Smart Materials

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Smart Materials
Edited by

Mel Schwartz

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-4372-3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smart materials / [edited by] Mel Schwartz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-4372-3 (alk. paper) 1. Smart materials. 2. Smart structures. I. Schwartz, Mel M. II. Title. TA418.9.S62S48 2008 620.11--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2008018721

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Dedication
To Carolyn and Anne-Marie who light up my life every day of the year

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Contents
Preface Editor Contributors

1 2 3 4 5

Residual Stress in Thin Films

A.G. Vedeshwar

Intelligent Synthesis of Smart Ceramic Materials

Wojciech L. Suchanek and Richard E. Riman

Functionally Graded Polymer Blend

Yasuyuki Agari

Structural Application of Smart Materials

R. Sreekala and K. Muthumani

Composite Systems ModelingAdaptive Structures: Modeling and Applications and Hybrid Composites
5.1 Hybrid Composites S. Padma Priya 5.2 Design of an Active Composite Wing Spar with BendingTorsion Coupling Carlos Silva, Bruno Rocha, and Afzal Suleman

6 7 8 9

Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

Yuanchang Liang and Minoru Taya

Aircraft Applications of Smart Structures

Johannes Schweiger

Smart Battery Materials

Arumugam Manthiram

Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Ceramics Transducers and Actuators

9.1 Smart Ferroelectric Ceramics for Transducer Applications A.L. Kholkin, D.A. Kiselev, L.A. Kholkine, and A. Safari 9.2 Smart Ceramics: Transducers, Sensors, and Actuators Kenji Uchino and Yukio Ito 9.3 Noncontact Ultrasonic Testing and Analysis of Materials Mahesh C. Bhardwaj

10

Chitosan-Based Gels and Hydrogels

10.1 Chitosan-Based Gels Kang De Yao, Fang Lian Yao, Jun Jie Li, and Yu Ji Yin 10.2 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Claire Jarry and Matthew S. Shive

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

11

Films, Coatings, Adhesives, Polymers, and Thermoelectric Materials

11.1 Smart Adhesives James A. Harvey and Susan Williams 11.2 Oxides as Potential Thermoelectric Materials S. Hbert and A. Maignan 11.3 Electrically Conductive Adhesives Yi Li, Myung Jin Yim, Kyoung-sik Moon, and C.P. Wong 11.4 Electrochromic SolGel Coatings L.C. Klein

12 13

Cure and Health Monitoring

Tatsuro Kosaka

Drug Delivery Systems

13.1 Smart Drug Delivery Systems Il Keun Kwon, Sung Won Kim, Somali Chaterji, Kumar Vedantham, and Kinam Park 13.2 Drug Delivery Systems: Smart Polymers Joseph Kost

14 15 16 17 18 19

Fiber Optic Systems: Optical Fiber Sensor Technology and Windows

14.1 Introduction and Application of Fiber Optic Sensors 14.2 Smart Windows John Bell Nezih Mrad and Henry C.H. Li

Flip-Chip Underfill: Materials, Process, and Reliability

Zhuqing Zhang and C.P. Wong

Dielectric Cure Monitoring of Polymers, Composites, and Coatings: Synthesis, Cure, Fabrication, and Aging
David Kranbuehl

Magnetorheological Fluids
J. David Carlson

Intelligent Processing of Materials

J.A. Gemes and J.M. Menndez

Magnets, Magnetic, and Magnetostrictive Materials

19.1 Magnets, Organic/Polymer Joel S. Miller and Arthur J. Epstein 19.2 Powder Metallurgy Used for a Giant Magnetostrictive Material Actuator Sensor Hiroshi Eda and Hirotaka Ojima

20

Shape-Memory Alloys and Effects: Types, Functions, Modeling, and Applications

20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Magnetically Controlled Shape Memory Alloys Ilkka Aaltio, Oleg Heczko, Outi Sderberg, and Simo-Pekka Hannula Shape Memory Alloys in Micro- and Nanoscale Engineering Applications Yves Bellouard Mathematical Models for Shape Memory Materials Davide Bernardini and Thomas J. Pence Shape Memory Alloys Jan Van Humbeeck Smart Materials Modeling Manuel Laso On the Microstructural Mechanisms of SMEs Monica Barney and Michelle Bartning

21 22 23 24

Current Developments in Electrorheological Materials

Frank E. Filisko

Carbon Microtubes and Conical Carbon Nanotubes

Santoshrupa Dumpala, Gopinath Bhimarasetti, Suresh Gubbala, Praveen Meduri, Silpa Kona, and Mahendra K. Sunkara

Smart Corrosion Protective Coatings

Patrick J. Kinlen and Martin Kendig

Smart Polymers for Biotechnology and Elastomers

24.1 Conducting Polymers Gordon G. Wallace and C.O. Too 24.2 Piezoelectricity in Polymers Aleksandra M. Vinogradov 24.3 Polymers, Biotechnology, and Medical Applications Igor Yu Galaev and B. Mattiasson

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

25

Vibration Control for Smart Structures

25.1 Vibration Control Seung-Bok Choi and Young-Min Han 25.2 Smart Materials for Sound and Vibration Control Cai Chao, Lu Chun, Tan Xiaoming, and Zheng Hui

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Active Truss Structures

B. de Marnee and Andr Preumont

Application of Smart Materials and Smart Structures to the Study of Aquatic Animals
Jesse E. Purdy and Alison Roberts Cohan

Molecular Imprinting Technology

David A. Spivak

Biomedical Sensing
Dora Klara Makai and Gabor Harsanyi

Intelligent Chemical Indicators

Christopher O. Oriakhi

Piezoelectric Polymer PVDF Microactuators

Yao Fu, Erol C. Harvey, and Muralidhar K. Ghantasala

Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing and Materials Characterization

John A. Brunk

Lipid Membranes on Highly Ordered Porous Alumina Substrates

Andreas Jansho and Claudia Steinem

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Preface
Many smart materials were invented more than 30 years ago, but their development and improvement over the past three decades has led to new, more varied uses of these adaptable materials. Smart materials have properties that can be altered by temperature, moisture, electric or magnetic elds, pH, and stress. They can change shape and color, become stronger, or produce voltage as a result of external stimuli. Magnetostrictive materialsmaterials that expand when exposed to a magnetic eldwere discovered in the 1800s, but have uses today as varied as automotive sensors for collision avoidance and vibration dampening for surgical tools. Materials such as brass, nickel-titanium, and gold-cadmium are shape memory alloys (SMAs), which alter their shape in response to changes in temperature and then return to their original shape. In the past 30 years, SMAs have seen widespread use in applications such as miniature surgical tools that can twist and pull when a small amount of heat is applied, wires that expand and contract for use by dentists in straightening teeth, cell phone antennas that resist breaking, stents and bone plates that must fuse together or expand in order to stay in place, and exible eyeglass frames. Smart materials, which nd widespread applications today, should be recognized along with the familiar metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, powder metals, and specialty-type and multifunctional materials (SMAs, microelectromechanical systems [MEMS], functionally graded materials [FGMs], and nanomaterials). Th ree decades ago, it appeared as though smart materials would be the next step in engineering design. By using smart materials instead of adding mass, engineers can endow structures with built-in responses to a myriad of contingencies. In their various forms, these materials can perform as actuators, which can adapt to their environments by changing characteristics such as shape and sti ness, or as sensors, which provide the actuators with information about structural and environmental changes. All aircraft, whether military commercial, or privately owned, should be and are inspected and maintained on a regular basis. Intelligent research programs benet this segment of the aerospace industry. Sensors introduced into current and future aircraft designs will help technicians and mechanics to provide a more sophisticated inspection technique for maintenance and repairs. Smart materials are beginning to play an important role in civil engineering designs for dams, bridges, highways, and buildings. An example of a smart materials project sponsored by the U.S. Navy and Army Corps of Engineers is to remove corrosion that has damaged a Navy pier and install sheets of composite materials containing sensors. These sensors embedded throughout a concrete and composite structure can act like nerves, sensing when areas of the structure begin to degrade and alerting maintenance engineers to the need for repairs. The automotive industry is also eager to incorporate intelligent materials technology. Currently, researchers are working on an industry-sponsored project to develop smart car seats that can identify primary occupants and adapt to their preferences for height, leg room, back support, and so forth. More profound changes are looming in automotive design based on smart materials. For instance, the technology to enable cars to tell owners how much air pressure tires have, when oil changes are needed, and other maintenance information exists as of today. However, this technology is expensive, but developing solid state and smart materials technologies will bring costs down. There is a shift in the culture toward consumers being given more information and taking more responsibility for knowing when maintenance and repairs are needed. The future of stereophonic sound will be altered by another facet of smart materials research. The development of ultrahigh-delity stereo speakers using piezoelectric actuators, which expand and contract in thousandths of a second in response to applied voltage, is aimed at turning whole house walls or car interiors into speakers by imbedding them with the tiny actuators. Thus, 50 years from now, we would not need to install separate speakers in our homes and cars in an attempt to achieve maximum musical eects. Our cars and houses will oer built-in surround sound. A new technology for implants that may improve construction or repair of bones in the face, skull, and jaw has been developed by researchers from the American Dental Association Foundation and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The new

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

technology provides a method for making scaolds for bone tissue. The scaold is seeded with the patients own cells and is formed with a cement paste made of minerals also found in natural bone. The paste is mixed with beads of a natural polymer (made from seaweed) lled with bone cells. The paste is shaped or injected into a bone cavity and then allowed to harden with the encapsulated cells dispersed throughout the structure. The natural polymer beads gradually dissolve when exposed to the bodys uids, creating a scaold that is lled by the now released bone cells. The cement, a calcium phosphate material, is strengthened by adding chitosan, a biopolymer extracted from crustacean shells. The implant is further reinforced to about the same strength as spongy natural bone by covering it with several layers of a biodegradable ber mesh already used in clinical practice. Bone cells are very smart. They can tell the dierence between materials that are bioactive compared to bioinert polymers. The material is so designed to be similar to mineral in bone so that cells readily attach to the scaold. In addition to creating pores in the hardened cement, the natural polymer beads protect the cells during the 30 min required for the cement to harden. Future experiments will develop methods for improving the materials mechanical properties by using smaller encapsulating beads that biodegrade at a predictable rate. Other developments include a smart bandage, which has an in situ programmable medical device to treat wounds and burns, a smart pill for vitamin and nutraceuticals formulation that prevents cognitive decline in aging and amphiphilic polymeric materials where the polymers can be used in the development of physiologically stable, nonleaking, nonimmunogenic, safe, and ecacious targeted drug delivery systems. Recent advances in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensor technologies, health monitoring, and life prediction models are revolutionizing component inspections and life management, and will signicantly improve the reliability and airworthiness of aerospace systems. Several key advances in NDE, health, monitoring, and prognostics programs include emerging structural health monitoring technologies for aerospace applications, high-temperature health monitoring, advances in NDE technologies for measurement of subsurface residual stresses, computational methods and advanced NDE techniques, and materials damage assessment techniques and prognosis models for prediction of remaining useful life. The advancements described provide the technologies required for lowering maintenance costs, integrated damage prognosis and life prediction, enhancing reliability and safety, and improving the performance and operational eciency of current and future aerospace systems. Another area of focus is smart machines. For example, moving composite manufacturers out of hand layup and open molding into more environmentally acceptable closed-molding alternatives where a reliable source of preforms is a necessity for volume production in closed-mold processes, such as resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum-assisted RTM (VARTM), and vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM). Large preforms are facilitated by the large-scale preformer (LSP). The LSPs computerized spray-up process requires no human contact from the time the tooling enters the preform manufacturing cell until it is ready to be demolded: spray-up, compression, cure of the binder, cooling, and demold operations are all accomplished robotically according to instructions preprogrammed into the systems soft ware. LSP is a smart system that tells the user where every part is in the process at all times. The LSPs inaugural application, and the largest preform produced thus far, was for fuel containment vessels, which were resin transfer molded. These vessels have been installed beneath gasoline pumps in gas stations to prevent contamination of soil if there is a leak in the pump-to-tank plumbing. Composites are now used in monitoring systems where they are combined with other materials and sensors. An example is a composite shape sensing mat for use with a metallic riser system. The exible mat, which incorporates ber optics, wraps around a steel riser, and enables operators to monitor excessive bending and fatigue life during riser deployment on a dynamic positioned oil drilling ship moored in the Gulf of Mexico as well as smart downhole coiled tubing complete with power and data transmission capabilities for drilling or workover applications and oileld pipelines. Finally, machines can process simple commands, but they are not very good at guring out complex orders or unstated common sense. Command a machine to paint the computer case before you box it, or provide power to the computer before you switch it on and the machine may box the product before the case is dry, or plug and then unplug a computer before switching it on. The meaning of the word before is quite dierent in these two cases. Ontologists, who study and understand the thought process, hope to end the age of stupid machines. Ontologists, who have created some of the most advanced logic systems, plan to share their leading-edge concepts on such comprehensive ideas as time, space, and process. The promise to cooperate eventually could lead to soft ware that will enable machines to interpret and act on commands with near human common sense. Eorts to equip machines with articial intelligence capacity have, up to now, been relatively rudimentary. Soft ware programs might, for instance, give machines used to make furniture considerable understanding of terms and frames of reference used in the furniture business. But such collected knowledge is of limited use, and human operation is necessary at virtually every step in the manufacturing process. A machine that incorporates expanded frames of reference of such higher ontologies as space

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

and cost might be able to make design and shipping decisions virtually on its own. The future is bright and with optimism will enable the leading ontologists throughout the world to continue this promising work. The book contains many of the examples and of the aspects that I have discussed and the contributions and eorts of 60 experts in the various elds of smart materials and smart material systems. I hope the readers will appreciate the work of a multitude of scientists, educators, researchers, academia, and industry people who have made considerable innovative progress in bringing forth their endeavors. Mel Schwartz

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Editor
Mel Schwartz has degrees in metallurgy and engineering management and has studied law, metallurgical engineering, and education. His professional experience extends over 51 years. He has served as a metallurgist in the U.S. Bureau of Mines; as a metallurgist and producibility engineer in the U.S. Chemical Corps; as a technical manufacturing manager, chief R&D laboratory, research manufacturing engineering, and senior sta engineer in Martin-Marietta Corporation for 16 years; as a program director, manager and director of manufacturing for R&D, and chief metals researcher in Rohr Corp for 8 years; and as a sta engineer and specication specialist, chief metals and metal processes, and manager of manufacturing technology in Sikorsky Aircraft for 21 years. After retirement, Schwartz served as a consultant for many companies including Intel and Foster Wheeler, and is currently editor of SAMPE Journal of Advanced Materials. Schwartzs professional awards and honors include Inventor Achievement Awards and Inventor of the Year at Martin-Marietta; C. Adams Award and Lecture and R.D. Thomas Memorial Award from AWS; rst recipient of the G. Lubin Award and an elected fellow from SAMPE; an elected fellow and Engineer of the Year in CT from ASM; and the Jud Hall Award from SME. Schwartzs other professional activities include his appointment to ASM technical committees (joining, composites and technical books, ceramics); manuscript board of review, Journal of Metals Engineering as peer reviewer; the Institute of Metals as well as Welding Journal as peer reviewer; U.S. leader of International Institute of Welding (IIW) Commission I (brazing and related processes) for 20 years and leader of IIW Commission IV (electron beam/laser and other specialized processes) for 18 years. Schwartz owns ve patents, the notable one being aluminum dip brazing paste commercially sold as Alumibraze. He has authored 16 books and over 100 technical papers and articles and is an internationally known lecturer in Europe, the Far East, and Canada. He has taught in U.S. Universities (San Diego State University, Yale University), ASM institutes, McGraw-Hill seminars, and inhouse company courses.

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Contributors
Ilkka Aaltio Department of Materials Science and Engineering Helsinki University of Technology TKK, Finland Yasuyuki Agari Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute Osaka, Japan Monica Barney Nitinol Devices and Components Freemont, California Michelle Bartning Cordis Advanced Medical Ventures Freemont, California John Bell Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Yves Bellouard Mechanical Engineering Department Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands Davide Bernardini Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering University of Rome Rome, Italy Mahesh C. Bhardwaj The Ultran Group State College, Pennsylvania Gopinath Bhimarasetti Department of Chemical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky John A. Brunk National Nuclear Security Agencys Kansas City Plant Kansas City, Missouri J. David Carlson Lord Corporation Cary, North Carolina Cai Chao Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore Somali Chaterji Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Seung-Bok Choi Department of Mechanical Engineering Inha University Inchon, South Korea Lu Chun Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore Alison Roberts Cohan Pacic Whale Foundation Maui, Hawaii Santoshrupa Dumpala Department of Chemical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Hiroshi Eda Intelligent Systems Engineering Department Ibaraki University Hitachi, Japan Arthur J. Epstein Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Frank E. Filisko The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Yao Fu Silverbrook Research Pty. Ltd. St. Balmain, Sydney, Australia Igor Yu Galaev Lund University Lund, Sweden Muralidhar K. Ghantasala Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan Suresh Gubbala Department of Chemical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky J.A. Gemes Department of Aeronautics Universidad Politcnica de Madrid Madrid, Spain

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Young-Min Han Department of Mechanical Engineering Inha University Inchon, South Korea Simo-Pekka Hannula Department of Materials Science and Engineering Helsinki University of Technology TKK, Finland Gabor Harsanyi Department of Electronics Technology Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary Erol C. Harvey Industrial Research Institute Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorne, Melbourne, Australia James A. Harvey Under the Bridge Consulting Inc. Corvallis, Oregon S. Hbert Laboratoire Crismat CNRS ENSICaen Caen, France Oleg Heczko Department of Materials Science and Engineering Helsinki University of Technology TKK, Finland Zheng Hui Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore Jan Van Humbeeck Catholic University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium Yukio Ito The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Andreas Jansho Johannes Gutenberg Universitt Mainz, Germany

Claire Jarry Bio Syntech Canada, Inc. Laval, Quebec, Canada Martin Kendig Teledyne Scientic Company Thousand Oaks, California A.L. Kholkin Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering and Center for Research in Ceramic and Composite Materials University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal L.A. Kholkine Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Porto Porto, Portugal Sung Won Kim Department of Pharmaceutics Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Patrick J. Kinlen Crosslink Fenton, Missouri D.A. Kiselev Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering and Center for Research in Ceramic and Composite Materials. University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal L.C. Klein Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey Silpa Kona Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Tatsuro Kosaka Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University Osaka, Japan

Joseph Kost Department of Chemical Engineering Ben-Gurion University Beer Sheva, Israel David Kranbuehl Chemistry and Applied Science Departments College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia Il Keun Kwon Department of Pharmaceutics Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Manuel Laso Laboratory of Non-Metallic Materials Universidad Politcnica de Madrid Madrid, Spain Henry C.H. Li School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering RMIT University Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia Jun Jie Li School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin, China Yi Li School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Yuanchang Liang Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle, Washington A. Maignan Laboratoire Crismat CNRS ENSICaen Caen, France Dora Klara Makai Department of Electronics Technology Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary

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Arumugam Manthiram Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas B. de Marnee Active Structures Laboratory Universit Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium B. Mattiasson Lund University Lund, Sweden Praveen Meduri Department of Chemical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky J.M. Menndez Composite Materials Technology Department Airbus Getafe (Madrid), Spain Joel S. Miller Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Kyoung-sik Moon School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Nezih Mrad Department of National Defence National Defence Headquarters Ottowa, Ontario, Canada K. Muthumani Structural Dynamics Laboratory Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Chennai, India Hirotaka Ojima Intelligent Systems Engineering Department Ibaraki University Hitachi, Japan Christopher O. Oriakhi Imaging and Printing Supplies Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis, Orgeon

Kinam Park Department of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Thomas J. Pence Department of Mechanical Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Andr Preumont Active Structures Laboratory Universit Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium S. Padma Priya University of Mysore Mandya, India Jesse E. Purdy Department of Psychology Southwestern University Georgetown, Texas Richard E. Riman Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey Bruno Rocha Department of Mechanical Engineering Instituto Superior Tcnico Lisbon, Portugal A. Safari Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey Johannes Schweiger German Aerospace Society Ban Heilbrunn, Germany Matthew S. Shive Bio Syntech Canada, Inc. Laval, Quebec, Canada Carlos Silva Laboratory of Aeronautics Portuguese Air Force Academy Sintra, Portugal Outi Sderberg Department of Materials Science and Engineering Helsinki University of Technology TKK, Finland

David A. Spivak Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana R. Sreekala Structural Dynamics Laboratory Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Chennai, India Claudia Steinem Georg-August Universitt Gttingen, Germany Wojciech L. Suchanek Sawyer Technical Materials, LLC Eastlake, Ohio Afzal Suleman Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Mahendra K. Sunkara Department of Chemical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Minoru Taya Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle, Washington C.O. Too Intelligent Polymer Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Kenji Uchino Department of Electrical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania and Micromechatronics Inc State College, Pennsylvania Kumar Vedantham Department of Pharmaceutics Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

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A.G. Vedeshwar Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi New Delhi, India Aleksandra M. Vinogradov Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, Montana Gordon G. Wallace Intelligent Polymer Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Susan Williams Hewlett Packard Company Corvallis, Oregon

C.P. Wong School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Tan Xiaoming Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore Fang Lian Yao School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin, China Kang De Yao Research Institute of Polymeric Materials Tianjin University Tianjin, China

Myung Jin Yim School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Yu Ji Yin Research Institute of Polymeric Materials Tianjin University Tianjin, China Zhuqing Zhang Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis, Oregon

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