A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used to deter,

threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the
efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement,
self-defense, warfare, or suicide. In broader context, weapons may be construed to
include anything used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage
over an adversary or enemy target.

While ordinary objects—sticks, rocks, bottles, chairs, vehicles—can be used as

weapons, many objects are expressly designed for the purpose; these range from
simple implements such as clubs, axes and swords, to complicated modern firearms,
tanks, intercontinental ballistic missiles, biological weapons, and cyberweapons.
Something that has been re-purposed, converted, or enhanced to become a weapon of
war is termed weaponized, such as a weaponized virus or weaponized laser.

History
Main article: History of weapons
The use of weapons is a major driver of cultural evolution and human history up to
today, since weapons are a type of tool which is used to dominate and subdue
autonomous agents such as animals and by that allow for an expansion of the
cultural niche, while simultaneously other weapon users (i.e., agents such as
humans, groups, cultures) are able to adapt to weapons of enemies by learning,
triggering a continuous process of competitive technological, skill and cognitive
improvement (arms race).[1]

Prehistoric

An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and

polishing tools
The use of objects as weapons has been observed among chimpanzees,[2] leading to
speculation that early hominids used weapons as early as five million years ago.[3]
However, this can not be confirmed using physical evidence because wooden clubs,
spears, and unshaped stones would have left an ambiguous record. The earliest
unambiguous weapons to be found are the Schöningen spears, eight wooden throwing
spears dating back more than 300,000 years.[4][5][6][7][8] At the site of Nataruk
in Turkana, Kenya, numerous human skeletons dating to 10,000 years ago may present
evidence of traumatic injuries to the head, neck, ribs, knees and hands, including
obsidian projectiles embedded in the bones that might have been caused from arrows
and clubs during conflict between two hunter-gatherer groups.[9] But the evidence's
interpretation of warfare at Nataruk has been challenged.[10]

Ancient history

A balls wheeled ballista drawn by armored cataphract horses, c. 400

The earliest ancient weapons were evolutionary improvements of late Neolithic
implements, but significant improvements in materials and crafting techniques led
to a series of revolutions in military technology.

The development of metal tools began with copper during the Copper Age (about 3,300
BC) and was followed by the Bronze Age, leading to the creation of the Bronze Age
sword and similar weapons.

During the Bronze Age, the first defensive structures and fortifications appeared
as well,[11] indicating an increased need for security. Weapons designed to breach
fortifications followed soon after, such as the battering ram, which was in use by
2500 BC.[11]

The development of iron-working around 1300 BC in Greece had an important impact on

the development of ancient weapons. It was not the introduction of early Iron Age
swords, however, as they were not superior to their bronze predecessors, but rather
the domestication of the horse and widespread use of spoked wheels by c. 2000 BC.
[12] This led to the creation of the light, horse-drawn chariot, whose improved
mobility proved important during this era.[citation needed] Spoke-wheeled chariot
usage peaked around 1300 BC and then declined, ceasing to be militarily relevant by
the 4th century BC.[13]

Cavalry developed once horses were bred to support the weight of a human.[14] The
horse extended the range and increased the speed of attacks.

In addition to land based weaponry, warships, such as the trireme, were in use by
the 7th century BC.[15]

Post-classical history

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Medieval Indian weapons

European warfare during the Post-classical history was dominated by elite groups of
knights supported by massed infantry (both in combat and ranged roles). They were
involved in mobile combat and sieges which involved various siege weapons and
tactics. Knights on horseback developed tactics for charging with lances providing
an impact on the enemy formations and then drawing more practical weapons (such as
swords) once they entered into the melee. By contrast, infantry, in the age before
structured formations, relied on cheap, sturdy weapons such as spears and billhooks
in close combat and bows from a distance. As armies became more professional, their
equipment was standardized and infantry transitioned to pikes. Pikes are normally
seven to eight feet in length, and used in conjunction with smaller side-arms
(short sword).

Ancient Chinese cannon displayed in the Tower of London

In Eastern and Middle Eastern warfare, similar tactics were developed independent
of European influences.

The introduction of gunpowder from the Asia at the end of this period
revolutionized warfare. Formations of musketeers, protected by pikemen came to
dominate open battles, and the cannon replaced the trebuchet as the dominant siege
weapon.

Modern history

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may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this
template message)
Early modern
The European Renaissance marked the beginning of the implementation of firearms in
western warfare. Guns and rockets were introduced to the battlefield.

Firearms are qualitatively different from earlier weapons because they release
energy from combustible propellants such as gunpowder, rather than from a counter-
weight or spring. This energy is released very rapidly and can be replicated
without much effort by the user. Therefore even early firearms such as the arquebus
were much more powerful than human-powered weapons. Firearms became increasingly
important and effective during the 16th century to 19th century, with progressive
improvements in ignition mechanisms followed by revolutionary changes in ammunition
handling and propellant. During the American Civil War new applications of firearms
including the machine gun and ironclad warship emerged that would still be
recognizable and useful military weapons today, particularly in limited conflicts.
In the 19th century warship propulsion changed from sail power to fossil fuel-
powered steam engines.

The bayonet is used as both a knife and, when attached to the front of a rifle, a
polearm.
Since the mid-18th century North American French-Indian war through the beginning
of the 20th century, human-powered weapons were reduced from the primary weaponry
of the battlefield yielding to gunpowder-based weaponry. Sometimes referred to as
the "Age of Rifles",[16] this period was characterized by the development of
firearms for infantry and cannons for support, as well as the beginnings of
mechanized weapons such as the machine gun. Of particular note, howitzers were able
to destroy masonry fortresses and other fortifications, and this single invention
caused a revolution in military affairs, establishing tactics and doctrine that are
still in use today.

World War I
See also: Military technology during World War I

The Vickers was the successor to the Maxim gun and remained in British military
service for 79 consecutive years.
An important feature of industrial age warfare was technological escalation –
innovations were rapidly matched through replication or countered by another
innovation.

World War I marked the entry of fully industrialized warfare as well as weapons of
mass destruction (e.g., chemical and biological weapons), and new weapons were
developed quickly to meet wartime needs. The technological escalation during World
War I was profound, including the wide introduction of aircraft into warfare, and
naval warfare with the introduction of aircraft carriers. Above all, it promised to
the military commanders the independence from the horse and the resurgence in
maneuver warfare through extensive use of motor vehicles. The changes that these
military technologies underwent were evolutionary, but defined the development for
the rest of the century.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]

Interwar
This period of innovation in weapon design continued in the inter-war period
(between WWI and WWII) with continuous evolution of weapon systems by all major
industrial powers. The major armament firms were Schneider-Creusot (based in
France), Škoda Works (Czechoslovakia), and Vickers (Great Britain). The 1920s were
committed to disarmament and outlawing of war and poison gas, but rearmament picked
up rapidly in the 1930s. The munitions makers responded nimbly to the rapidly
shifting strategic and economic landscape. The main purchasers of munitions from
the big three companies were Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey – and, to a
lesser extent, in Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, and the Soviet Union.[17]

Criminalizing poison gas

Realistic critics understood that war could not really be outlawed, but its worst
excesses might be banned. Poison gas became the focus of a worldwide crusade in the
1920s. Poison gas did not win battles, and the generals did not want it. The
soldiers hated it far more intensely than bullets or explosive shells. By 1918,
chemical shells made up 35 per cent of French ammunition supplies, 25 per cent of
British, and 20 per cent of the American stock. The “Protocol for the Prohibition
of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases and of Bacteriological
Methods of Warfare”, also known as the Geneva Protocol, was issued in 1925, and was
accepted as policy by all major countries. In 1937 poison gas was manufactured in
large quantities, but not used except against nations that lacked modern weapons or
gas masks.[18][19]

World War II and postwar

See also: Military technology during World War II

A variety of firearms from the World War II and postwar eras on a firearm rack
Many modern military weapons, particularly ground-based ones, are relatively minor
improvements of weapon systems developed during World War II. World War II marked
perhaps the most frantic period of weapons development in the history of humanity.
Massive numbers of new designs and concepts were fielded, and all existing
technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945. The most powerful weapon invented
during this period was the nuclear bomb, however many other weapons influenced the
world, such as jet aircraft and radar, but were overshadowed by the visibility of
nuclear weapons and long-range rockets.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]

Nuclear weapons
Main article: Nuclear holocaust
Since the realization of mutual assured destruction (MAD), the nuclear option of
all-out war is no longer considered a survivable scenario. During the Cold War in
the years following World War II, both the United States and the Soviet Union
engaged in a nuclear arms race. Each country and their allies continually attempted
to out-develop each other in the field of nuclear armaments. Once the joint
technological capabilities reached the point of being able to ensure the
destruction of the Earth x100 fold, then a new tactic had to be developed. With
this realization, armaments development funding shifted back to primarily
sponsoring the development of conventional arms technologies for support of limited
wars rather than total war.[20]

Types
By user
– what person or unit uses the weapon
Personal weapons (or small arms) – designed to be used by a single person.
Light weapons – 'man-portable' weapons that may require a small team to operate.
[21]
Heavy weapons – artillery and similar weapons larger than light weapons (see SALW).
Crew served weapons – larger than personal weapons, requiring two or more people to
operate correctly.
Fortification weapons – mounted in a permanent installation, or used primarily
within a fortification.
Mountain weapons – for use by mountain forces or those operating in difficult
terrain.
Vehicle weapons – to be mounted on any type of combat vehicle.
Railway weapons – designed to be mounted on railway cars, including armored trains.
Aircraft weapons – carried on and used by some type of aircraft, helicopter, or
other aerial vehicle.
Naval weapons – mounted on ships and submarines.
Space weapons – are designed to be used in or launched from space.
Autonomous weapons – are capable of accomplishing a mission with limited or no
human intervention.
By function
– the construction of the weapon and principle of operation
Antimatter weapons (theoretical) would combine matter and antimatter to cause a
powerful explosion.
Archery weapons operate by using a tensioned string and bent solid to launch a
projectile.
Artillery are firearms capable of launching heavy projectiles over long distances.
Biological weapons spread biological agents, causing disease or infection.
Chemical weapons, poisoning and causing reactions.
Energy weapons rely on concentrating forms of energy to attack, such as lasers or
sonic attack.
Explosive weapons use a physical explosion to create blast concussion or spread
shrapnel.
Firearms use a chemical charge to launch projectiles.
Improvised weapons are common objects, reused as weapons, such as crowbars and
kitchen knives.
Incendiary weapons cause damage by fire.
Non-lethal weapons are designed to subdue without killing.
Magnetic weapons use magnetic fields to propel projectiles, or to focus particle
beams.
Melee weapons operate as physical extensions of the user's body and directly impact
a close target.
Blade weapons, designed to pierce through flesh and cause bleeding.
Blunt instruments, designed to break bones, concuss or produce crush injuries.
Missiles are rockets which are guided to their target after launch. (Also a general
term for projectile weapons).
Loitering munitions, designed to loiter over a battlefield, striking once a target
is located.
Nuclear weapons use radioactive materials to create nuclear fission and/or nuclear
fusion detonations.
Primitive weapons make little or no use of technological or industrial elements.
Ranged weapons (unlike melee weapons), target a distant object or person.
Rockets are self-propelled projectiles.
Suicide weapons exploit the willingness of their operator not surviving the attack.
By target
– the type of target the weapon is designed to attack
Anti-aircraft weapons target missiles and aerial vehicles in flight.
Anti-fortification weapons are designed to target enemy installations.
Anti-personnel weapons are designed to attack people, either individually or in
numbers.
Anti-radiation weapons target sources of electronic radiation, particularly radar
emitters.
Anti-satellite weapons target orbiting satellites.
Anti-ship weapons target ships and vessels on water.
Anti-submarine weapons target submarines and other underwater targets.
Anti-tank weapons are designed to defeat armored targets.
Area denial weapons target territory, making it unsafe or unsuitable for enemy use
or travel.
Hunting weapons are weapons used to hunt game animals.
Infantry support weapons are designed to attack various threats to infantry units.
Siege engines are designed to break or circumvent heavy fortifications in siege
warfare.
Manufacture of weapons
Main article: Arms industry

Ordnance being produced at Pantex in Amarillo, Texas, United States during World
War II
The arms industry is a global industry that involves the sales and manufacture of
weaponry. It consists of a commercial industry involved in the research and
development, engineering, production, and servicing of military material,
equipment, and facilities. Many industrialized countries have a domestic arms-
industry to supply their own military forces – and some also have a substantial
trade in weapons for use by its citizens, for self-defence, hunting or sporting
purposes.

Contracts to supply a given country's military are awarded by governments, making

arms contracts of substantial political importance. The link between politics and
the arms trade can result in the development a "military–industrial complex", where
the armed forces, commerce, and politics become closely linked.

According to research institute SIPRI, the volume of international transfers of

major weapons in 2010–14 was 16 percent higher than in 2005–2009,[22] and the arms
sales of the world’s 100 largest private arms-producing and military services
companies totalled $420 billion in 2018.[23]

Legislation
The production, possession, trade and use of many weapons are controlled. This may
be at a local or central government level, or international treaty. Examples of
such controls include:

The right of self-defense

Knife legislation
Air gun laws
Gun law
Arms trafficking laws
Arms control treaties
Space Preservation Treaty
Gun laws
Main article: Gun laws
All countries have laws and policies regulating aspects such as the manufacture,
sale, transfer, possession, modification and use of small arms by civilians.

Countries which regulate access to firearms will typically restrict access to

certain categories of firearms and then restrict the categories of persons who may
be granted a license for access to such firearms. There may be separate licenses
for hunting, sport shooting (a.k.a. target shooting), self-defense, collecting, and
concealed carry, with different sets of requirements, permissions, and
responsibilities.

Arms control laws

Main article: Arms control
International treaties and agreements place restrictions upon the development,
production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of weapons from small arms and
heavy weapons to weapons of mass destruction. Arms control is typically exercised
through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting
participants, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations
to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.

Arms trafficking laws

[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)
Main article: Arms trafficking
Arms trafficking is the trafficking of contraband weapons and ammunition. What
constitutes legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national
laws.

Lifecycle problems
There are a number of issue around the potential ongoing risks from deployed
weapons, the safe storage of weapons, and their eventual disposal when no longer
effective or safe.

Ocean dumping of unused weapons such as bombs, ordnance, landmines, and chemical
weapons has been common practice by many nations, and has created hazards.[24][25]
[26][27]
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) are bombs, land mines and naval mines and similar that
did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk for many years or
decades.
Demining or mine clearance from areas of past conflict is a difficult process, but
every year, landmines kill 15,000 to 20,000 people and severely maim countless
more.[28]
Nuclear terrorism was a serious concern after the fall of the Soviet Union, with
the prospect of "loose nukes" being available.[29] While this risk may have
receded,[30] similar situation may arise in the future.
In science fiction
Main article: Weapons in science fiction
Strange and exotic weapons are a recurring feature or theme in science fiction. In
some cases, weapons first introduced in science fiction have now been made a
reality. Other science fiction weapons remain purely fictional, and are often
beyond the realms of known physical possibility.

At its most prosaic, science fiction features an endless variety of sidearms,

mostly variations on real weapons such as guns and swords. Among the best-known of
these are the phaser used in the Star Trek television series, films and novels and
the lightsaber and blaster featured in the Star Wars movies, comics, novels and TV
series.

In addition to adding action and entertainment value, weaponry in science fiction

sometimes become themes when they touch on deeper concerns, often motivated by
contemporary issues. One example is science fiction that deals with weapons of mass
destruction like doomsday devices.

See also
Arms industry
Improvised explosive device
List of martial arts weapons
List of practice weapons
Lists of weapons
Military technology
Riot control
Toy weapon
Weapon mount
Offensive weapon
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External links
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