not reversible reaction ;
11 NAD, regenerated / can now accept hydrogen atoms ;
A reduced NAD oxidised
12 so glycolysis can continue ; [max 7]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 41

10 (a) I ref. to nuclear envelope I names of stages

meiosis I
1 chromosomes, condense / thicken / spiralise ;
2 homologous chromosomes pair / bivalents form ;
3 crossing over / described ;
4 chiasma(ta) ;
5 spindle fibres / microtubules, attach to / pull, centromeres / kinetochores ; allow
once in mp5 or in meiosis II
6 bivalents line up on, equator / mid-line ; A pairs of homologous chromosomes
7 independent assortment (of homologous pairs) / described ; A random
assortment
8 chromosomes move to, two ends of cell / poles ; A (pairs of) homologous
chromosomes separate

meiosis II
9 (individual) chromosomes / pairs of chromatids, line up on, equator / mid-line ;
10 at right angles to first equator ;
11 centromeres divide ;
12 chromatids separate ; A chromatids move to (opposite) poles
13 ref. to haploid / chromosome number halved / one set of chromosomes ;
A n for haploid [max 9]

(b) I polypeptide throughout

structural gene
1 structural protein / enzyme / rRNA ; A any named protein other than a
transcription factor (e.g. transporter / receptor / named hormone /
immunoglobulin / haemoglobin / etc.) R if any of these are identified
as product of regulatory gene
2 named, structural protein / other protein / enzyme, or tRNA ; R named
protein if function wrongly described
3 idea that needed for, structure / function, of cell ;

regulatory gene
4 (product) controls, gene expression / transcription ; A promote / prevent /
start / stop, gene expression or transcription
5 (codes for) transcription factor / DNA-binding protein ;
6 binds to, promoter / operator / DNA response element ;
7 stops / allows, binding of RNA polymerase ;
8 ref. to repressor / repressible ; A silencer
9 ref. to inducer / inducible ; A activator / enhancer
10 named example of regulatory gene ; A lac repressor / DELLA repressor /
homeobox or homeotic or Hox gene [max 6]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

1 (a) (i) three phosphates ;

ribose / pentose ;
adenine ; I nitrogenous base [max 2]

(ii) combines with, acetyl group / acetate ;

ref. to link reaction ;
(delivers, acetyl group / acetate) to the Krebs cycle ;
(acetyl group / acetate) combines with oxaloacetate ;
R Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate [max 3]

(b) (i) muscle / liver ; [1]

(ii) facilitated diffusion ; [1]

(iii) F – condensation / polymerisation / anabolic / glycogenesis / dephosphorylation ;

G – hydrolysis / catabolic / glycogenolysis / phosphorylation ; [2]

(iv) glycolysis / respiration / lipid synthesis ; [1]

[Total: 10]

2 (a) describe
1 increased temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis at high light intensities ;
2 increased temperature has little effect at low light intensity ;

explain
3 increased kinetic energy ;
4 (leads to) increased, no. of collisions / (rate of) enzyme activity / ESCs / enzyme-subtrate
complexes ;
5 (high light intensity) temperature is the limiting factor ;
6 (low light intensity) light intensity is the limiting factor ; [4 max]

(b) (i) absorption spectrum

shows the, absorbance / absorption, of different wavelengths
(of light by chloroplast pigments) ;

action spectrum
shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths (of light) ; [2]

(ii) idea that light / energy, (absorbed by the pigments) is used in photosynthesis ;
idea that greater rate of photosynthesis at wavelengths that are absorbed most ;
ora [2]

(c) passes energy to, chlorophyll a / primary pigment / reaction centre ;

may absorb light wavelengths that, chlorophyll a / primary pigment / reaction centre, does not
absorb ;
forms part of, light-harvesting cluster of pigments / photosystem / antenna complex ;
[max 2]

[Total: 10]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

3 (a) explain (max 3)

1 cuts DNA at specific, site / base sequence ;
2 detail of cut ; e.g. palindromic or blunt / sticky, ends or staggered cut
3 enzyme derived from, bacteria / prokaryotes ;
4 ref. to destroys viral DNA in bacteria ;

suggest
5 only X chromosome has the I-Ppol, restriction / recognition, site ; ora
6 X and Y chromosomes are different in, size / shape / base sequence ; [max 4]

(b) as a marker ;
to identify the GM mosquitoes
or
to see which, cells / mosquitoes, have the gene (for I-Ppol) ;
transformed cells / GM mosquitoes, glow / fluoresce ; R gene glows [max 2]

(c) zygotes contain an X chromosome ;

from female ;
X chromosome (in zygote) destroyed (by I-Ppol) ;
(so) zygote will, die / not develop ; [max 2]

(d) (i) describe

1 generally more females in A than in B ;
2 numbers of females, remain high / oscillate, in A but fall in B ;

suggest (max2)
3 in A GM males have no effect on the number of females ;
4 in A all offspring were from non-GM males
or
all offspring from GM males die ;
5 in B, no female offspring from GM males ;
6 because GM males cannot produce a sperm carrying an X chromosome ; [max 3]

(ii) idea that large numbers of GM males needed to affect the wild population ;
inflow of non-GM mosquitoes from other areas ;
GM males might not survive in the wild / AW ;
people not prepared to accept the release of (GM) mosquitoes ; [max 2]

[Total:13]

4 (a) 1 ref. to humans (select) ;

2 cross / breed, plants with desirable characteristic ;
3 named desirable characteristic ; e.g. bigger ears / more grains per ear / bigger
grains / higher yield / fast-growing / tolerance to high temperature / disease-resistant /
pest-resistant
4 over several generations ;
5 (only) using offspring with desirable characteristic(s) ;
6 frequency of desirable allele(s) increases ;
7 AVP ; e.g. polyploidy / hybridisation of ancestor grasses [max 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

(b) range of, phenotypes / heights ; AW

normal distribution ; A described or drawn
polygenic / genes or alleles have an additive effect ;
environment has an effect ;
named environmental factor ; e.g. nutrients / light intensity / (soil) water availability /
soil pH / soil mineral availability / disease or pest attack / temperature / wind [max 3]

(c) description
1 as area increases number of resistant weed species increases / positive correlation ;
2 figure quote ; (year, area with units and number of resistant weed species)
3 later figure quote ; (later year, area with units and number of resistant weed species)

explanation
4 mutations in weed (species) ;
5 chance / random / spontaneous (mutations) ;
6 idea that resistant weeds have selective advantage ; [max 4]

(d) social
increased yield / more food / cheaper food ;

environmental
glyphosate, less hazardous than other weed killers / breaks down in soil
or
less fertiliser used (because weed competition reduced) ; [2]

[Total: 13]

5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture ; AW
2 detail of trapping ; e.g. live mammal trap
bait with, food / chocolate / peanut butter
3 detail of marking ; e.g. paint / clipping fur / not to have adverse effects
4 time of second trapping detail ; e.g. not too soon or mixing won’t occur /
not too long after as migration may occur
5 detail of calculation ; e.g. Lincoln / Petersen, index
or
population size = number caught / marked, time 1 x no. captured time 2
number of marked individuals recaptured time 2
6 public reports ; e.g. online site / use of reporting app
7 detail of reporting, time frame / areas ; e.g. raccoon spotting week
8 detail of calculating numbers per unit area / use of computer modelling ; [max 3]

(b) (i) Eukarya ; A Eukaryota R eukaryotes [1]

(ii) 1 (cells) have a nucleus ;

2 (cells) contain membrane-bound organelles ; A mitochondria / ER / golgi
3 ribosomes are, large / 22 nm / 80S ;
4 DNA is linear ;
5 histones present ;
6 ref. to cytoskeleton / microtubules / undulipodia / cilia ; [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

(c) max 2 for mp1–4

1 may compete with other species for, food / habitat ;
2 may be predators of other species ;
3 may spread disease to other species ;
4 may reduce population sizes / cause extinction of other species ;
5 may spread, disease / rabies, to humans ;
6 may bite humans ; [max 3]

[Total: 10]

6 (a) codominance ;
sex linkage ; [2]

(b) (male) CBCBZaZa ; x (female) CSCSWZA ;

(gametes) CBZa CSZA or CSW ;

CBCSZAZa ; CBCSWZa ;
(male, blue, barred) (female, blue, non-barred)

accept other symbols but only with key [5]

(c) blue colour is, heterozygous / CBCS ;

test cross ;
with non-barred female ;
if all offspring barred, must be ZAZA / homozygous ;
if offspring not all barred, must be ZAZa / heterozygous ; [max 3]

[Total: 10]

7 (a) deamination / amine group removed ; A amino / NH2

ammonia / NH3, formed ;
combined with carbon dioxide ;
urea cycle ; A ornithine cycle [max 3]

(b) 1 (diameter of lumen of) afferent arteriole wider than efferent arteriole ;
2 (leads to) high, blood / hydrostatic, pressure ;
3 plasma / fluid, passes through, gaps / fenestrations, between
endothelial cells (of capillaries) ;
4 ref. to basement membrane acts as a, filter / selective barrier ;
5 red cells / large proteins / molecules greater than 68 000(MM), cannot pass through ;
6 podocytes qualified ;
7 (filtrate) passes into (renal) capsule ; [max 4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

(c) (passes through the medulla) collecting duct / loop of Henle ;

(glucose is reabsorbed into the blood) proximal convoluted tubule / PCT ;
(ADH acts on its walls) collecting duct / distal convoluted tubule / DCT ;
(most of the water is reabsorbed into the blood) proximal convoluted tubule / PCT ; [max 4]

[Total: 11]

8 (a) X – label line to an invagination of the membrane ;

Y – label line to post-synaptic membrane ;
Z – label line to synaptic cleft ; [3]

(b) acts as a competitive inhibitor ;

complementary (shape) to active site ;
binds with / blocks, active site ;
ACh not, broken down / hydrolysed ; [max 3]

(c) ensure one-way transmission ;

allow interconnection of nerve pathways / AW ;
involved in, memory / learning ;
idea of filtering out, less frequent impulses / low level stimuli / AW ; [max 2]

[Total: 8]

9 (a) 1 lysis / splitting / break down, of glucose ; R sugar splitting

2 (glucose) phosphorylated by ATP ;
3 raises energy level / to activate the reaction / reduces activation energy /
to make it reactive ;
4 fructose (1,6) bisphosphate ;
5 (breaks down to) two, triose phosphate / TP ;
6 hydrogen removed by NAD ; A triose phosphate oxidised by NAD
7 reduced NAD formed ;
8 pyruvate produced ;
9 small yield of ATP ; [max 6]

(b) 1 oxaloacetate accepts, acetate / acetyl group / 2C fragment ;

2 to form citrate ;
3 4C to 6C ;
4 decarboxylation ;
5 CO2 released ;
6 dehydrogenation / oxidation ;
7 reduced NAD produced ;
8 reduced FAD produced ;
9 ATP produced ;
10 substrate-linked / substrate-level, phosphorylation ;
11 ref. to intermediate compounds ;
12 enzyme-catalysed reactions ;
13 oxaloacetate regenerated ; [max 9]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42

10 (a) 1 chiasma / crossing over ;

2 between non-sister chromatids ;
3 of, homologous chromosomes / bivalent ;
4 in prophase 1 ;
5 exchange of, genetic material / DNA ; R genes unqualified
6 linkage groups broken ;
7 new combination of alleles ;
8 random / independent, assortment of, homologous chromosomes /
bivalents (at equator) ;
9 (during) metaphase 1 ;
10 random / independent, assortment (of, sister chromatids / chromosomes)
at metaphase 2 ;
11 possible chromosome mutation ;
12 random mating ;
13 random, fusion / fertilisation, of gametes ; [max 8]

(b) 1 ref. to regulatory gene ;

2 codes for repressor protein ;
3 (repressor protein) binds to operator ;

In presence of lactose
4 lactose binds to repressor protein ; A allolactose
5 (repressor protein) changes shape ;
6 (repressor protein), moves away from / no longer binds to, operator ;

In absence of lactose
7 repressor protein blocks promoter or promoter region now unblocked ;
8 RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter or RNA polymerase can now
bind to promoter ;
9 (named) gene cannot be transcribed / mRNA not synthesised or (named) gene now,
transcribed / ‘switched on’ ;
10 enzymes / named enzyme, cannot be synthesised or enzymes / named enzyme,
can now be synthesised ; [max 7]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/43
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over]

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternative answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
AVP alternative valid point (examples given as guidance)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

1 (a) both have ribose (sugars) ; R ribulose

ATP has 1, ribose / pentose / sugar, NAD has 2 ; I ref. to additional hexose
both have, adenine / purine (base) ; I adenosine
NAD has, nicotinamide / pyrimidine (base) ;
ATP has 3 phosphates, NAD has 2 ; [max 3]

(b) accept synthesise / produce / convert to, for ‘make’ for all mp
make (named), protein / polypeptide / peptides ; A protein synthesis / translation
make (named), disaccharide / oligosaccharide / polysaccharide / glycogen ; R non-
mammalian examples such as starch or cellulose
make (named), triglycerides / lipids / phospholipids / steroids / cholesterol ;
A glycogenesis
make, nucleotide / polynucleotide / nucleic acid / DNA / RNA ;
A transcription / DNA replication
AVP ; e.g. named example of, polymerisation / condensation
A phosphorylation example [max 2]

(c) substrate-linked / substrate-level, phosphorylation ; I condensation reaction [1]

(d) hydrogen, carrier / acceptor ; A gets reduced or gains H / H+ and electrons

I donates R H2 / hydrogen molecules
(acts as a) coenzyme ; A enables dehydrogenases to work
ref. to glycolysis / respiration in anaerobic conditions ; A anaerobic respiration
I aerobic [max 2]

(e) ‘more’ needed once plus implied for second mp

1 more, C-H bonds / hydrogen(s) / reduced ; I C-C bonds
R more hydrogen bonds R hydrocarbons

accept produces / gives / results in for ‘makes’ in mp 2 and mp3

2 (makes) more reduced NAD ;
3 makes more ATP per, gram / molecule / mole / unit mass ;
A releases / results in / gives, more energy per, g / etc.
4 more, aerobic respiration / electron transport chain (ETC) / oxidative
phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ; A higher rate of for ‘more’ [max 2]

[Total: 10]

2 (a) at lowest value / in shortest supply ; I insufficient supply / not enough

(the) one factor of several that affects rate ; A one factor of several prevents
increase in rate [2]

(b) to keep out unwanted CO2 (in air around leaves) ;

A to stop CO2 increasing / entering (upper chamber)
ref. to respiration of soil organisms ; A respiration of bacteria / fungi / seeds
ref. to respiration of plant roots ; [max 2]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

(c) (i) I ref. to set B throughout I time references

at low(er) light intensity / light intensity up to a figure in range 6 – 7 au

1 rate increases as light intensity increases ;
2 light intensity is (main) limiting factor ;
mp1 and mp 2 need to be in correct context

at high light intensity / light intensity above a figure in range 6 – 7 au

3 rate, levels off / reaches plateau / remains constant ;
A rate unaffected (by light intensity)
4 another (named) factor / not light intensity, is limiting ;
A CO2 concentration / temperature
mp3 and mp4 need to be in correct context [max 3]

(ii) more CO2 available in B / less CO2 in A ;

A CO2 concentration in B is double that of A
ref. to fixation / Calvin cycle / light independent reactions ;
A description, e.g. CO2 combines with RuBP
CO2 concentration is limiting factor in set A ;
A CO2 concentration is limiting at a higher light intensity in B [max 2]

(d) accept ora throughout

1 D, adapted to high CO2 / can use more CO2 (per unit leaf area) ;
A plants in D have, adjusted / accommodated, to high CO2
2 D have more, chloroplasts / chlorophyll ;
3 D have more, rubisco / RuBP ;
4 D have more stomata ;
5 D have thinner leaves ;
6 AVP ; e.g. ref. to diffusion of CO2 [max 4]

[Total: 13]

3 (a) (i) database(s) ;

computer (programs) / software ;
analysis of, data / biological information / sequences ;
A compare, genes / genomes [max 2]

(ii) 1 identify / recognise, gene(s) ; A find where genes are

2 predict, primary structure / amino acid sequences, of proteins ;
3 predict 3D structure of proteins ; A tertiary
4 identify / predict, functions of proteins (from 3D structure) ;
5 ref. to drug to, bind with / block activity of / disrupt structure of,
protein / enzyme ; A drug specific to protein I denature, protein / enzyme
6 drug prevents, transcription / expression, (of gene) ; I gene editing [max 3]

(b) (i) cheaper ; A more economic(al)

faster / can try many different drugs in a short period of time ; A time-saving
can try out changes to, model / drug structure, to see if more effective ;
no need for, laboratories / equipment ; I uses less labour
(initially) no need for tests on, animals / humans ; A fewer ethical issues [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

(ii) functionality / to test that drug, actually works / is effective ;

A cannot assume predictions are correct I efficiency
safety ; A ref. to clinical trials / side effects
dosage ; A theoretical modelling will not give information on doses [max 2]

[Total: 10]

4 (a) 1 best / desirable, plants crossed ; A cross-pollinated R cross with other

(maize) species
2 repeatedly / every generation ;
3 detail of cross-pollination ; e.g. ref. to male tassels and female silks
4 example of desirable characteristic ; A more kernels / big kernels / high yield /
ref. to kernel colour / fast-growing / cold-tolerant
5 hybridisation / two inbred (named) lines crossed / F1 hybrids formed ;
A description, e.g. cross two, homozygous parents / parents from two pure-
bred lines
6 gives more, vigorous / uniform, plants ; A heterosis
7 ref. to dwarf maize / mutant alleles for gibberellin (synthesis) ; [max 4]

(b) 1 discontinuous ;
max 2 for mp2–6
2 one gene / single locus / monogenic, inheritance ; A monohybrid
3 two alleles ;
4 dominant and recessive ;
5 1:1 ratio purple to yellow ; A 50% purple, 50% yellow
6 test cross / Aa × aa ; [max 3]

(c) (i) 1 as, Bt crops / area, increases the number of resistant, pests / species,
increases ; A the more (the area of) Bt crops grown, the more (the)
resistant species
2 figures quote ; (2 years, area with units once)
3 figures quote ; (2 years, no. resistant pest species)
4 mutation(s) (in pest species) ;
5 chance / random / spontaneous (mutations) ;
6 pests evolve resistance / natural selection for resistant pests ;
7 AVP ; e.g. plateau in resistance, 2002–2005 / 2009–2011 first 6
years / 1996–2001, no resistant species [max 4]

(ii) social
increased yield / more food / cheaper food / AW ;

environmental
decreased insecticide use / few hazards to humans / Bt only targets pest
species ; A no / less pesticide used R herbicide [2]

[Total: 13]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture / AW ; A catch, mark, return, catch

A mark-and-recapture
description (max 3)
2 detail of trapping ; e.g. Longworth / Sherman / live / small mammal
3 detail of marking ; e.g. felt tip pen / clipping fur / not to have adverse effects
4 detail of timing of second trapping ; e.g. not too soon or mixing will not occur /
not too long after as migration may occur / after 24 hours / 1 day (any number
of days up to two weeks)
5 detail of calculation ; e.g. Lincoln Index / Petersen index
or number marked time 1 × no. captured time 2
number of marked individuals recaptured time 2
A symbols in equation if key is given [max 4]

(b) glycogen ;
centrioles / centrosomes ;
(may have) cilia / flagella / microvilli ;
no cell wall ;
no, large / central / permanent, vacuole ; A no tonoplast [max 2]

(c) (i) 1 reduce, other organisms’ abundance / biodiversity ; A endanger, rare

species / water voles A causes extinction
2 alter food, chains / webs ;
3 due to predation ;
4 due to competition ;
5 due to spreading disease ;
6 may change habitat ; e.g. create shade, change soil pH
7 may be toxic / threaten human health ; [max 3]

(ii) culling / hunting / trapping ;

contraceptive measures ;
biological control disease agent ; I introduce new mink-eating predator
I biological control alone [max 1]

[Total: 10]

6 (a) key to 4 chosen symbols ;

A any two lettered pairs (e.g. E/e and A/a) identified I symbols for wing length
no eyes and black abdomen must be lower case (e, a)
with eyes and striped abdomen must be upper case (E, A)
allow ecf to max 3 if error in symbols

parents genotypes Eeaa × eeAa ;

gametes Ea ea × eA ea ; A each gamete written twice
F2 genotypes Eeaa eeaa EeAa eeAa ; [4]

(b) cross with, homozygous recessive / black no-eyes, fly ;

A double recessive / aaee (or own symbols) / organism showing recessive
characters or phenotype [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

(c)
observed expected O–E (O – E)2 (O – E)2
number (O) number (E) E

86 83 3 9 0.11

87 83 4 16 0.19

81 83 –2 4 0.05

78 83 –5 25 0.30

332 332 ;; χ2 = 0.65 ;

A fractions in last column A 3 s.f. in last column [3]

(d) no significant deviation from expected / difference not significant ;

A (95% probability that) difference is due to chance
A data is a good fit / match
A null hypothesis (no significant difference between O and E)
R comment on significance of results
R ‘the value’ is not significant

probability (of this deviation) is over 0.05 / χ2 is less than 7.82 ;

A χ2 / results (of χ2 test), less than value at probability 0.05

ref. to critical value ; ecf reverse arguments if answer from 6(c)is over 7.82
ref. to independent assortment / AW ; [max 2]

[Total: 10]

7 (a) maintaining a constant internal environment ; AW

R external I body conditions [1]

(b) (i) ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER ; [1]

(ii) exocytosis ; [1]

(iii) causes glucose uptake / increases permeability to glucose ;

adds transport proteins to cell (surface) membrane ; A in sarcolemma
A GLUT(4), proteins / channels / carriers
more glucose respired / increase in respiration rate ;
glucose converted to glycogen / glycogenesis ; [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

(c) accept stimulates / stimulated, for activates / activated throughout

1 (adrenaline) receptor shape change ;
2 G-proteins activated ; A description of G protein releases (α) subunit
3 adenylyl cyclase activated ; A adenyl(ate) cyclase
4 cyclic AMP made ;
5 (cAMP is) second messenger ;
6 activates / phosphorylates, kinase ;
7 ref. to enzyme cascade / cascade of reactions ;
8 glycogenolysis / hydrolysis of glycogen, stimulated / AW ; A break down
glycogen
9 AVP ; gluconeogenesis / ref. to glucose transport proteins
A description / glucose from, amino acids / lipids
A GLUT(2) channels / carriers [max 5]

[Total: 11]

8 (a) A – dendrite(s) ;
B – dendron / (sensory) axon ;
C – cell body (of neurone) / soma / centron ;
D – axon (membrane) ; A terminal axon [4]

(b) myelin insulates (axon) ;

action potentials / depolarisation, only at nodes (of Ranvier) ;
local circuits set up between nodes ; I local circuits at nodes
action potentials / impulses, ‘jump’ from node to node or saltatory conduction ; [max 2]

(c) only, stimulus / depolarisation / receptor potential / potential difference, that

reaches threshold produces an action potential ; ora
A -50mV for threshold A generator for receptor

idea that the action potential is the same size no matter how strong the stimulus ;
ref. to all-or-nothing (law) ; I all-and-nothing [max 2]

[Total: 8]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

9 (a) accept proton / hydrogen ion / H+ / H ion as equivalent throughout

1 reduced, NAD / FAD ; A NADH / NADH2 / NADH + H+ for reduced NAD
2 passed to ETC ;
3 inner membrane / cristae ;
4 hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2
5 split into electrons and protons ; A released as electron and proton
6 electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ; A electrons pass along
proteins of, ETC / carrier chain
7 energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space ;
8 proton gradient is set up ; A concentration gradient of protons is created
A full description
9 protons diffuse, (back) through membrane / down gradient ;
A protons diffuse into matrix
10 ATP synthase / stalked particles / protein channels ;
A ATP synthetase R ATPase
11 (ATP produced from) ADP and (inorganic) phosphate ; A context for ‘final’
12 idea of oxygen as final electron acceptor ;
13 addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ; [max 8]

(b) 1 pyruvate formed by glycolysis ;

2 reduced NAD formed by glycolysis ;
3 pyruvate decarboxylated / AW ;
4 ethanal produced ;
5 pyruvate decarboxylase ;
6 ethanal is, hydrogen acceptor / reduced ; A gains H or gains H+ and e–
7 from / by, reduced NAD ;
8 ethanol formed ;
9 ethanol / alcohol, dehydrogenase ;
10 not reversible reaction ;
11 NAD, regenerated / can now accept hydrogen atoms ;
A reduced NAD oxidised
12 so glycolysis can continue ; [max 7]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43

10 (a) I ref. to nuclear envelope I names of stages

meiosis I
1 chromosomes, condense / thicken / spiralise ;
2 homologous chromosomes pair / bivalents form ;
3 crossing over / described ;
4 chiasma(ta) ;
5 spindle fibres / microtubules, attach to / pull, centromeres / kinetochores ; allow
once in mp5 or in meiosis II
6 bivalents line up on, equator / mid-line ; A pairs of homologous chromosomes
7 independent assortment (of homologous pairs) / described ; A random
assortment
8 chromosomes move to, two ends of cell / poles ; A (pairs of) homologous
chromosomes separate

meiosis II
9 (individual) chromosomes / pairs of chromatids, line up on, equator / mid-line ;
10 at right angles to first equator ;
11 centromeres divide ;
12 chromatids separate ; A chromatids move to (opposite) poles
13 ref. to haploid / chromosome number halved / one set of chromosomes ;
A n for haploid [max 9]

(b) I polypeptide throughout

structural gene
1 structural protein / enzyme / rRNA ; A any named protein other than a
transcription factor (e.g. transporter / receptor / named hormone /
immunoglobulin / haemoglobin / etc.) R if any of these are identified
as product of regulatory gene
2 named, structural protein / other protein / enzyme, or tRNA ; R named
protein if function wrongly described
3 idea that needed for, structure / function, of cell ;

regulatory gene
4 (product) controls, gene expression / transcription ; A promote / prevent /
start / stop, gene expression or transcription
5 (codes for) transcription factor / DNA-binding protein ;
6 binds to, promoter / operator / DNA response element ;
7 stops / allows, binding of RNA polymerase ;
8 ref. to repressor / repressible ; A silencer
9 ref. to inducer / inducible ; A activator / enhancer
10 named example of regulatory gene ; A lac repressor / DELLA repressor /
homeobox or homeotic or Hox gene [max 6]

[Total: 15]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/51
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 30

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternatives answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
mp marking point (with relevant number)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

1 (a) (i) distance from the pond ; A position from pond I ref. to distance from starting point

distribution / abundance / numbers, of (different), species A distribution / abundance / numbers, of the plants
of plant / types of plant / sorts of plant / land plants ; [2]

(ii) any 8 from:

1 use a (named) transect ; A belt (interrupted or continuous) or line transect.
A description in terms of a line / AW

2 method of measuring, transect / line ; A idea of use of either one or two measuring tapes, e.g. string with
measured marks

3 ref. to distance / length, of transect ; A idea of until the plants no longer change
A stated distance, 10 m minimum
4 ref. to selecting where around pond to place the
transect(s) ;

5 ref. to suitable sampling technique ; e.g. (frame) quadrat / point frame / point quadrat A description
A diagram I quadrant / quadrent
I a square / square shape, unqualified
A look at / observe, what is touching the line for a line transect

6 ref. to sampling intervals (in context of A continuous sampling

transect / line) ; A (stated) regular intervals for an interrupted transect
I fixed intervals unless qualified
R any random placing, e.g. throwing / use of random numbers

7 use of, same / stated size, quadrat / frame / point A if size of quadrat / frame / sample area is stated as between
frame / sample area ; 0.25 m2 – 1 m2 size
I controlled size unqualified

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

8 ref. to method to identify (the different) species ; e.g. photographs / (dichotomous) key / app / expert / nature
guide / book / AW
A species identified as A, B, C, etc.

9 ref. to method of estimating abundance / distribution ; counting / density / percentage cover / frequency / abundance scale
(ACFOR or equivalent) / cover-abundance scale (Braun-
Blanquet) / presence or absence / AW

10 ref. to care taken not to miss, low growing / AW,

species ;

11 replicate transect (at least once) ; I repeat in the same transect

A repeat, steps / the transect / the experiment at a different (start)
point (round the pond)

12 sample at different times of, year / seasons ;

13 safety need risk plus precaution

any 1 from: I low / high risk
• ref. to injury / getting lost and staying with a
group ;

• allergy to plants and wearing gloves / protective

clothing ;

• allergy to pollen / hay fever and wearing mask or

taking medication ;

• ref. to dangerous environment

described / hazardous plants / hazardous animals
and wearing suitable shoes / protective
clothing / repellent ; [max 8]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

(b) (i) ΣD2 = 317 ; A 317.0 / 317.00

[1]

(ii) (6 × ΣD2 =) 1902 and (n3 – n =) 990 ; A one mark for the formula:
rs = 1 – 1902
990
rs = (1 – 1.92 =) – 0.92 ; A –0.9 or – 0.921 R –.90
ecf from (b)(i)
ecf to max 1 if one or both of calculations (6 × ΣD2 =) and (n3 – n =)
are wrong [2]

(iii) there is a negative correlation / as soil water increases ecf from (b)(i)
the number of species decreases / ora ; A correct interpretation of rs value calculated
A negative association / inverse relationship / inversely proportional,
for correlation
I significant / not significant
[1]
I qualifications 'strong' or 'weak'

(c) (i) evidence that the students used the probability table for A if critical values 0.648 and 0.794 are used
10 pairs of data ;

the rs value is greater than the critical values at 5% and A rs value is greater than actual critical values 0.648 and 0.794
at 1% / ora ; A ecf for wrong number of pairs
A rs value is greater than actual values at p / probability = 0.05 and
0.01
[2]
I ref. to left / right

(ii) idea that Spearman’s rank correlation only shows there is I ref. to 'not due to chance' (must have positive idea of
a relationship not a cause / effect ; correlation / relationship)

any 1 from:
• sampling / transect(s), may be unrepresentative of I do more samples / not enough replicates were taken
the whole area ;

• other (named) biotic / abiotic / environmental I other factors influence the data (factor must be qualified)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

factors may be contributing to distribution of A other environmental / biotic / abiotic / factors influence the data
plants ; named factors : soil pH, light / light intensity, slope, temperature, (soil)
moisture / water, grazing, wind, minerals / ions / mineral salts /
salts / humus, soil organisms, pathogens, effluent / herbicide
I nutrients
I any ref. to stats e.g. need to take account of standard error [max 2]

Total: [18]

2 (a) (i) any 3 from: I amount throughout I mass / weight unqualified

1 body, mass / weight ; A mass / weight of rats I biomass of rats / size of rats

2 age ;

3 number in each (test) group ;

4 ref. to sex (composition of the groups) ; A all same sex or equal numbers of each sex
A gender
5 species / variety / type / genetic strain / breed /AW (of
rat) ;

6 factor that might affect dopamine secretion ; A stress / diet / food / water / environmental temperature
I body temperature
7 volume of nicotine used ;

8 concentration of saline ;

9 volume of saline ;

10 volume of topiramate ;

11 each high concentration of topiramate (should be the A each low concentration (Group 2) should be the same for each rat
same concentration) ; I concentration of topiramate unqualified

12 time between giving the, treatments / topiramate or A time treatments are given

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 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

saline, and nicotine ;

13 time between giving,

treatments / nicotine / topiramate / saline, and
measuring the concentration of dopamine ;
[max 3]
14 method of administration of,
nicotine / topiramate / treatment ;

(ii) control groups 1 and 5

to see if / show that / test that, topiramate is, causing the A to show that saline solution on its own does not have an effect
effect / blocking secretion of dopamine / blocking secretion on / block secretion of dopamine / (pleasure and reward) chemicals
of (pleasure and reward) chemicals ; R increase in dopamine
A to see if there is a relationship between topiramate and dopamine
secretion
control group 4
to show any effect that topiramate has, on its A idea of in context of, rats never given nicotine / ‘normal’ rats
[2]
own / without nicotine ;

(b) group 5 pre-treatment = 280 (% increase) and A figures in a formula

group 1 no pre-treatment = 64 (% increase) ;

35:8 ; A 8:35 if clear which is which

A 4.375:1 / 4.38:1 / 4.4:1 / 4:1 A quotients 4.375 / 4.38 / 4.4 / 4
A fractions 35/8 / 4.375/1 / 4.38/1 / 4.4/1 / 4/1
R units or % in final ratio
ecf if graph misread for one mark [2]

(c) any 3 from:

1 (topiramate / it), reduces the release of dopamine A inhibits / blocks
(from the brain) ; A reduces the (dopamine) response / AW

2 the higher the concentration of topiramate, the A inhibits / blocks

greater the reduction / the lower the secretion (of
dopamine) ;

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 51

3 (the, percentage) reduction / drop, in dopamine A references to addicted / non-addicted rats

secretion, is lower in the rats pre-treated with
nicotine (280% to 120% = 57%) (than in rats not pre-
treated with nicotine) (64% to 16% = 75%) ora ;

4 any 1 from:
• in pre-treated rats / group 6, (high concentration A by 57% / by approximately half
of) the topiramate reduces the response by
160% ;

• in rats without pre-treatment / group 2, (low A by 63% / by approximately two thirds

concentration of) the topiramate reduces the
response by 40% ;

• in rats without pre-treatment / group 3, (high A by 75% / by three quarters

concentration of) the topiramate reduces the
response by 48% ; [max 3]

(d) (topiramate / it) inhibits / reduces / blocks,

pleasure / reward / AW, so smokers, gain less from
smoking / less enjoyment / become less addicted / likely to
smoke fewer cigarettes / AW ;

idea that topiramate affects, more than one / all / three A because it has an effect on more than one chemical it has a,
brain chemicals and so has a cumulative / additive effect bigger / larger / further / AW, effect
[2]
(on suppressing the addiction) ;

Total: [12]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/52
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 30

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points
/ alternatives answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
mp marking point (with relevant number)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

1 (a) number of individuals or population of each type of / sort A count the number in different species
of / species present (in the sample) ; A in context of any named organisms

total number of individuals / all populations (of all species) ; [2]

(b) any 8 from: I any ref. to standardising environmental factors.
1 ref. to sampling in both areas / grazed and ungrazed ; I if listed as the independent
I ref. to transects
2 any idea of marking out the area to be sampled ; e.g. tape measures / use string and marker pole / make a grid of
plot
3 use a method of generating random numbers (to use co- e.g. random number generator / app / select number from a hat
ordinates) ; I throwing of quadrat
must be clear that the quadrat is the counting frame
4 use a (frame or point) quadrat (for individual samples) ; spelling of quadrat must be correct at least once

5 place (quadrat AW) at coordinates ; A descriptions, e.g. frame placed on the ground

6 ref. to method of identifying or distinguishing different e.g. photographs / key / app / expert / nature guide / AW
species / types / sorts of plant ; A using letters or numbers for different species

7 ref. to counting / recording of: I percentage cover / abundance scale

number of individuals or the population of / each
type / sort / species present (in quadrat / plot)
or
the total number of all the plants present (in quadrat / plot) ;

8 same size quadrat / same quadrat AW ;

9 same size plot in each area ;

10 same number of different quadrats / samples per plot ; e.g. 10 quadrats in each plot
I repeat 3 times and find a mean
11 replicate the procedure with a different plot in a given area ; A if only replicate with different plots in one area
I repeat 3 times and take a mean
12 sample at different times of year / seasons ; I sampling on same day / next week
© Cambridge International Examinations 2016
 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

13 safety
any 1 from: I low risk
• ref. to injury / getting lost and staying with group ;
• allergy to plants and wearing gloves / protective clothing ;
• allergy to pollen / hay fever and wearing mask or taking
medication ;
• ref. to uneven ground / hazardous plants or animals or A any suitable example – thorny / stinging plants, insect
environment and wearing suitable shoes / protective bites / stings, snakes, belligerent grazing animals and a suitable
clothing ; precaution [max 8]
(c) independent: grazed and / or ungrazed grassland A type of grass land
and I extent of grazing
dependent: (mean) height (of plant) ; [1]
(d) (i) mode = 864 and
median = 864 ; [1]
(ii) SM grazed = 9.33 ; max 1 if answers are to 1 dp or 3 dp (9.3 / 9.329, 5.0 / 4.965)

SM ungrazed = 4.97 / 4.96 ; [2]

(iii) 860.1 ; A ecf from 1(d)(ii)for correct calculation from incorrect SM
to 879.9 ; [2]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

(iv) any 2 from:
95% confident / sure / certain that the mean lies within these limits ; must be a clear statement

shows the reliability of the mean ; R if ref. to accuracy or results AW

the ungrazed mean is more reliable (because it’s smaller) ; ora the grazed is less reliable (because it is bigger)

the difference between means is significant because there is no

overlap between CI for ungrazed and grazed ; [max 2]

(e) any 2 from:

sample from a large area ; I sample size

idea that there is a long enough time interval, for marked I any specified times need the idea of long enough for dispersal
individuals to mix into the population / between capture and
recapture ;

idea that the marking technique must not be toxic AW ;

idea that the marking technique must not increase / decrease e.g. increases or decreases chance of predation
chances of survival ; A in terms of inhibiting / changing movement or behaviour

marking technique must not fall off / be rubbed off / washed off
animal ;

idea that time is not so long that migration / life cycle changes (of
the species) have occurred ; [max 2]
(f) ungrazed and because there are more seeds (to eat) / AW ; A ungrazed as there will be larger plants and more places for
inverts to hide from predators / protection from predators. [1]
Total: [21]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

2 (a) any 3 from:
1 body mass / weight ; I diet / sex / alcohol consumption / medication / drugs / range
of number of packets of cigarettes ;
2 number of volunteers in each group ; A same number in each age group

3 age of volunteers ;

4 no factor affecting air flow / lung capacity ; A asthma, CF, COPD, TB, lung cancer
A disease affecting the lungs / breathing
A living at altitude
A minimum time since last cigarette
I passive smoking

5 (physical) fitness of volunteers ;

6 (type of) cigarette smoked ; A in terms of nicotine / tar / filter / brand

7 PEFR device / apparatus used ;

8 PEFR test done when volunteers are sitting down / standing up ; A not after exercise / at rest

9 time of day the PEFR test performed ;

10 ethnicity / race ; [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

(b) any 3 from: answers must either include both ‘means’ or link relevant
support (max 2) data for any two groups (age or PEFR and number of
packets smoked) from Table 2.1
conclusion 1 (an increase in the number of packets smoked decreases I comparisons of age with PEFR
the PEFR measurement)
1 the mean PFER decreases as the mean number of
packets / cigarettes smoked increase ;

2 compare data from two PEFR and a trend on smoking

or must link PEFR values to the amount smoked / number of
compare data from two number of packets smoked and a trend in packets (not just quote from the table)
PEFR ; e.g. (mean) PEFR decreases from 513.43 to 300.00 with
increase in packets / cigarettes smoked
e.g. (mean) PEFR decreases as the (mean) number
3 highest no. of packets / cigarettes smoked has the lowest mean packets increase from 0 to 189.22
PEFR ; A non-smokers / group 1 has the highest mean PEFR

conclusion 2 (the number of packets smoked increases with age)

4 as mean age increases the mean number of packets increases ;

5 compare data from two age groups and a trend on smoking must link age values to the amount smoked / number of
or packets (not just quote from the table)
compare data from two mean number of packets smoked and a must not use group 1 data here (26.42 and 0)
trend on age ; e.g. (mean) number of packets increases from 30.61 to
189.22 with an increase in age
e.g. (mean) age increases from 22.82 to 36.22 as the
(mean) number of packets smoked increases

6 oldest volunteers / group 5 smoked the highest mean number of A the youngest smokers / group 2 smoked the least mean
packets ; number of packets
A the largest mean number of packets was smoked by the
oldest people

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 52

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

does not support (max 2)

conclusion 1 (an increase in the number of packets smoked decreases e.g. overlap between:
the PEFR measurement) group 1 / non-smokers and group 2
7 as the number packets increases group 1 / non-smokers and group 3
and group 2 and group 3
the values / range / standard deviation of PEFR of two of the groups group 4 and group 5
overlap ;

conclusion 2 (the number of packets smoked increases with age)

8 values / range/ standard deviation of the ages (for each group)
overlap A individuals in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 all have a
or similar / same age
there are no distinct age groups / age groups overlap ;

9 group 2 smoke more packets than group 1 but (mean) age is

lower ; [max 3]
(c) (i) there is no significant relationship / correlation between the decrease in A there is no significant relationship / correlation between
the PEFR and the increase in the number of packets of cigarettes the increase in the number of packets of cigarettes
smoked smoked and the decrease in the PEFR
or
there is no significant decrease in the PEFR as the number of packets
smoked increases
or
the increase in the number of packets smoked does not significantly
[max 1]
decrease the PEFR ;
(ii) any 2 from:
number of volunteers small (est.) ;
great(est) range in number of packets of cigarettes smoked (151–230) ; A has a range of 80 instead of 50
larg(est) standard deviation for number of packets of cigarettes ; [max 2]
Total: [9]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/53
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 30

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternatives answers for the same point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or extra guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
ecf error carried forward
I ignore
mp marking point (with relevant number)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

Question Expected answer Extra guidance Mark

1 (a) (i) distance from the pond ; A position from pond I ref. to distance from starting point

distribution / abundance / numbers, of (different), species A distribution / abundance / numbers, of the plants
of plant / types of plant / sorts of plant / land plants ; [2]

(ii) any 8 from:

1 use a (named) transect ; A belt (interrupted or continuous) or line transect.
A description in terms of a line / AW

2 method of measuring, transect / line ; A idea of use of either one or two measuring tapes, e.g. string with
measured marks

3 ref. to distance / length, of transect ; A idea of until the plants no longer change
A stated distance, 10 m minimum
4 ref. to selecting where around pond to place the
transect(s) ;

5 ref. to suitable sampling technique ; e.g. (frame) quadrat / point frame / point quadrat A description
A diagram I quadrant / quadrent
I a square / square shape, unqualified
A look at / observe, what is touching the line for a line transect

6 ref. to sampling intervals (in context of A continuous sampling

transect / line) ; A (stated) regular intervals for an interrupted transect
I fixed intervals unless qualified
R any random placing, e.g. throwing / use of random numbers

7 use of, same / stated size, quadrat / frame / point A if size of quadrat / frame / sample area is stated as between
frame / sample area ; 0.25 m2 – 1 m2 size
I controlled size unqualified

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 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

8 ref. to method to identify (the different) species ; e.g. photographs / (dichotomous) key / app / expert / nature
guide / book / AW
A species identified as A, B, C, etc.

9 ref. to method of estimating abundance / distribution ; counting / density / percentage cover / frequency / abundance scale
(ACFOR or equivalent) / cover-abundance scale (Braun-
Blanquet) / presence or absence / AW

10 ref. to care taken not to miss, low growing / AW,

species ;

11 replicate transect (at least once) ; I repeat in the same transect

A repeat, steps / the transect / the experiment at a different (start)
point (round the pond)

12 sample at different times of, year / seasons ;

13 safety need risk plus precaution

any 1 from: I low / high risk
• ref. to injury / getting lost and staying with a
group ;

• allergy to plants and wearing gloves / protective

clothing ;

• allergy to pollen / hay fever and wearing mask or

taking medication ;

• ref. to dangerous environment

described / hazardous plants / hazardous animals
and wearing suitable shoes / protective
clothing / repellent ; [max 8]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

(b) (i) ΣD2 = 317 ; A 317.0 / 317.00

[1]

(ii) (6 × ΣD2 =) 1902 and (n3 – n =) 990 ; A one mark for the formula:
rs = 1 – 1902
990
rs = (1 – 1.92 =) – 0.92 ; A –0.9 or – 0.921 R –.90
ecf from (b)(i)
ecf to max 1 if one or both of calculations (6 × ΣD2 =) and (n3 – n =)
are wrong [2]

(iii) there is a negative correlation / as soil water increases ecf from (b)(i)
the number of species decreases / ora ; A correct interpretation of rs value calculated
A negative association / inverse relationship / inversely proportional,
for correlation
I significant / not significant
[1]
I qualifications 'strong' or 'weak'

(c) (i) evidence that the students used the probability table for A if critical values 0.648 and 0.794 are used
10 pairs of data ;

the rs value is greater than the critical values at 5% and A rs value is greater than actual critical values 0.648 and 0.794
at 1% / ora ; A ecf for wrong number of pairs
A rs value is greater than actual values at p / probability = 0.05 and
0.01
[2]
I ref. to left / right

(ii) idea that Spearman’s rank correlation only shows there is I ref. to 'not due to chance' (must have positive idea of
a relationship not a cause / effect ; correlation / relationship)

any 1 from:
• sampling / transect(s), may be unrepresentative of I do more samples / not enough replicates were taken
the whole area ;

• other (named) biotic / abiotic / environmental I other factors influence the data (factor must be qualified)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

factors may be contributing to distribution of A other environmental / biotic / abiotic / factors influence the data
plants ; named factors : soil pH, light / light intensity, slope, temperature, (soil)
moisture / water, grazing, wind, minerals / ions / mineral salts /
salts / humus, soil organisms, pathogens, effluent / herbicide
I nutrients
I any ref. to stats e.g. need to take account of standard error [max 2]

Total: [18]

2 (a) (i) any 3 from: I amount throughout I mass / weight unqualified

1 body, mass / weight ; A mass / weight of rats I biomass of rats / size of rats

2 age ;

3 number in each (test) group ;

4 ref. to sex (composition of the groups) ; A all same sex or equal numbers of each sex
A gender
5 species / variety / type / genetic strain / breed /AW (of
rat) ;

6 factor that might affect dopamine secretion ; A stress / diet / food / water / environmental temperature
I body temperature
7 volume of nicotine used ;

8 concentration of saline ;

9 volume of saline ;

10 volume of topiramate ;

11 each high concentration of topiramate (should be the A each low concentration (Group 2) should be the same for each rat
same concentration) ; I concentration of topiramate unqualified

12 time between giving the, treatments / topiramate or A time treatments are given

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

saline, and nicotine ;

13 time between giving,

treatments / nicotine / topiramate / saline, and
measuring the concentration of dopamine ;
[max 3]
14 method of administration of,
nicotine / topiramate / treatment ;

(ii) control groups 1 and 5

to see if / show that / test that, topiramate is, causing the A to show that saline solution on its own does not have an effect
effect / blocking secretion of dopamine / blocking secretion on / block secretion of dopamine / (pleasure and reward) chemicals
of (pleasure and reward) chemicals ; R increase in dopamine
A to see if there is a relationship between topiramate and dopamine
secretion
control group 4
to show any effect that topiramate has, on its A idea of in context of, rats never given nicotine / ‘normal’ rats
[2]
own / without nicotine ;

(b) group 5 pre-treatment = 280 (% increase) and A figures in a formula

group 1 no pre-treatment = 64 (% increase) ;

35:8 ; A 8:35 if clear which is which

A 4.375:1 / 4.38:1 / 4.4:1 / 4:1 A quotients 4.375 / 4.38 / 4.4 / 4
A fractions 35/8 / 4.375/1 / 4.38/1 / 4.4/1 / 4/1
R units or % in final ratio
ecf if graph misread for one mark [2]

(c) any 3 from:

1 (topiramate / it), reduces the release of dopamine A inhibits / blocks
(from the brain) ; A reduces the (dopamine) response / AW

2 the higher the concentration of topiramate, the A inhibits / blocks

greater the reduction / the lower the secretion (of
dopamine) ;

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 53

3 (the, percentage) reduction / drop, in dopamine A references to addicted / non-addicted rats

secretion, is lower in the rats pre-treated with
nicotine (280% to 120% = 57%) (than in rats not pre-
treated with nicotine) (64% to 16% = 75%) ora ;

4 any 1 from:
• in pre-treated rats / group 6, (high concentration A by 57% / by approximately half
of) the topiramate reduces the response by
160% ;

• in rats without pre-treatment / group 2, (low A by 63% / by approximately two thirds

concentration of) the topiramate reduces the
response by 40% ;

• in rats without pre-treatment / group 3, (high A by 75% / by three quarters

concentration of) the topiramate reduces the
response by 48% ; [max 3]

(d) (topiramate / it) inhibits / reduces / blocks,

pleasure / reward / AW, so smokers, gain less from
smoking / less enjoyment / become less addicted / likely to
smoke fewer cigarettes / AW ;

idea that topiramate affects, more than one / all / three A because it has an effect on more than one chemical it has a,
brain chemicals and so has a cumulative / additive effect bigger / larger / further / AW, effect
[2]
(on suppressing the addiction) ;

Total: [12]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016