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Ear:
Auricle:visual part of the ear it is the comma shaped structure attached to the side of the head by
ligament and muscle.

External auditory canal:canal extends from base of the concha of the auricle to the tympanic
mrmbrane(24mm)length in adult,the lateral third is cartilaginous and the medial two thirds are
bony.

Tymphanic membrane: is membrane that located at the medial end of the external auditory canal,
separating the external from middle ear it is oval about 8×10mm and 0.1 thikness semitranslucent
and concave laterally .has three layers outer skin layer-middle fibrous layer and inner mucosa
layer.

Eustachian tube:: The eustachian tubes are canalsTrusted Source that run from the back of the
nose and upper throat to the middle ear, helping keep the air pressure behind the eardrum the
same as the pressure outside. They remain closed most of the time but will open as a person
swallows, chews, or yawns..

Shrapnells membrane: it is the smaller uppermost part of tymphanic membrane (pars flaccida).

Promontory:is the first turn (basal) of the bony cochlea of inner ear.

Round window:The round window is one of the two openings from the middle ear into the inner
ear. It is sealed by the secondary tympanic membrane (round window membrane), which vibrates
with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window.

Mastoied air cell:the are small air filled bony cavities that communicate with each other and lined
with flattened squamous epithelium and the largest air cell is the mastoied antrum.

Scala vestibuli: it is the upper compartment of cochlear cavity and filled with perilymph.

Crista: The sensory end organ of the semicircular duct.

Organ of corti :The sensory end organ of the cochlea.

Vestibular labyrinth : it is the equilibrium system that contains (semicircular

canals-utricle-saccule.).

Bat ear: protruding ear in which the concha is large with poorly developed antihellx and scapha.
Cauliflower ear: atypical deformity resulting from organisation and clotting of extravasated blood
that result from hematoma.
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Perichondritis is infection of the tissue covering the cartilage of the external part of the ear
called the auricle (pinna)..

Chondrodematitis nodularis:small painful nodules appear near the free border of helix in men
about the age of 50 years.nodules are tender and the patient is unable to sleep on the affected
side.
Collaural fistula: abnormality of the first branchial cleft ,the fistula has two opening one in the
neck just below and behind the angle of mandible,and the other in external canal or the middle
ear.

Diffuse otittis externa:diffuse inflammation of meatal skin which may spread to involve the pinna
and epidermal layer of tymphanic membrane.

Malignant otittis media:Adestructive and potentially fatal form of otittis externa,whic extends
beyond the external auditory canal to the base of the skull.

Otomycosis:fungal infection of the skin of the external auditory canal,commonly due to

Aspergillus niger and candida albicans.

Otittis externa hemorrhagical:it is characterised by formation of heamorrhagic bullae on the

tymphanic membrane and deep meatus.it is probably viral in origin.

Ramsay hunt syndrome: commonly known as herpes zoster oticus and defined as a triad of
ipsilateral facial paralysis, otalgia, and vesicles close to the ear and auditory canal.

Eczematous otittis externa:it is the result of hypersensitivity to infective organism or topical ear
drops,it is marked by intense irritation,vesicle formation,oozing and crusting in the canal.

Wax(cerumen): mixture of secretions of the ceruminous (wax) and sebaceous gland with
desquamated skin cells of external canal.

Myringitis bullosa: painful condition characterised by formation of heamorrhagic blebs on the

tymphanic membrane and deep meatus it is probably caused by virus or mycoplasma
pneumonia.

Myringitis granulosa: specific form of external otittis characterised by granulation tissue on the
lateral aspect of tymphanic membrane with involvement of the external ear canal.

Retracted Pocket membrane: a pathological invagination of tympanic membrane into the middle
ear space.

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Tympanosclerosis ( it is hyalinization and later calcification in the fibrous layer of tympanic
membrane.appear as chalky white plaque.

Otitic barotrauma: pooreustachian tube function lead to problem with equalizing pressure across
the tymphanic membrane, especially when pressure fluctuations are rapid as in diving or flying,
particularly during dascending mechanism which lead to congested, retracted or ruptured of
tymphanic membrane , deafness and tinnuitus.

Acute suppuritve otittis media: acute inflammation of mucosal lining of middle ear cleft usually
less than 3 weeks.

Acute necrotizing otitis media: it is variety of acute suppuritve otittis media, often seen in
children suffering from measles,scarlet fever or influenza، characterised by rapid destruction of
whole of tymphanic membrane with it's annulus,mucosa of promontory, ossicular chain and
even mastoied air cells.

Cholesteatoma: presence of keratinising squamous epithelium in the middle ear or

mastoied(skin in wrong place).it is unsafe type of chronic otittis media .

Glu ear (secratory otittis media): insidious condition characterised by presence of non-purulent
fluid (sterile) within the middle ear that persistent for more than 3 months with intact tymphanic
membrane.

Adhissive otittis media: it is long standing untreated secratory otittis media may lead to
adhesions of the drum to bony structure inside the middle ear.

Chronic suppuritve otittis media: chronic suppuritve inflammation of the mucoperiosteum lining
the middle ear cleft with drum perforations and purelent discharge.

Chronic non suppuritve otittis media:chronic non suppuritve inflammation of the

mucoperiosteum lining the middle ear cleft and the drum is intact.

Tube tymphanic otittis media: Type of chronic suppuritve otittis media in wich the infection lies
mainly in E.T and tymphanic cavity,it is safe type as it affects the mucosa only and less liable to
cause complications.

Attico antral otittis media:Type of chronic suppuritve otittis media in wich the infection involve
attic,antrum and posterior tympanum and Mastoid and is associated with cholesteatoma.

Cholesterol granuloma: it is a mass of granulation tissue with foreign body gaint cellls
surrounding the cholesterol crystals.

Acute mastoiditis: Extension of infection from the mucosa to bony walls of the Mastoid cells.

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Mastoieditis Sagging: it is edema of the skin over the posterior superior part of the bony EAC ,it is
an early diagnostic sign.

Positive reservoir sign: profuse mucopurulent or disharege which recurs rapidly after removal
(diagnostic for mastoiditis.

Labyrinthine fistula: localized erostion of the bony labyrinth commonly lateral sensory canal by
cholesteatoma till exposure of the endoesteal layer of the bony labyrinth.

Staccato speech, also known as “choppy” or “broken” speech, is a pattern of speaking that
involves speaking in short, choppy sentences or phrases. A person with staccato speech often
leaves out articles and prepositions, which can make it difficult for them to be understood.

Dysdiadolkinesis: Inability to repeat repetetive movements

Rombergism:Tendency to fall to disease side

Lateral sinus thrombosis:It is an inflammation of inner wall of lateral venous sinus with formation
of an intrasinus thrombus.

Bezolds abscess: It can occur following acute coalescent mastoiditis when pus breaks through
the thin medial side of the tip of the mastoid and presents as a swelling in the upper part of neck.

Glomus tumor:It is the most common benign neoplasm of middle ear and is so-named because of
its origin from the glomus bodies.

Cetteli's abscess : Abscess is formed behind the mastoid more towards the occipital bone
(com-pare postauricular mastoid abscess which forms over the mastoid).

Osteosclerosis: more aptly called otospongiosis, is a primary disease of the bony labyrinth. In
this, one or more foci of irregularly laid spongy bone replace part of normally dense enchondral
layer of bony otic capsule.

Shwartz sign :also known as Flemingo's pink sign, is a diagnostic indicator for- otosclerosis, a
disease of the bones of the middle or inner ear- in which there increase vascularity of the
promontory seen through the ear drum .

Conginital hearing loss: is a hearing loss present at birth. It can include hereditary hearing loss or
hearing loss due to other factors present either in-utero (prenatal) or at the time of birth
Caisson disease:Decompression illness (DCI) is caused by liberation of free gas from the tissues
in the form of bubbles when returning from a high-pressure environment to atmospheric
pressure.

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Acute acaustic trauma is very brife exposure to very loud sounds eg: gunfire or explosion it
lead to permenant SNHL.

Chronic caustic truma:continous exposure to prlononged noise above 85 decibels. lead to

reversible SNHL in early stage and may progress to permenant.

Toxic labyrinthitis:It is diffuse intralabyrinthine inflammation without pus for-mation and is a

reversible condition if treated early.

Acoustics neuroma: It is a benign, encapsulated, extremely slow-growing tumour of the VIII th

nerve.

Fascial nerve paralys:

An inability to move the muscles of the face on one or both sides is known as facial paralysis, it
can result from nerve damage due to congenital (present at birth) conditions, trauma or disease,
such as stroke, brain tumor or Bell's palsy.

Nerve excitability test NET:Non-invasive nerve excitability testing measures the membrane
polarization, ion channel function and paranodal/internodal condition of peripheral nerves

Electroneurography ENoG :Electroneurography refers to the technique used to test and quantify
the nerve conduction and impulse propagation along motor and sensory nerves. A synonym is
nerve conduction study.

Electromyography EMG : measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a

nerve's stimulation of the muscle. The test is used to help detect neuromuscular abnormalities

Bell's palsy: (Idiopathic LMN facial nerve paralysis)

Conductive hearing loss CHL: is a deficit related to an obstructed, or altered, transmission of

sound to the tympanic membrane or through the ossicle chain of the middle ear

Vertigo:is dizziness that creates the false sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or
moving.
Bppv : is the most common cause of vertigo, which is vertigo of sudden onset and short duration (about
30 seconds) when the patient takes certain position with no cochlear affection.

Menier disease :is Distention of membranous labyrinth with endolymph, characterized by

recurrent attack of vertigo, deafness , tinnitus.
Tinnitus :is the name for hearing noises that are not caused by sounds coming from the outside
world

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Vestibular neuritis : is a condition that affects the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear
to the brain, causing prolonged vertigo usually in the absence of significant hearing loss.

Presbycusis :bilateral age-related hearing loss, It is the most common cause of hearing loss
(SNHL)worldwide .

Psychogenic hearing loss :is used to describe any hearing loss that cannot be explained by an
organic cause.

Deaf mutism :a person who was either deaf and used sign language or both deaf and could not
speak.as no good hearing in childhood lead to no speech especially in the first 3 years.

Otorrhoea : is discharge exiting from the ear. It may be serous, serosanguineous, or purulent.

Nystagmus :a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.

Caloric test:A test for assessing vestibular function in which the ear is irrigated with either hot or
cold water, normally stimulating the vestibular apparatus, resulting in nystagmus; a lack of
nystagmus indicates impaired vestibular functioning

Otalagia :is aching or pain in the ear and causes can be primary, relating to the ear itself, or
referred from sources outside the ear

Myringotomy : is a surgical procedure performed to relieve inner ear pressure. The procedure is
quick and involves a small incision into the eardrum

Cortical mastoiedectomy:known as simple or complete mastoid-ectomy or Schwartz operation, is

complete exenteration of all accessible mastoid air cells and converting them into a single cavity.
Posterior meatal wall is left intact Middle ear structures are not disturbed.

Radical mastoidectomy :s a procedure to eradicate disease from the middle ear and mastoid
without any attempt to reconstruct hearing. Posterior meatal wall is removed and the entire area
of middle ear, attic, antrum and mastoid is converted into a single cavity. All remnants of
tympanic membrane, ossicles (except stapes footplate) and mucoperi-osteal lining are removed

Canal wall down operation (TTT of cholesteatoma):leave the mastoid cavity open into the external
auditory canal so that the diseased area is fully exteriorized.

Otorrhoea: discharge from the ear.

Typmanoplasty : is a surgical procedure that repairs or reconstructs the eardrum (tympanic

membrane) to help restore normal hearing.

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Stapedectomy :is surgical removal and prosthetic replacement of part or all of the stapes to
relieve deafness as in otosclerosis.

Pure tone audiometry (PTA) :is the main hearing test which is stimulation of hearing using pure
tone signals generated from the audiometer. used to identify hearing threshold levels of an
individual, enabling determination of the degree, type and configuration of a hearing loss and
thus providing a basis for diagnosis and management .
Speech audiometry :It involves presenting speech stimuli to the subject in order to assess the
communicative ability of the individual.

Tympanometry : is the dynamic measurement of middle ear pressure through measuring mobility
(compliance) of the tympanic membrane.
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are very soft sounds which are generated in the cochlea (inner
ear) due to movement of the outer hair cells in a healthy functioning cochlea in response to
external stimuli. an echo generated by the hair cells and these vibrations are transmitted as soft
sounds from the inner ear, through the middle ear, to the outer ear.

Evoked response audiometry (ERA) : Recording of the physiological electric potentials occurring
in Response to sound stimulation in different part of auditory pathway.

Electrocochleography : Recording the electrical output of the cochlea

Auditory brain steam response audiometry (ABR) : Recording the electric potentials occuring in
the auditory pathway (from vestibulocochlear nerve to brain stem to inf colliculus) in Response to
sound.

Hearing aids : are a small electronic device that you wear in or behind your ear. It makes some
sounds louder so that a person with hearing loss can listen, communicate, and participate more
fully in daily activities.

Grommet is small ventilation tube inserted into the eardrum to allow air into middle ear and
prevent a buildup of fluid use in ttt of OME.

Cochlear implant :is an electronic device that improves hearing in people who have severe
hearing loss due to damage of the inner ear.

Brainstem implant :is a small device that is surgically implanted in the brain of a deaf person
whose auditory nerves are lacking or damaged.

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 Nose

ARHINIA:aplasia or absent of nose due to bilateral absence of nasal placodes.

HALF NOSE:due to unilateral absence of nasal placodes.

Meningoencephalocele : herniations of brain tissue with meninges through a conginital bony

defect.

Choanal atresia :atresia of posterior nares it is the commonest anomaly of the nose.

Rhinolith nasal mass:it is mass formed by precipitation of calcium &magnesium from nasal
secretions around foreign body.

Rhinorrhea: leakage of CSF from through the nose.

Oroantral fistula: fistula from oral cavity to maxillary sinus

Frunculosis : staphylococcal infection of hair follicle in nasal vestibule.

Vestibulitis : dermatitis due to irritation of the skin by rhinorrhea or handkerchief.

Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside
the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip.

Atrophic rhinitis: atrophy of nasal mucosa due to periarterial fibrosis and end arteritis.

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis: advanced stage of chronic rhinitis usually after long use of local
decongestant

Scleroma : chronic specific infection of upper respiratory tract especially nose by

klebsiellarhinoscleroma.

Nasal lupus vulgaris : chronic specific form of TB infection that affects skin and mucous
membrane of the nose.

Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the
nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and
symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling
around the eyes.

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Vasomotor rhinitis: non allergic rhinitis inflammation of inner part of the nose that is not caused
by an allergen and it is relating to construction or dilations of blood vessels.

Sinusitis: inflammation of sinuses which are hallow species in the bone around the nose that
connects to the nose through small, narrow, channel.

Recurrent sinusitis: several attacks of sinusitis within a year 4 or more in year.

Acute Sinusitis: inflammation of sinuses which are hallow species in the bone around the nose
that connects to the nose through small, narrow, channel which last up to 4 weeks.

Chronic Sinusitis: inflammation of sinuses which are hallow species in the bone around the nose
that connects to the nose through small, narrow, channel which last more than 12weeks.

Complications of sinusitis mean: spread of infection beyond the muco-periosteal lining of the
sinuses.

Nasal polypi :is pedunculated portion of edematous mucosa of the nose or paranasal sinuses.

Allergic nasal polypi: pedunculated portion of edematous mucosa of the ethmoied sinuses
prolapsed through the meatus (middle or superior meatus) to nasal cavity the polyps
are multiple, bilateral, painless, pearly white, grape like masses.

Antrochoanal polyp: Antrochoanal polyp (ACP) is a benign pedunculated portion of edematous

mucosa of the maxillary antrum prolapsed through the meatus middle or meatus) to nasal cavity
then posterior to nasopharynx passing from choana it is unilateral, solitary, pear shaped mass
with a cystic stalk.
Epistaxis: bleeding from the nose.

Little's area(kiesselblachs plexus) :

Area of anastamosis between brances of ECA and ICA at anteroinferior part of nasal septum.

DNS: A deviated septum is a condition in which the nasal septum (the bone and cartilage that
divide the nose in half) is crooked, making one nasal passage smaller

osteometal complex:is the area of drainage of anterior group of sinuses represent the final
common pathway for drainage and ventilation of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid
cells.

Hematoma of the septum: collection of blood under mucoperichondrium and or mucoperiosteum

of the septum.

Abscess of the septum: collection of pus under mucoperichondrium and or mucoperiosteum of

the septum.

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Osteoma of nose: is the commonest tumor of nose and sinuses in Arab papulation which is either
hard bony swelling at the inner canthus (ethmoid) or above the medial half of of the eye(frontal)
or both.

Inverted palpiloma(schniederian or transitional cell papiloma: it is locally destructive benign

tumor arise in lateral wall of the nose at the junction between stratified squamous epithelium and
respiratory epithelium.

Adamantioma (ameloblastoma) it is locally malignant tumor originate as residues of dental

lamina,more in mandible than maxilla.

Osteoclastoma : locally malignant tumor give the soap bubble appearance in x- ray.

Fibrous dysplasia: it is not true tumor which is replacement or normal bone by woven bone and
fibrous tissue.

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is classically defined by the clinical triad of fibrous dysplasia
of bone (FD), café-au-lait skin spots, and precocious puberty (PP).

Dentigerous cysts are a common type of odontogenic cysts. An odontogenic cyst is a fluid-filled
sac that develops in the jaw bone over a tooth that hasn't erupted yet.

Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cystic lesion of inflammatory origin. It is also
known as periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst, root end cyst or dental cyst. It arises from
epithelial residues in periodontal ligament as a result of inflammation.

Mucocele: cystic expansion of the sinus with mucus due to obstruction of it's ostium.

Glioma: brain(glial)tissue that lost patent communication to the subarachnoid space it may have
fibrous tract to interacranial cavity.

Vacuum headache: periodic attacks of hedach which start in morning, increase in mid-day and
subsides by the end of the day. As result of obstruction of the frontal recess (opening of frontal
sinus.)

Contact headache: is headache caused due to contact of medial(septum)and lateral

wall(m.turbinate) in deviated septum.

Costen's syndrome:According to the American Association of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) definition, a

temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is “a collective term embracing a number of clinical problems
that involve the masticatory musculature, the Temporomandibular joint and associated
structures, or both.

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Ansomia: Anosmia is the inability to perceive smell/odor. It can be temporary or permanent and
acquired or congenital.

Hyposmia, or microsmia, is a reduced ability to smell and to detect odors.

Cacosomia: a form of the smell disorder dysosmia characterised by an unpleasant smell
sensation.

Parosomia: is a dysfunctional smell detection characterized by the inability of the brain to

correctly identify an odor's "natural" smell. Instead, the natural odor is usually transformed into
an unpleasant aroma, typically a "burned", "rotting", "fecal", or "chemical" smell. There can also
be rare instances of a pleasant odor called euosmi.

Submucous resection of the septum(SMR):

Removal (resection)of deviated portion of the septal cartilage with or without bone.

Septoplasty: straighting of the septal cartilage without or with minimal removal.

Antral puncture and lavage: puncture of the maxillary sinus below the inferior turbinates and then
washing it.

Inferior intranasal antrostomy: creation of wide opening (stoma) below inferior turbinates.

Radical antrum(Caldwell-luc) operation:removal of the mucosa of the maxillary antrum and

making inferior intranasal antrostomy.

External fronto-ethmoiedectomy: opening of the frontal sinus and removal of ethmoid sinus.

Nasal endoscope : direct visualization of the nose and sinuses by use of endoscopes.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS): iteranasal endoscopic procedure,in which the
diseased mucosa is removed while the healthy mucosa is preserved with restoration of normal
drainage of sinuses.

Pharynx:

Waldeyer's ring is the ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx formed by the palatine tonsils,
pharyngeal tonsils, tubal tonsils, and lingual tonsils. Submucosal collections of lymphoid tissue
each collections named tonsil.
Palatine tonsil: mass of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx.

Silent area: the are the area where malignant lestion can be symptomless and if presented ,it will

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presented by lymph node metastasis.

Direct hypopharyngoscopy: direct visualization of hypopharynx by rigid direct

hypopharyngoscope.

Adenoid: hypertrophy of nasopharyngeal tonsil sufficient to produce symptoms.

Adenoid face: refer to atypical appearance of facial features,and can result from persistent
adenoid hypertrophy.commonly adenoid face known as long face.

Adenoctomy : excision of the nasopharyngeal tonsil.

Trotter's syndrome is a clinical triad of unilateral deafness, neuralgia affecting branches of the
trigeminal nerve, and defective mobility of the soft palate, which is caused by malignant tumors
involving the lateral pharyngeal recess.

Acute tonsillitis: acute inflammation of Palatine tonsils.

Chronic tonsillitis: recurrent attacks of acute tonsillitis:

-More than 3 time/year for 3 year.or
- 5 time/year for 2 year .or
- 7 times/year for one year.

Tonsillectomy: excision of Palatin tonsils.

Acute pharyngitis: acute inflammation of the mucosal lining of the pharynx.

Diphtheria:acute membrous inflammation caused by corynebacterium diphtheria usually effect

pharynx but may involve the larynx or the nose.

Vincent angina: acute ulcerative inflammation of the pharynx (tonsil, fauces,gums) due to
synergism of both: gram negative fusiform bacili and borreilia Which lead to unilateral ulcer in
tonsils covered by false membrane.

Moniliasis:fungus infection of the pharynx by Candida albicans.lead to formation of easily

removed White thin membrane over the mucosa of pharynx &cheek.

gumma (plural gummata or gummas) is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary
stage of syphilis (and yaws[1]). It is a form of granuloma

Peritonsilliar abscess (Quinsy):

Pus in peritonsilliar space(between tonsil capsule and superior constrictor muscle. . Clinical
presentation may vary from acute tonsillitis with a minimal unilateral pharyngeal bulge to
dehydration and sepsis.

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Submandibular abscess (Ludwig's angina):
Suppuration in the submandibular space, Ludwig's angina is a type of severe cellulitis involving
the floor of the mouth] and is often caused by bacterial sources. Early in the infection, floor of the
mouth raises due to swelling, leading to difficulty swallowing saliva. As a result, patients may
present with difficulty speaking and drooling. As the condition worsens, the airway may be
compromised and hardening of the spaces on both sides of the tongue may develop. Overall, this
condition has a rapid onset over a few hours.

Parapharyngeal abscess:
Suppuration in the parapharyngeal space.

Plummer-Vinson or Paterson-Kelly syndrome: is chronic atrophic inflammation of hypopharynx

and upper esophagus,presents as a classical triad of dysphagia, iron-deficiency anemia and
esophageal webs.

Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) is a sac-like outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa through
Killian's triangle, an area of muscular weakness between the transverse fibers of the
cricopharyngeus muscle and the oblique fibers of the lower inferior constrictor
( thyropharyngeus) muscle .

Snoring: it is the sound produced during the sleep by vibration of the soft tissue of the pharynx
(mainly soft palate and uvula)due to weakness of pharyngeal muscles and /or partial obstruction
of the upper airways during sleep.

Sleep Apnea: cassation of airflow at the mouth and nostril for more than 10 second.consider
Syndrome if there is more than 30 apnea during 7 hours sleep.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated obstruction to the

airway during sleep. After a person with OSA falls asleep, their airway intermittently narrows or
collapses, causing fragmented sleep and contributing to severe health consequences if left
untreated.usually due to relaxaition of the muscle that expand the pharynx against the negitive
pressure produced by the partial obstructed airway.

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a disorder that affects breathing during sleep1. Caused by a brief
lack of communication between the brain and the muscles that control breathing.

Aphthous ulcers, often called canker sores, are painful inflammatory lesions or spots on the
inside of the mouth..

Velopharyngeal insufficiency is incomplete closure of a sphincter between the oropharynx and

nasopharynx, often resulting from anatomic abnormalities of the palate and causing hypernasal
speech. Diagnosis is direct inspection with a fiberoptic nasoendoscope. Treatment is with speech
therapy and surgery.

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Xerostomia is defined as dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow. Xerostomia is
not a disease, but it may be a symptom of various medical conditions.

HALITOSIS IS A CONDITION IN WHICH A PERSON EMANATES AN UNATTRACTIVE ODOR FROM

THEIR MOUTH. THIS IS OFTEN CALLED BAD BREATH.

Drooling:Drooling (sialorrhea) is the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth.

Tracheostomy: creation of opening (stoma)in the cervical trachea for respiration.

Tracheotomy: incision of the anterior tracheal wall.

Weaning: removal of the tracheostomy tube in temporary tracheostomiesid patient after being
not needed any more.

Achalasia:failure of relaxaition of lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter during the esophageal

stage of swallowing.

Dysphagia: difficult swallowing.

Odynophagia: painful swallowing.

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 Larynx:

1_ Hoarseness : (Disphonia) Rough quality of low pitched voice due to on or more of 3 factors:
Impairment of vocal cord tension
Impairment of V.C vibration
Impairment of V. C adduction
2_Stridor : difficulty noisy breathing due to partial obstruction of airways it might be
inspratory ,expiratory, Biphasic.
3_Laryngotomy :(Laryngostomy,Cricothyroidotomy) making a surgical opening in the
crico-thyroid membrane .

4_Laryngeofissure : splitting the thyroid cartilage in the midline to enter to larynx .

5_Laryngeocele :cystic herniation of the laryngeal saccule (ant.end of the ventricle)

6_Laryngeal edema : Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX,
commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reaction.

7_Laryngismus stridulus : one of important causes of stridor in children means Laryngeal spasm
that occur due to Calcium deficiency in tetany .

8_Semmon's law : lines that in progressive lesion of R.L.N the abductors are paralyzed first
before the abductors because the adductors muscles are stronger .

9_Laryngeal paralysis :occurs when the vocal cords are unable to abduct (open) in response to
exercise or respiratory demands.

10_Glottic Carcinoma :is the most common site of larynx cancer occur in the _Glottic area (at the
level of the cords)

11_ Multiple Laryngeal papilloma :(Juvenile papillomatosis)

(Recurrent Respiratorypapillomatosis) it is a benign tumor of the larynx that occur in children
ch.ch by multiple warty like and affecting any part of larynx.

12_Laryngeoscleroma :specific granulomatous disease and is usually presented as a laryngeal

extension of a primary rhinoscleroma that caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis.

13 laryngeal _Leukoplakia : one of chronic localized hypertrophic laryngitis lesion that ch.ch by
Raised white patch on surface epithelium it occur due to chronic irritation to the laryngeal
mucosa .

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14_ Vocal cord polyp :one of chronic localized hypertrophic laryngitis which Is sessile or
peduncleated unilateral polyp usually due to voice absue.

15_ singer's node:(V.C nodule) one of chronic localized hypertrophic laryngitis lesion means
hyperplasia of localized area of V.C usually at the junction between ant1/3 and post2/3 this
occurs in professional voice user as singer or teacher.

16_Reinkes edema :edema of Reinks space which is area between the V.C and the overlying
mucosa OR diffuse edema of subepthelial space of the V.C .

17_Acute epiglottitis:(Supraglottits) it is Acute non specific laryngeal inflammation , means

inflammation of mucosa of the epiglottis.

18_Intubation Granuloma :chronic specific inflammation due to trauma by endotracheal tube

during anaesthesia, ch.ch by granuloma formation over the Vocal process of arytenoids.

19_Subglottic Stenosis: Narrowing of the Laryngeal lumen in the _Subglottic region.

20_Laryngeal_Tracheal_Cleft :
congenital defect in which there is a gap between the upper airway passage (larynx and trachea)
and the food passage (esophagus). OR maybe fistula between larynx, trachea and esophagous.

21_ Globus sx: feeling of a lump in the throat where no true lump exists. It is common and may be
associated with hoarseness .

22_Tracheostomy :making a surgical opening in the cervical trachea it may be high ,low ,or mid .

23_Indirect laryngeoscope: one of methods of laryngeal examination in which viewing the larynx
through laryngeal mirror.

24_Direct laryngeoscope:one of methods of laryngeal examination in which viewing the larynx

through rigid wide tube introduced through the mouth under GA.

25_Laryngeomalacia :(congeintal laryngeal stridor) Abnormal softening of the larynx that

collapse during inspiration causing inspiratory stridor.

26_Congeintal laryngeal web :Fibrous band formed between both vocal cords anteriorly .

27_congeintal Subglottic hemangioma : large purple mass of blood in the airway, typically
below the vocal cords.

28_Congeintal laryngeal cyst : cystic swelling at the Aryepiglottic fold causing airway obstruction

29_ Hysterical Aphonia :the difficulty. in talking which overshadows the clinical picture.

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30_Phonation :rapid, periodic opening and closing of the glottis through separation and
apposition of the vocal cords that, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, constitutes a
source of vocal sound .

31_Ventricular Dysphonia: known as dysphonia plica ventricularis, is a voicing disorder in which

the false vocal folds are used as a vibratory source instead of the true vocal folds.FVC precipitate
pathologically in Phonation

32_Auditory Perceptual Assesment(APA) :the “gold standard” for defining a voice disorder and
provides an immediate measure of voice severity.

33_Delayed language development:

Delay speech happen when there's a problem in the areas of the brain responsible for speech.
This makes it hard to coordinate the lips, tongue, and jaw to make speech sounds.

34_Aphasia &Dysphasia: deterioration of the language after its fully or partially

development ,people with dysphasia might have trouble putting the right words together in a
sentence, understanding what others say, reading, and writing.

35_Expressive Dysphasia: the.Pt is able to comprehend the spoken language but unable to
express himself in words and sentences .

36_Receptive Dysphasia : in which the Pt. Unable to comprehend the spoken language.

37_Stroboscopy :brief flashes of light which are used for illumination of the larynx, used to
examine the mucosal wave of the Vocal folds.

38-Hyperanesthesia of larynx: excessive and abnormal sensation of the larynx. the patient
complain from permanent desire to cough.
39-gloitis: the middle part of the larynx that area where the vocal cord are located.
40- Dysphonia: change of voice of aperson from his habitual one.
41- Dysodia: change of singing voice while speaking voice is normal.
42- Phonasthenia: subjective complaint of dryness,globus feeling and voice fatigue, while the
patient’s voice is normal.
43- Aphonia is complete voice loss.

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 ‫تعاريف هامة‬
1_Definition of audiogram: a graphic representation of the relation of
vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing,The
audiogram shows the type, degree, and configuration of hearing loss.

2_Tympanometry:Tympanometry is an acoustic evaluation of the

condition of the mobility of the eardrum, the middle ear,and the
conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.

3_An auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is is an

objective ,safe ,painless and non-invasive method of hearing
assessment which use to see how the hearing nerves and brain respond
to sounds..It is commonly done on infants and small children, or anyone
who cannot cooperate with routine testing.

4-BPPV Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common cause

of vertigo, which is vertigo of sudden onset and short duration (about
30 seconds) when the patient takes certain position with no cochlear
affection.

5-Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are very soft sounds which are

generated in the cochlea (inner ear) due to movement of the outer hair
cells in a healthy functioning cochlea in response to external stimuli. an
echo generated by the hair cells and these vibrations are transmitted as
soft sounds from the inner ear, through the middle ear, to the outer ear.

6-Myringitis is an inflammation of the eardrum ,as part of AOM it is

commonly caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma and Streptococcus
pneumonia or may by by virus, It can be an acute condition
(short-lasting), or chronic (longer-lasting). Myringitis characterized by
the appearance of blisters and unexpected and persistent earaches. It
can sometimes involve hearing loss and fever, myringitis most
commonly seen in children, but adults may also experience it.

7-A cholesteatoma (sometimes called a keratoma) is an abnormal growth

of squamous epithelium in the middle ear and mastoid. It may
progressively enlarge to surround and destroy the ossicles, resulting in
conductive hearing loss. Hearing loss also may occur if the
cholesteatoma obstructs the Eustachian tube orifice, leading to middle
ear effusion. Early diagnosis is crucial to an optimal outcome.
8-A myringoplasty is a surgery performed by an otolaryngologist to
repair a hole in the eardrum. In this surgery, the hole is repaired by
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placing a graft made of either a small piece of tissue from elsewhere on
the body, or a gel-like material.
9-Myringotomy is a surgical procedure of the eardrum or tympanic
membrane when A tiny incision is created in the eardrum to allow fluid to
drain from The middle ear.

10-Vertigo: false sensation of rotation, either of the patient or of the

surrounding (hallucination of movement).

11- Tympanosclerosis ( it is hyalinization and later calcification in the

fibrous layer of tympanic membrane.appear as chalky white plaque.

12-An acoustic neuroma, also called vestibular schwannoma, is a benign,

slow-growing tumor that arises from the Schwann cells forming the
sheath (covering) of the vestibulocochlear nerve,It is usually unilateral
but it may be bilateral in cases of multiple neurofibromatosis.

13-Anosmia is the inability to perceive smell/odor. It can be temporary or

permanent and acquired or congenital.

14- Cacosomia: a form of the smell disorder dysosmia characterised by

an unpleasant smell sensation.
15-antrostomy Is A surgical operation for SINUSITIS, in which an
opening is made into one of the antrums (sinuses) around the nose so as
to allow infected material to drain away.
16-Choanal atresia is a congenital disorder where the back of the nasal
passage (choana) is blocked, usually by abnormal bony or soft tissue
(membranous) due to failed hole development of the nasal fossae
during prenatal development.

17-FESS Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: is intra-nasal endoscopic

procedure, in which the diseased mucosa is removed (eradicated) while
the healthy mucosa is preserved with restoration of normal drainage of
sinuses (so it is called functional)..

18- dysphonia:change of voice of person from his hapitual one.

19- Globus sx: feeling of a lump in the throat where no true lump exists. It
is common and may be associated with hoarseness .
20-gloittis :the middle part of the larynx that area where the vocal cord
are located.
21-Glu ear (secratory otittis media): insidious condition characterised by
presence of non-purulent fluid (sterile) within the middle ear that
persistent for more than 3 months with intact tymphanic membrane.
22- Grommet is small ventilation tube inserted into the eardrum to allow
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air into middle ear and prevent a buildup of fluid use in ttt of OME.

23- Laryngeomalacia :(congeintal laryngeal stridor) Abnormal softening

of the larynx that collapse during inspiration causing inspiratory stridor.

24- cystic herniation of the laryngeal saccule (ant.end of the ventricle).

25- Inverted papioma- it is locally destructive benign tumor arise in

lateral wall of the nose at the junction between stratified squamous
epithelium and respiratory epithelium.

26- Ludwig’s angina:Suppuration in the submandibular space, Ludwig's

angina (lat.: Angina ludovici) is a type of severe cellulitis involving the
floor of the mouth] and is often caused by bacterial sources. Early in the
infection, floor of the mouth raises due to swelling, leading to difficulty
swallowing saliva. As a result, patients may present with difficulty
speaking and drooling. As the condition worsens, the airway may be
compromised and hardening of the spaces on both sides of the tongue
may develop. Overall, this condition has a rapid onset over a few hours.

27- Mastoidectomy ( in general :is surgery that remove diseased cells

from air –filled spaces in mastoid bone,often used to treat cholestotoma.

Cortical mastoidectomy:known as simple or complete mastoid-ectomy

or Schwartz operation, is complete exenteration of all accessible mastoid
air cells and converting them into a single cavity. Posterior meatal wall is
left intact Middle ear structures are not disturbed.

-Radical mastoidectomy :s a procedure to eradicate disease from the

middle ear and mastoid without any attempt to reconstruct hearing.
Posterior meatal wall is removed and the entire area of middle ear, attic,
antrum and mastoid is converted into a single cavity. All remnants of
tympanic membrane, ossicles (except stapes footplate) and
mucoperi-osteal lining are removed.
28- Obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized
by repeated obstruction to the airway6 during sleep. After a person with
OSA falls asleep, their airway intermittently narrows or collapses7,
causing fragmented sleep and contributing to severe health
consequences if left untreated.usually due to relaxaition of the muscle
that expand the pharynx against the negitive pressure produced by the
partial obstructed airway.
29- osteometal complex:is the area of drainage of anterior group of
sinuses represent the final common pathway for drainage and
ventilation of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid cells.
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30-Otorrhoea:. is disharge exiting from the ear. It may be serous,
serosanguineous, or purulent.

31- Osteosclerosis: more aptly called otospongiosis, is a primary

disease of the bony labyrinth. In this, one or more foci of irregularly laid
spongy bone replace part of normally dense enchondral layer of bony
otic capsule.
32- Presbycusis :bilateral age-related hearing loss, It is the most
common cause of hearing loss(SNHL) worldwide.
33-Peritonsilliar abscess (Quinsy):
Pus in peritonsilliar space(between tonsil capsule and superior
constrictor muscle. . Clinical presentation may vary from acute tonsillitis
with a minimal unilateral pharyngeal bulge to dehydration and sepsis.

34- Ramsay hunt syndrome: commonly known as herpes zoster oticus

and defined as a triad of ipsilateral facial paralysis, otalgia,
and vesicles close to the ear and auditory canal.

35- edema of Reinks space which is area between the V.C and the
overlying mucosa OR diffuse edema of subepthelial space of the V.C.

36- Rhinorrhoea:discharge from nose and paranasal sinuses.

37- Snoring: it is the sound produced during the sleep by vibration of the
soft tissue of the pharynx (mainly soft palate and uvula)due to weakness
of pharyngeal muscles and /or partial obstruction of the upper airways
during sleep.
38- Stapedectomy :is surgical removal and prosthetic replacement of
part or all of the stapes to relieve deafness as in otosclerosis.
39- Tracheostomy :making a surgical opening in the cervical trachea it
may be high ,low ,or mid .

‫تم بحمد الله‬

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