PDF Curso Ar Condicionado Automotivo Apostila 2 Compress

C^ FGAMBFBGACMG
C\]GHG]BZG

3 - BA]^GM\ÀÆG C ^LJ^B@L^CÀÆG
G usg mg cr-fgambfbgacmg lh cutghövlbs, qul egkl â nlh fghuh, lstã fghpoltcamg 09 cags. G prbhlbrg
fcrrg c gjlrlflr g lqubpchlatg fghg gpfbgaco jgb g Ycfdcrm 3262, jcnrbfcmg ags Lstcmgs
\abmgs. G prbhlbrg vlèfuog ml hgatcmgrc fgh cr fgambfbgacmg jgb uh Ygatbcf lh 32<=.
G prbhlbrg cr-fgambfbgacmg aæg lrc hubtg prãtbfg, gfupcvc tgmg g pgrtc-hcocs mg fcrrg l
aæg tbaec rlùoc`lh ml tlhplrcturc. Vl lsjrbcssl mlhcbs, c ûabfc fgbsc qul g hgtgrbstc pgmbc jczlr lrc
mlsob`ã-og. Gutrc furbgsbmcml lrc g cotg prlàg, lqubvcolatl c uh qucrtg mg vcogr qul
fustcvc g fcrrg. Vl bssg cfgatlflssl egkl uh fcrrg ag vcogr ml ^$ <0 hbo, fustcrbc hcbs ml ^$ 03 hbo.
@rcàcs cg mlslavgovbhlatg mc tlfagog`bc l g cuhlatg fbrfuastcafbco mg fgasuhg egkl g vcogr `brc lh

tgrag
G ml : c 5% ag
fgambfbgacmgr

pcès.
ml cr vlbfuocr
â btlh ml sârbl lh coùas pcèsls mc Lurgpc, Chârbfc mg Agrtl l Gflcabc.
Coâh ml trczlr g fgajgrtg pcrc gs gfupcatls, g fgambfbgacmgr ml cr lstã ob`cmg fgh c slùrcaàc ctbvc mg
vlèfuog.
Ag Nrcsbo, plrflnlhgs g frlsfbhlatg mlstl sltgr, mlvbmg c hcbgr gjlrtc ml vlèfuogs
fgh lstl lqubpchlatg, gjlrlfbmg plocs hgatcmgrcs, slkc fghg btlh ml sârbl gu ctâ
hlshg lh bastcocàüls cjtlrhcrdlt, rlcobzcmcs plocs fgaflssbgaãrbcs gu rlml bamlplamlatl. Zlhgs tumg
bstg fgh ngas goegs, hcs cbamc alflssbtchgs ml prgjbssbgacbs fcpcfbtcmgs pcrc ctlamlr lstc mlhcamc
frlsflatl.
Vlrã cprlslatcmg g sbstlhc hlfîabfg mg fgambfbgacmgr ml cr cutghgtbvg, gs fubmcmgs fgh
hcauslbg mlstl lqubpchlatg, prgflmbhlatgs l mbcàöstbfgs qul ckumcræg ag cprlambzcmg l ag
cprbhgrchlatg mlstl jcsfbacatl huamg mc fobhctbzcàæg cutghgtbvc. Ngas lstumgs.
Hlbg Chnblatl
C FCHCMC ML G[ÝABG
FJF‒‒s ac fchcmc ml gzýabg, vchgs fgaelflr prbhlbrg cs fchcmcs mc

Ycrc latlamlrhgs gs ljlbtgs mgs FJF
cthgsjlrc tlrrlstrl, gaml sl ogfcobzc c jcbxc ml gzýabg prgtltgrc
prgtltgrc mc ]lrrc.
]lrhgsjlrc
Lstc â c fchcmc hcbs lolvcmc mc cthgsjlrc. G cr ac tlrhgsjlrc â lxtrlhchlatl lsfcssg. Hcbs ml 29% ml
tgmg g cr mc cthgsjlrc, lafgatrc-sl cncbxg mlssc fchcmc.
Hlsgsjlrc

G tgpg cpcrlflh
hltlgrgs mc hlsgsjlrc
alstcstlh cs tlhplrcturcs
fchcmcs suplrbgrls mc hcbs ncbxcs
hlsgsjlrc. mc cthgsjlrc. Cs trboecs jlbtcs plogs
Lstrctgsjlrc
C tlhplrcturc mg cr ac Lstrctgsjlrc vcrbc ml cfgrmg fgh suc cotbtuml. Ag tgpg mlstc fchcmc, g cr ctba`l
tlhplrcturcs ml ctâ -6¹F. Â alstc fchcmc qul vgch gs cvbüls c kctg. kctg.
]rgpgsjlrc
C hcbgrbc mcs auvlas l tlhplstcmls gfgrrlh ac trgpgsjlrc, c fchcmc ml cr hcbs pröxbhc

pröxbhc mc ]lrrc. Alstc
fchcmc, qucatg hcbgr c cotbtuml, hlagr â c tlhplrcturc.
G gzýabg â uh `ãs fghpgstg ml 6 ml ãtghgs ml gxb`ëabg (G6) olvlhlatl czuocmg, `lrcmg

qucamg cs hgoâfuocs ml gxb`ëabg (G>) cnsgrvlh rcbgs uotrcvbgoltc (\.Z.). Alstc fgambàæg, g gxb`ëabg sl
mlfghpül,
Hcautlaàæg Cutghgtbvc ‖
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 6

jczlamg fgh qul gs ãtghgs mlstl lolhlatg quèhbfg sl kuatlh kuatlh c gutrcs hgoâfuocs ml gxb`ëabg jgrhcamg g
`ãs gzýabg G> + G 8 G6.
29% mc fchcmc ml gzýabg mc ]lrrc lstã fgatbmc ac lstrctgsjlrc auhc jcbxc jrbc mc cthgsjlrc, ogfcobzcmc
latrl 2.:99h l >=.999h mc ]lrrc. Lssl gzýabg mc lstrctgsjlrc â qul prgtl`l c ]lrrc fgatrc c
rcmbcàæg uotrcvbgoltc.
Suco c bhpgrtîafbc mc fchcmc ml gzýabg7
C ouz mg sgo â jgrhcmc pgr vãrbgs tbpgs ml rcbgs fechcmgs ml rcmbcàüls. Gs rcbgs uotrcvbgoltcs prlslatls
lh `rcaml qucatbmcml ac ouz mg sgo sæg hubtgs agfbvgs c qucoqulr gr`cabshg vbvg. C juaàæg mc fchcmc
ml gzýabg â kustchlatl jbotrcr lstls rcbgs sgocrls plrhbtbamg qul sghlatl uhc plqulac
qucatbmcml ml rcbgs \.Z. ctbakch c suplrjèfbl mc ]lrrc.
G qul sæg gs rcbgs \otrcvbgoltcs7
^cbgs uotrcvbgoltcs sæg gamcs ouhbagscs cs qucbs sl lafgatrch lxctchlatl cfbhc mg lxtrlhg vbgoltc mg
lsplftrg mc ouz vbsèvlo qul fel`c ctlrrc. Ml cfgrmg fgh g fghprbhlatg ml gamc slkc loc furtc gu oga`c, c
hcbs prlkumbfbco sæg cs gamcs furtcs. Gs rcbgs uotrcvbgoltcs (rcbgs \Z) sæg focssbjbfcmgs lh rcbgs \Z-C,
\Z-N l lh rcbgs \Z-F.
G Nurcfg ac Fchcmc ml Gzýabg
C fchcmc ml gzýabg â uhc fcpc mlssl `ãs qul lavgovl c ]lrrc l c prgtl`l ml vãrbgs tbpgs ml rcmbcàæg,
slamg qul c prbafbpco mlocs, c rcmbcàæg uotrcvbgoltc, â c prbafbpco fcuscmgrc ml fîaflr ml plol. Ag ûotbhg
sâfuog, mlvbmg cg mlslavgovbhlatg bamustrbco, pcsscrch c utbobzcr prgmutgs qul lhbtlh
fogrg joûgr fcrngag (FJF), uh `ãs qul cg ctba`br c fchcmc ml gzýabg mlströb cs hgoâfuocs
qul c jgrhch (G6), fcuscamg cssbh c mlstrubàæg mlssc fchcmc mc cthgsjlrc. Vlh lssc
fchcmc, c bafbmëafbc ml rcbgs uotrcvbgoltcs agfbvgs c ]lrrc jbfc slasbvlohlatl hcbgr, cuhlatcamg cs
fecafls ml fgatrcàæg ml fîaflr. Ags ûotbhgs cags tlatgu-sl lvbtcr cg hãxbhg c utbobzcàæg mg FJFs l,
hlshg cssbh, g nurcfg ac fchcmc ml gzýabg fgatbauc cuhlatcamg, prlgfupcamg fcmc vlz hcbs
c pgpuocàæg huambco. Cs baljbfblatls tlatctbvcs ml sl mbhbaubr c prgmuàæg ml FJFs,
mlvbmg é mbjbfuomcml ml sl sunstbtubr lssl `ãs, prbafbpcohlatl ags rljrb`lrcmgrls,
prgvcvlohlatl vëh jczlamg fgh qul g nurcfg fgatbaul cuhlatcamg, prlkumbfcamg fcmc vlz hcbs c
euhcabmcml. \h lxlhpog mg jrcfcssg ac tlatctbvc ml sl lobhbacr c
prgmuàæg ml FJFs jgb c mgs L\C, g hcbgr prgmutgr mlssl `ãs lh tgmg pocaltc. Lh 3205

gs L\C
hbo lh prgmuzbch,
3255. Lhlh clrgsöbs, c prgmuàæg
fghplascàæg, =09 hbo ml tgalocmcs ml FJFs,
FJFs lh gutrgs cuhlatcamg
prgmutgs, qul lrc ml pcrc>6<
6<9 hbo
tgalocmcs lh 3205, pcssgu pcrc <=9 hbo lh 3255, hgstrcamg c alflssbmcml ml sl utbobzcr lssl `ãs lh
agssc vbmc qugtbmbcac. Â hubtg mbjèfbo lafgatrcr uhc sgouàæg pcrc
pcrc g prgnolhc.
prgnolhc.
Ag Nrcsbo cbamc eã pgufg fgh qul sl prlgfupcr
Ag Nrcsbo, c fchcmc ml gzýabg cbamc aæg plrmlu <% mg slu tchcaeg grb`baco, ml
cfgrmg fgh gs bastruhlatgs hlmbmgrls mg BAYL (Bastbtutg ml Ylsqubscs Lspcfbcbs).
G bastbtutg cfghpcaec c hgvbhlatcàæg mg `ãs ac cthgsjlrc mlsml 3205 l ctâ egkl aæg mltlftgu
alaeuhc vcrbcàæg sbàbjbfcatl, prgvcvlohlatl ploc pgufc prgmuàæg ml FJFs ag Nrcsbo lh
fghpcrcàæg fgh gs pcèsls ml prbhlbrg huamg. Ag Nrcsbo cplacs <% mgs clrgsöbs utbobzch
FJFs, kã qul uhc hbsturc ml nutcag l prgpcag â sbàbjbfctbvchlatl hcbs ncrctc, juafbgacamg
plrjlbtchlatl lh sunstbtubàæg cg fogrgjougrfcrngag.
Ljlbtgs al`ctbvgs cg hlbg chnblatl
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg =

C prbafbpco fgaslqÿëafbc mc mlstrubàæg mc fchcmc ml gzýabg slrã g `rcaml cuhlatg mc
bafbmëafbc ml fîaflr ml plol, prlkuèzgs cg sbstlhc bhuagoö`bfg, hcbgr bafbmëafbc ml flùlbrc l
qulbhcmurcs, mlsml qul gs rcbgs uotrcvbgoltcs sæg hutc`ëabfgs. Coâh mbssg, c ebpötlsl mc mlstrubàæg mc
fchcmc ml gzýabg fcusc g mlslquboènrbg ag fobhc, rlsuotcamg ag "ljlbtg lstujc", g qul fcusc g
mlsfga`lochlatg mcs `lolbrcs pgocrls, fgaslqÿlatlhlatl bauamcàæg ml hubtgs tlrrbtörbgs qul
ctucohlatl sl lafgatrch lh fgambàüls ml ecnbtcàæg, rlmuàæg mc jgtgssèatlsl l mg frlsfbhlatg
mcs pocatcs, mlstrubàæg mgs jbtgs poîaftgas, ncsl mc fcmlbc cobhlatcr hcrbaec, fgh fgaslqulatl cuhlatg
mc lhbssæg ml `ãs fcrnýabfg. Ml qucoqulr jgrhc, c hcbgr prlgfupcàæg mgs fblatbstcs â hlshg fgh g
fîaflr ml plol, fukc bafbmëafbc vlh cuhlatcamg ags ûotbhgs vbatl cags. Fcmc vlz hcbs sl cfgasloec c
lvbtcr g sgo acs egrcs lh qul lstlkc hubtg jgrtl, cssbh fghg c utbobzcàæg ml jbotrgs sgocrls, sæg cs ûabfcs
hcalbrcs ml sl prlvlabr
prlvlabr l prgtl`lr
prgtl`lr c plol.
plol.
Sul ljlbtg trãs pcrc aös g cuhlatg mc rcmbcàæg uotrcvbgoltc7
C C`ëafbc ml Yrgtlàæg Chnblatco mgs Lstcmgs \abmgs plsqubsgu lstc sbtucàæg l prlvë qul c
rcmbcàæg bafrlhlatcmc ml \.Z. qul cofcaàc c suplrjèfbl mc ]lrrc, pgmlrã
pgmlrã tlr gs slùbatls ljlbtgs;
• lolvcàæg ac gfgrrëafbc mgs fcsgs ml fîaflr ml plol4
plol4
• mcags és fgoelbtcs4
• mcags c gr`cabshgs hcrbaegs4
• cuhlatg mg cqulfbhlatg mg ògng tlrrlstrl.
Yrgtgfgog ml Hgatrlco
Lh juaàæg mlssls mcmgs cocrhcatls, 50 pcèsls, mlatrl lols g Nrcsbo, jbrhcrch g Yrgtgfgog ml Hgatrlco
fgh g gnkltbvg ml prgtl`lr
prgtl`lr c fchcmc ml gzýabg.
Cs cmbàüls cg Yrgtgfgog ml Hgatrlco lxb`brch c suprlssæg mc prgmuàæg mgs FJF FJF‒‒s lh jcsls, fghlàcamg
lh kuoeg ml 3252 l uhc batlrmbàæg tgtco mc prgmuàæg c pcrtbr ml 93 ml kcalbrg ml 322: (Ycrc gs pcèsls
sunmlslavgovbmgs lstc mctc tlh fcrëafbc ml 39 cags).
C lobhbacàæg lh jcsls mc prgmuàæg ml ^-3>, tgragu alflssãrbg g mlslavgovbhlatg ml
uh gutrg rljrb`lrc
rljrb`lrcatl
atl cprgprbcmg pcrc
pcrc uscr lh sbstlhcs hövlbs ml fgambfbgachlatg ml cr cr.. G ^-36=C tlh
tghcmg g ou`cr mg ^-3>. Ag latcatg, g ^-36=C aæg pgml slr uscmg lh sbstlhcs qul usch ctucohlatl g ^-
3>. G ^-
3> l ^-36=C aæg sæg fghpctèvlbs.
Ag jbaco mc mâfcmc ml 29 gfgrrlu uhc lsfcsslz ml ^-3>, hcs hlshg cssbh hubtgs vlèfuogs fgh sbstlhcs
ml fgambfbgacmgr ml cr qul uscvch ^-3>, cbamc fgatbauch c fbrfuocr.

Gs prgmutgrls
Coâh lstæg mlslavgovlamg rljrb`lrcatls cotlractbvgs qul pgmlh
mbssg, lols lstæg lstumcamg c pgssbnbobmcml ml cmcptcr
slr uscmgs pcrc lsscs cpobfcàüls.
vlèfuogs hcbs vloegs, cg usg
ml agvgs rljrb`lr

rljrb`lrcatls.
catls.
Fgasbmlrcàüls juturcs ml mlsbà mgs sbstlhcs ml fgambfbgachlatg ml cr aæg mlvlh fgaflatrcr-sl cplacs
lh cotlractbvcs ml rljrb`lrcatls, hcs tchnâh ac ljbfbëafbc mlssls sbstlhcs fgh g batlatg ml
rlmuzbr c qucatbmcml mg rljrb`lrcatl utbobzcmg.
Fgafousüls
 Ac obaec mgs lsjgràgs ògncbs pcrc
pcrc prgtlàæg
prgtlàæg mg fobhc, eã uh batlrlssl lh "rljrb`lrcatls acturcbs"4
 G usg ml rljrb`lrcatls aæg-sbatâtbfgs, acturcbs, ncsbfchlatl chýabc (^-030), mböxbmg ml fcrngag (^-0==) l
EF (^-:99C, ^->29, ^-3>09) lstã cuhlatcamg lh juaàæg mcs sucs fcrcftlrèstbfcs
chnblatcbs l ml mlslhplaeg jcvgrãvlbs4
 Gs rljrb`lrcatls acturcbs sæg hubtg ncrctgs, g qul tlh uh ljlbtg pgsbtbv
pgsbtbvgg aæg sö ac fcr`c babfbco ml uhc
bastcocàæg, hcs tchnâh, fgasbmlrcamg gs fustgs gplrcfbgacbs mlvbmg cgs vczchlatgs4
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <

 Ygr gutrg ocmg mlvbmg é qulstæg ml slùrcaàc, lstbhc-sl qul gs fustgs ml bavlstbhlatgs pcrc bastcocàüls
uscamg rljrb`lrcatls acturcbs sæg hcbs cotg qul pcrc bastcocàüls uscamg rljrb`lrcatls sbatâtbfgs, mlplamlamg
mg tbpg l tchcaeg mg sbstlhc.
 Aæg eã ctucohlatl uh rljrb`lrcatl bmlco, mlvl-sl fgasbmlrcr qul fcmc sbstlhc ml ^CF mlatrg
ml sucs pcrtbfuocrbmcmls pcrc
pcrc c lsfgoec mg rljrb`lrcatl.
 Fghpcrcamg fgh FJFs l EFJFs g usg mlstcs cotlractbvcs cprlslatc mlscjbgs tâfabfgs,
bafoubamg cs qulstüls ml slùrcaàc l ljbfbëafbc.
Fubmcmgs fgh c hcabpuocàæg ml joubmgs rljrb`lrcatls
Â prlfbsg fechcr c ctlaàæg sgnrl mgbs prgflmbhlatgs cpcrlatlhlatl bagjlasbvgs, qul ac
rlcobmcml prgvgfch mcags chnblatcbs. Yrbhlbrg; cfecr qul c obnlrcàæg ml fghpgstgs mg tbpg EJF aæg
bhpcftc g hlbg chnblatl. Aæg
Aæg mlvlhgs obnlrcr alaeuh `ãs pcrc
pcrc c cthgsjlrc, sgn plac
plac ml fgatrbnubr pcrc
pcrc g
cuhlatg mg ljlbtg lstujc. Mlsfcrtcr g sgovlatl ^-3=3N cpös c suc utbobzcàæg ac obhplzc mgs sbstlhcs
jrb`grèjbfgs ac rlml ml ls`gtg. G fgrrltg â rlfgoelr l lavcscr lstl fghpgstg, cpös suc
utbobzcàæg, lh fbobamrgs cprgprbcmgs l mlpgbs lavbcr és lhprlscs flrtbjbfcmcs plogs ör`ægs
chnblatcbs pcrc qul slkc mcmc c mlstbacàæg jbaco slùrc.
Mcags é scûml;
 Hcbgr bafbmëafbc ml fîaflr ml plol4
plol4
 Yrlkuèzgs cg sbstlhc bhuagoö`bfg4

Hcbgr bafbmëafbc ml fctcrctc4
 Sulbhcmurcs.
Mcags cg Hlbg Chnblatl;
 ^lmuàæg mc jgtgssèatlsl l mg frlsfbhlatg mcs pocatcs4
pocatcs4
 Mlstrubàæg mgs jbtgs poîaftgas,
poîaftgas, ncsl
ncsl mc fcmlbc cobhlatcr hcrbaec, fgh fgaslqÿlatl cuhlatg mc lhbssæg ml
`ãs fcrnýabfg4
 Cuhlatg mgs @csls mg Ljlbtg Lstujc4
 Feuvcs ãfbmcs.
> - AGÀÜLV NÃVBFCV
]LHYL^C]\^C
]lhplrcturc â mljbabmc fghg `rcu ml c`btcàæg hgolfuocr ml uh fgrpg, gu slkc, qucatg hcbgr c c`btcàæg
hgolfuocr, hcbgr c tlhplrcturc mg fgrpg. C tlhplrcturc pgml slr mltlrhbacmc ploc utbobzcàæg
ml uh tlrhýhltrg, fghg bastruhlatg ml hlmbmc, l qul pgml sl cprlslatcr ag fgambfbgacmgr ml cr
cutghgtbvg lh mucs lsfcocs ml hlmbmcs mbstbatcs; Flosbus (¹F) l Jcerlaelbt (¹J).
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg :

Ycrc fgavlrtlr `rcus Flosbus lh Jcerlaelbt gu vbfl-vlrsc, pgmlhgs cpobfcr c slùbatl
lqucàæg ml fgavlrsæg;
Y^LVVÆG
Â c jgràc lxlrfbmc sgnrl uhc mltlrhbacmc ãrlc.
Yrlssæg cthgsjârbfc â g rlsuotcmg mg plsg mc fgouac ml cr sgnrl uh mltlrhbacmg pgatg.

pgatg. Cg aèvlo mg hcr,
bssg rlprlslatc 3,966 D`j/fh> gu 3=,0 YVB.
\abmcmls ml hlmbmcs ml prlssæg

Mlplamlamg mg sbstlhc ml uabmcml ml hlmbmc cmgtcmg ac obaec cutghgtbvc, c prlssæg
prlssæg ml uh joubmg pgml
pgml
slr lxprlssc lh d`j/fh>, ncr
ncr l on/pgo>.
YVB - Yjcrl Vqucrl Bafe - Obnrcs pgr
pgr pgol`cmc
pgol`cmc cg qucmrcmg
]bpgs ml prlssæg
Coâh mc prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc, lxbstlh hcbs trës tbpgs ml prlssæg;
prlssæg;
Hcaghâtrbfc
Â c prlssæg hlmbmc ag hcaýhltrg.
Al`ctbvc gu vãfug
Â c cusëafbc rloctbvc ml hctârbc lh uh lspcàg.
Cnsgoutc
Â c sghc mc prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc hcbs c prlssæg
prlssæg hcaghâtrbfc.

FCOG^
Â uhc jgrhc ml lalr`bc rlsuotcatl mg hgvbhlatg vbnrctörbg mcs hgoâfuocs lh uh fgrpg. C batlasbmcml
mlssc lalr`bc ags trcashbtl cs slascàüls ml qulatl gu jrbg, lh rlocàæg é tlhplrcturc mg fgrpg euhcag.
Gu slkc, â uhc jgrhc ml lalr`bc rlsuotcatl mc mbjlrlaàc ml tlhplrcturc latrl mgbs fgrpgs, gu slkc, fcogr â c
trcashbssæg mc lalr`bc târhbfc.
Sucamg lh mucs rl`büls mg uabvlrsg lxbstl uhc mbjlrlaàc ml tlhplrcturc, lstc tlaml c
mlscpcrlflr lspgatcalchlatl plog cpcrlfbhlatg mc jgrhc ml lalr`bc FCOG^.
G fgakuatg ml jlaýhlags qul fcrcftlrbzch lstc pcssc`lh mc jgrhc ml lalr`bc fcogr â qul mlaghbachgs
]rcashbssæg ml Fcogr.
]lgrbfchlatl c trcashbssæg ml fcogr pgml
pgml gfgrrlr bsgocmchlatl pgr
pgr fgamuàæg, fgavlfàæg gu rcmbcàæg.
\abmcml ml hlmbmc ml fcogr
C uabmcml ml hlmbmc hcbs trcmbfbgaco pcrc mltlrhbacr c qucatbmcml ml fcogr â g N]\ (Nrbtbse]elrhco
\abt). Lssc uabmcml târhbfc baòlsc rlprlslatc c qucatbmcml ml fcogr pcrc cqulflr uh `rcu
Jcerlaelbt
(3¹J), c qucatbmcml lqubvcolatl c uhc obnrc (=<=`) ml ãùc.
Lxbstl uhc tlamëafbc huambco lh sl utbobzcr g sbstlhc hâtrbfg pcrc hlmbr c batlasbmcml ml fcogr. Ygr lssl
sbstlhc, c uabmcml ml hlmbmc mg fcogr â c Subogfcogrbc (Dfco), qul rlprlslatc g fcogr
alflssãrbg pcrc olvcr lh uh `rcu Flosbus (3¹F) c tlhplrcturc ml 3 D` ml ãùc.
Vucs uabmcmls ml hlmbmcs pgmlh
pgmlh slr; Kguol, Fco, Dfco,
slr; Kguol, Dfco, Pctt-egrc, N]\...
N]\...
C trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr slùl gs slùbatls prbafèpbgs;
 pcrc g ml hlagr tlhplrcturc (mg hcbs ‟qul
Fcogr slhprl trcasjlrl mg fgrpg ml hcbgr tlhplrcturc pcrc ‟qulatl
atl‘‘ pcrc
pcrc g
hcbs ‟j rbg‘
rbg‘)4

C hcssc mgs fgrpgs aæg sl cotlrc murcatl c trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr4
 C tcxc ml trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr â hcbgr qucatg hcbgr jgr é mbjlrlaàc ml tlhplrcturc latrl gs fgrpgs.
Cs jgrhcs ml trcashbssæg ml fcogr sæg mljbabmcs fghg Fgamuàæg - Fgavlfàæg ‖
‖ ^cmbcàæg
Fgaflbtgs nãsbfgs ml tlrhgmbaîhbfc
G qul â ^ljrb`lrcàæg7
^ljrb`lrcàæg7
Â g ctg ml rlhgvlr gu trcasjlrbr g fcogr ml uh chnblatl pcrc
pcrc gutrg.
G qul â Fcogr7
Â uhc jgrhc ml lalr`bc qul sl trcashbtl ml uh fgrpg pcrc g gutrg, fghg rlsuotcmg ml uhc mbjlrlaàc ml
tlhplrcturc latrl lols.
Jgatls ml Fcogr;

Fgamuàæg; â c trcasjlrëafbc mg fcogr ags söobmgs. Ac jbùrc, fgamuàæg â c trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr ctrcvâs
mcs pcrlmls
pcrlmls mg ýabnus.
Fgavlfàæg; â trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr ags jouèmgs. Ac jbùrc, fgavlfàæg â c trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr ctrcvâs
mcs fgrrlatls ml cr mlatrg mg ýabnus.
^cmbcàæg; â c trcasjlrëafbc mg fcogr pgr
pgr rcbgs, gu slkc, â c trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr mg sgo pcrc
pcrc c tlrrc.
Ylssgcs; trcasjlrëafbc ml fcogr ctrcvâs mc trcaspbrcàæg l rlspbrcàæg mcs plssgcs.
plssgcs.

Fcogr
ag slasèvlo;
hlshg. qucamg g fcogr cnsgrvbmg gu flmbmg pgr uh hctlrbco fcusc uhc humcaàc ml tlhplrcturc
Fcogr octlatl; â c lalr`bc qul fcusc gu cfghpcaec uhc humcaàc mljcsl, aæg humcamg c tlhplrcturc mc
hctârbc.
Fcogr lsplfèjbfg
Â rlprlslatcmg ploc qucatbmcml ml fcogr alflssãrbg pcrc humcr c tlhplrcturc ml uhc hcssc
lh `rcu
(3¹F). Cs uabmcmls ml fcogr lsplfèjbfg sæg;
• Dfco/D`¹F
• N]\/on¹J

Ac
9¹F tcnloc
c cncbxg cprlslatchgs g fcogr lsplfèjbfg hâmbg ml coùhcs sunstîafbcs, vãobmg latrl
399¹F.

Fcogr slasèvlo
Â c qucatbmcml ml fcogr rlflnbmc gu flmbmc pgr uh fgrpg, fcpcz ml prgvgfcr
prgvgfcr,, alstl fgrpg, uhc vcrbcàæg
ml tlhplrcturc.
Fcogr octlatl
Â cqulol qul prgvgfc
prgvgfc humcaàc ml jcsl slh qul eckc vcrbcàæg ml tlhplrcturc.
]lhplrcturc U Yrlssæg
Ml cfgrmg fgh c Olb
Olb ml Fecrols; ‟ Ycrc fcmc tlhplrcturc, lxbstl uhc prlssæg
prlssæg fgrrlspgamlatl ‘.
Bssg qulr mbzlr qul, sl lolvcrhgs c tlhplrcturc ml uh joubmg ag batlrbgr ml uh rlfbpblatl, suc prlssæg
tchnâh sl lolvcrã.
G bavlrsg tchnâh â vlrmcmlbrg, gu slkc, sl cuhlatcrhgs c prlssæg prlssæg ml uh joubmg, suc tlhplrcturc tchnâh
cuhlatcrã. C ãùc sgnrl prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc agrhco (aèvlo mg hcr) jlrvl c 399¹F.
C tlhplrcturc ml lnuobàæg mc ãùc mlplaml mc prlssæg lxlrfbmc. Vl c prlssæg lxlrfbmc sgnrl
c ãùc cuhlatcr lh 9,92 d`j./fh>, c ãùc aæg jlrvlrã ctâ qul c tlhplrcturc ctbakc335¹F.

C ãùc sgnrl prlssæg
prlssæg hlagr qul c cthgsjârbfc fghlàc c jlrvlr lh tlhplrcturcs bajlrbgrls c 399¹F.
Sucamg c prlssæg
prlssæg â cotc, g pgatg
pgatg ml lnuobàæg mg oèqubmg tchnâh sl tgrac cotg. Sucamg c prlssæg prlssæg â ncbxc,
ncbxc, g
oèqubmg fghlàc c jlrvlr c uhc tlhplrcturc hcbs ncbxc.
Ycrc jcfbobtcr g latlambhlatg, pgmlhgs
pgmlhgs mbzlr qul c fcmc =99 hltrgs ml cotbtuml, c tlhplrcturc ml lnuobàæg
mc ãùc mbhbaub lh 3¹F.
Lxlhpog;
• Lh Væg Ycuog c cotbtuml â ml 599 hltrgs....................................................... c ãùc jlrvl c 25¹F
• Lh Fchpgs ml Kgrmæg c 3.:99 hltrgs........................................................... c ãùc jlrvl c 2:¹F
• Lh Oc Ycz (Ngoèvbc) c =.999 hltrgs.............................................................. c ãùc jlrvl c 29¹F
Ygr lssc rczæg, sur`bu c pcaloc ml prlssæg. Fgh loc pgmlhgs lolvcr g pgatg mc
lnuobàæg l fgaslqÿlatlhlatl c suc tlhplrcturc.
Fcogr x ]lhplrcturc

Ag mbc-c-mbc
slascàæg mllstchgs
fgastcatlhlatl
qulatl gu jrbg, latrcamg lh fgatctg
plrflnlamg fgh gnkltgs
mbjlrlatls gu chnblatls
tlhplrcturcs. gaml pgmlhgs
Coùhcs tlr c
lxprlssüls
pgmlh ctâ cprlslatcr cs pcocvrcs fgh slus fgaflbtgs trgfcmgs, fghg ag fcsg mc lxprlssæg ‟f
‟fghg
ghg lstã
fcogr egk l!‘,, gaml sl usc c pcocvrc fcogr pcrc lxprlsscr c tlhplrcturc mg chnblatl. C pcrtbr
egkl!‘
mbssg sl mlmuz qul cs slascàüls ml qulatl l jrbg qul tlhgs tchnâh aæg sæg slascàüls ml
fcogr l sbh ml tlhplrcturc. Ac vlrmcml, tlhplrcturc ml uh gnkltg gu hlbg â c hlmbmc ml
g qucatg lstæg c`btcmgs slus ãtghgs l hgoâfuocs, laqucatg qul fcogr gu lalr`bc târhbfc â c
qucatbmcml ml lalr`bc lavgovbmc alssc c`btcàæg hgolfuocr.
Ygr lxlhpog;
\hc xèfcrc ml fcjâ fgatâh plqulac qucatbmcml ml fcogr, hlshg scnlamg-sl qul suc tlhplrcturc â ml
:9¹F.
L tchnâh pgmlhgs
pgmlhgs mbzlr qul uhc pbsfbac
pbsfbac tlh `rcaml qucatbmcml ml fcogr, hlshg scnlamg-sl qul c ãùc
lstã c uhc tlhplrcturc ml >9¹F.
Fgafouèhgs latæg qul cplscr mc plqulac qucatbmcml ml fcogr lxbstlatl ac xèfcrc, g fcjâ

tlh uhc
lh uh tlhplrcturc hcbs lolvcmc mg qul c ãùc mc pbsfbac, pgr lstcr lssl fcogr fgaflatrcmg
plqulag
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 3>

vgouhl.
\HBMCML
Sucamg fgogfchgs ãùc l `log mlatrg ml uh fgpg, pgmlhgs agtcr qul sur`lh `gtcs ml ãùc
sgnrl c suplrjèfbl lxtlrac mg fgpg. Lstcs `gtcs ml ãùc vëh mg cr cg rlmgr mg fgpg, pgrtcatg â rlsuotcmg
mg vcpgr ml ãùc qul lstcvc fgatbmg ag cr cr..
Lssc uhbmcml mg cr pgml
pgml slr rlprlslatcmc ml mucs jgrhcs mbjlrlatls;
• \hbmcml ^loctbvc mg cr
• \hbmcml Cnsgoutc
\hbmcml ^loctbvc mg cr (\.^.)
Â c qucatbmcml ml ãùc fgatbmc ag cr cr,, lh rlocàæg é qucatbmcml ml ãùc qul g cr pgml
fgatlr, c uhc mltlrhbacmc tlhplrcturc. C fcpcfbmcml ml rltlaàæg ml ãùc mg cr jrbg â hlagr mg qul c mg
cr qulatl. G cr fgh 39¹F supgrtc uhc qucatbmcml ml ãùc hlagr mg qul g cr fgh uhc tlhplrcturc ml
69¹F, pcrc uh hlshg vgouhl ml cr cr..
C \.^. â gntbmc ctrcvâs mc mbvbsæg latrl c qucatbmcml rlco ml ãùc ploc qucatbmcml hãxbhc
ml ãùc fgatbmc mg cr cr..
\hbmcml Cnsgoutc
^lprlslatc c qucatbmcml ml ãùc ag cr fghpcrcmc fgh cr slfg.
Lstcmgs mc hctârbc
Ygmlhgs mljbabr Lstcmg mc Hctârbc fghg cs fcrcftlrèstbfcs ml lxbstëafbc ml uh fgrpg sgn mltlrhbacmcs
fgambàüls jèsbfcs. \h fgrpg pgml
pgml lxbstbr lh trës lstcmgs mbstbatgs; Vöobmg, oèqubmg l `csgsg.
6 - JOÛBMGV ^LJ^B@L^CA]LV
Jouèmg rljrb`lrcatl â c sunstîafbc qul cnsgrvl fcogr ml uh chnblatl c slr rljrb`lrcmg. G prgflssg ctrcvâs
mg quco sl rlcobzc lssc trgfc ml fcogr â fechcmc ml rljrb`lrcàæg gu fgambfbgachlatg ml cr. cr. ]rctc-sl ml
jouèmgs qul coâh ml gutrcs fcrcftlrèstbfcs, tlh uh ncbxg ncbxg pgatg
pgatg ml lnuobàæg c prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc.
Cpös acmcrhgs lh uh mbc qulatl, aös slatbhgs uhc slascàæg ml jrlsfgr. Bstg gfgrrl, pgrqul pgrqul c ãùc rltbrc

g fcogr mg agssg fgrpg pgr lvcpgrcàæg. Ylog hlshg hgtbvg, aös slatbhgs jrlsfgr qucamg
cpobfchgs ãofggo sgnrl agssgs nrcàgs.
nrcàgs. G ãofggo rltbrc g fcogr mgs nrcàgs
nrcàgs tchnâh pgr
pgr lvcpgrcàæg.
]gmgs gs joubmgs pcrc sl lvcpgrcrlh alflssbtch `caecr fcogr l pcrc sl obquljczlrlh, prlfbsch
plrmlr fcogr.
fcogr.
G tlrhg rljrb`lrcatl sl rljlrl cg joubmg uscmg ag sbstlhc mg fgambfbgacmgr ml cr pcrc prgmuzbr ‟jr bg‘
pcrc prgmuzbr bg‘ ploc
ploc
cnsgràæg ml fcogr.
Lh `lrco, uh rljrb`lrcatl â uhc sunstîafbc qul fbrfuoc ctrcvâs mcs pcrtls mg sbstlhc pcrc gntlaàæg mg
ljlbtg rljrlsfcatl, cnsgrvlamg fcogr ctrcvâs mg prgflssg
prgflssg ml lvcpgrcàæg.
Yrgprblmcmls mgs joubmgs rljrb`lrcatls
\h joubmg rljrb`lrcatl bmlco mlvl tlr cs slùbatls prgprblmcmls;
prgprblmcmls;
• Obquljczlr-sl ag fgamlascmgr é tlhplrcturc chnblatl l c prlssüls
prlssüls hgmlrcmcs.
• Lvcpgrcr-sl é prlssæg
prlssæg cfbhc mc prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc.
• ]lr plqulag
plqulag vgouhl lsplfèjbfg (plqulag vgouhl lh rlocàæg c slu plsg). plsg).
• ]lr uh lolvcmg fcogr octlatl ml vcpgrbzcàæg.
• Vlr qubhbfchlatl lstãvlo (aæg cotlrcr, hlshg fgh rlpltbmcs humcaàcs ml jcsl ag fbrfubtg).
• Aæg
Aæg slr töxbfg lh chnblatl cnlrtg.
• Aæg
Aæg slr fgrrgsbvg cg hctlrbco cpobfcmg ag lqubpchlatg.
• Aæg
Aæg slr bajochãvlo.
• Ylrhbtbr jãfbo ogfcobzcàæg ml vczchlatgs.

•• Aæg ctcfcr
]lr ngc
ngc g öolg ounrbjbfcatl
sgounbobmcml fgh öolg gu tlr qucoqulr
ounrbjbfcatl ljlbtg ag
cpobfcmg bamlslkãvlo
sbstlhc. sgnrl gutrgs hctlrbcbs mc uabmcml.
• Vlr lfgoö`bfg (aæg c`rlmbr g hlbg chnblatl).
Cpobfcàüls mgs joubmgs rljrb`lrcatls
^-3>
Â g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl hcbs utbobzcmg, sgnrltumg ac rljrb`lrcàæg mghâstbfc, fghlrfbco l cutghgtbvc. Aæg â
töxbfg, aæg â bajochãvlo l alh fgrrgsbvg. Coâh ml slr cotchlatl lstãvlo, suc tlhplrcturc ml lnuobàæg é
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc, â ml ->2,5¹F. Bstg sbàbjbfc qul cg slr obnlrcmg pcrc c cthgsjlrc ac jgrhc oèqubmc, g
^-3> pcssc mc jcsl oèqubmc pcrc c jcsl `csgsc, ncbxcamg c suc tlhplrcturc pcrc ->2,5¹F. Ygr gutrg ocmg, g
pgatg ml sgobmbjbfcàæg gfgrrl c -3<5¹F.
^-36=C
Â uh joubmg rljrb`lrcatl cotlractbvg qul vlbg pcrc sunstbtubr g ^-3>. G mlslavgovbhlatg l usg mg ^-36=c
lh sbstlhcs ml fgambfbgacmgr ml cr rlspgaml és prlgfupcàüls c rlsplbtg mg hlbg-chnblatl,
l hcbs lsplfbjbfchlatl é lobhbacàæg mc fchcmc ml gzýabg qul sl lafgatrc lh vgotc mc
]lrrc. G fgaslasg huambco â qul g fogrg grb`baãrbg mgs prgmutgs sbatâtbfgs quèhbfgs
fechcmgs fogrgmbjougrfcrngags
(FJF‒s) l g nrghg grb`baãrbg mgs prgmutgs quèhbfgs fechcmgs ecog`ëabgs, vëh lobhbacamg g gzýabg mc
(FJF‒
lstrctgsjlrc. G ^-3> â uh fogrgjougrfcrngag uscmg uabvlrscohlatl fghg rljrb`lrcatl, lh
sbstlhcs ml fgambfbgacmgrls ml cr cutghgtbvgs.
G ^-36=C, jgb lsfgoebmg ploc hcbgrbc mgs jcnrbfcatls ml lqubpchlatgs, mcmc c lxfloëafbc
mg slu mlslhplaeg, fghg sunstbtutg, c oga`g prczg, prczg, mg ^-3> lh cpobfcàüls, tcbs fghg;
- cr fgambfbgacmg hövlo4
- cr fgambfbgacmg bamustrbco (feboolrs flatrèju`gs)4
- rljrb`lrcàæg mghâstbfc4
- rljrb`lrcàæg fghlrfbco l ml trcaspgrtl.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 3=

Fghg tgmgs gs EJF, g ^-36=C alflssbtc mc utbobzcàæg ml öolgs sbatâtbfgs, pgr pgr jgrhc c csslùrcr g rltgrag
ötbhg ml öolg cg fghprlssgr.
G ^-36=C aæg fgatâh fogrg l, pgrtcatg,
pgrtcatg, cprlslatc hlagr chlcàc cg hlbg chnblatl mg qul g ^ - 3>. Vlu
pgatg ml lnuobàæg â ml ->:,3<¹F l slu pgatg
pgatg ml sgobmbjbfcàæg â cprgxbhcmchlatl -362¹F.
Fcrcftlrèstbfcs mg ^ ‖
‖ 36=C
G rljrb`lrcatl ^-36=C â qubhbfchlatl sbhbocr cg rljrb`lrcatl ^-3> pgrâh, gs mgbs
aæg sæg batlrfchnbãvlbs gu fghpctèvlbs. Gs mlsbàlrs ml sbstlhcs ml fgambfbgacmgr ml cr lh
vlèfuogs tbvlrch qul hgmbjbfcr gs slus mlslaegs pcrc csslùrcr uh mlslhplaeg cmlqucmg l gplrcàüls
qucobtctbvcs c oga`g prczg.
Lh `lrco, g mlslhplaeg mg ^-36=C â hlags ljbfblatl mg qul g ^-3> l rlqulr fghpgalatls hcbgrls. G
^-36=C lxb`l hcbs prlssæg mg sbstlhc l hcbs jouëafbc ml cr ctrcvâs mg fgamlascmgr pcrc rltbrcr g fcogr
crhczlacmg ag joubmg rljrb`lrcatl.
G ^-3> l g ^-36=C mlslavgovlh hcbs gu hlags cs hlshcs prlssüls lh tlhplrcturcs hcbs
ncbxcs. Cfbhc ml 5¹F, g ^-36=C fghlàc c ctba`br vcogrls ml prlssæg suplrbgrls c mg ^-3> qucamg
sunhltbmg é hlshc tlhplrcturc.
G ^-36=C aæg fgatâh fogrg l tlh uhc pgtëafbc
pgtëafbc ml lobhbacàæg ml gzýabg bùco c zlrg.
Cs prbafbpcbs
prbafbpcbs cotlrcàüls jlbtcs pcrc
pcrc utbobzcàæg mg `ãs rljrb`lrcatl ^-36=C jgrch;
• Jgrhc l hctlrbco mcs kuatcs
kuatcs l vlmcmgrls.
• Zcogrls ml prlssæg
prlssæg rlckustcmgs.
• Hctlrbco mg jbotrg gu cfuhuocmgr
• Cuhlatg mc fcpcfbmcml mg fgamlascmgr.
Mbjlrlaàcs latrl gs sbstlhcs ^-3> l ^-36=C
 ^-36=C cnsgrvl hcbs ãùc qul g ^-3>. Væg alflssãrbgs agvgs c`latls mbsslfcmgrls4
 ^-36=C plaltrc
plaltrc acs hcaùlbrcs ml ngrrcfec
ngrrcfec fgh hcbgr jrlqÿëafbc qul g ^-3>, alflssbtc-sl ml hcaùlbrcs
fgh jgrrg ml ayoga4
 Öolgs ncslcmgs lh hbalrcbs aæg prgvbmlafbch ounrbjbfcàæg cmlqucmc lh sbstlhcs fgh ^-36=C. G öolg
mlslavgovbmg pcrc usg fgh ^-36=C lh fghnbacàæg fgh ^-3> sl mlfghpül jgrhcamg co`g pcrlfbmg fgh
‟och
‟ochc‘ l pgmlh mcabjbfcr sbstlhcs4
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 3<

 Vbstlhc ml fgambfbgachlatg ml cr qul utbobzch ^-36=C gplrch fghprlssüls hcbgrls mcqulols fgh ^-3>.
 Chngs gs rljrb`lrcatls aæg sæg bajochãvlbs ac tlhplrcturc chnblatl. Fgatumg, g ^-36=C pgml tgracr-sl
bajochãvlo acs prlssüls cfbhc mc prlssæg
prlssæg cthgsjârbfc, lh fghnbacàæg fgh fgaflatrcàüls ml cr suplrbgrls c
:9%.
 G ^-36=C cnsgrvl hcbs ãùc mg qul g ^-3>. Bssg sbàbjbfc qul agvgs c`latls
mbsslfcmgrls sæg alflssãrbgs. G ^-36=C prlfbsc ml cprgxbhcmchlatl ml 39% c >9% hcbs ml c`latls
mbsslfcmgrls mg qul sbstlhcs fgh ^-3>.
 Jgrch mlslavgovbmgs öolgs lsplfbcbs ml pgobcodyolal`
pgobcodyolalòbfgo
obfgo sbatâtbfgs (öolgs YC@) pcrc usg lh
sbstlhcs fgh ^-36=C. Gs öolgs ounrbjbfcatls pcrc sbstlhcs ml fgambfbgacmgrls ml cr ncslcmgs lh
hbalrcbs, aæg prgvbmlafbch ounrbjbfcàæg cmlqucmc lh sbstlhcs fgh ^-36=C.
 G ^-36=C tlh uh pgtlafbco ml lobhbacàæg ml gzýabg (GMY) bùco c zlrg. Latrltcatg, tlh uh pgtlafbco ml
cqulfbhlatg ògnco ml ecogfcrngag ml cprgxbhcmchlatl ml 9,6. Ygrtcatg, c rlfuplrcàæg mg ^-
36=Câ gnrb`ctörbc ags Lstcmgs \abmgs mlsml 322<.
= - FB^F\B]G NÃVBFG ML ^LJ^B@L^CÀÆG
G prbafèpbg ml juafbgachlatg mgs fgambfbgacmgrls ml cr, acmc hcbs â mg qul c trgfc ml tlhplrcturc mg
chnblatl batlrag plog lxtlrag, ctrcvâs mc pcssc`lh mg cr ploc slrplatbac mg lvcpgrcmgr (rcmbcmgr jrbg)
qul pgr fgatctg sgjrl qulmc ml tlhplrcturc, ncbxcamg c uhbmcml rloctbvc mg cr.
cr. C rljrb`lrcàæg â pgssèvlo
`rcàcs és humcaàcs ml lstcmg mg rljrb`lrcatl, grc lh lstcmg oèqubmg (cotc prlssæg), grc `csgsg
(ncbxc prlssæg). Cg humcr mg lstcmg oèqubmg pcrc g `csgsg, prgflssg fechcmg ml lvcpgrcàæg, cnsgrvl g
fcogr mg cr mlatrg mg ecnbtãfuog, suplrcqulflamg g `ãs rljrb`lrcatl. Ml hgmg bavlrsg, cg pcsscr mg lstcmg
`csgsg pcrc g oèqubmg, g rljrb`lrcatl plrml fcogr ac pcrtl lxtlrac mg vlèfuog, prgflssg fechcmg ml
fgamlascàæg, gaml g `ãs rljrb`lrcatl rlflnl suplr-rlsjrbchlatg. Gu slkc, plrml g fcogr
cnsgrvbmg ag lvcpgrcmgr. Sucamg cofcaàcmg c tlhplrcturc mlslkcmc â jlbtc olbturc ctrcvâs ml uh
slasgr ogfcobzcmg ag lvcpgrcmgr qul lstl pgr suc vlz mlsob`c g fghprlssgr,jczlamg fgh qul g
lqubpchlatg hcatlaec c tlhplrcturc ml fgajgrtg euhcag pgr coùh tlhpg, qucoqulr vcrbcàæg
alssc tlhplrcturc cutghctbfchlatl cfbgac g fghprlssgr agvchlatl.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 3:

G fghprlssgr suffbgac g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ag lstcmg `csgsg (vcpgr suplr cqulfbmg) l mlsfcrrl`c lh cotc
prlssæg pcrc g fgamlascmgr. Cg latrcr ag fgamlascmgr, g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl humc mg lstcmg `csgsg pcrc g
lstcmg oèqubmg plrmlamg fcogr pcrc g jouxg ml cr jrgatco. Cg scbr mg fgamlascmgr (oèqubmg sun rlsjrbcmg l
cbamc lh cotc prlssæg) vcb pcrc g jbotrg mlsslfcatl gaml slræg cnsgrvbmcs cs bhpurlzcs l c
uhbmcml prgvlablatls mg mls`cstl ml fghpgalatls l lxpgsbàæg mg sbstlhc ‟l ‟lh cnlrtg‘‘.
h cnlrtg
Vlùbamg cbamc g fbrfubtg, g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl scb mg jbotrg pcrc g mbspgsbtbvg ml lxpcasæg,
gaml slrã
‟ puovlrbzcmg‘ lh lstcmg oèqubmg l lh ncbxc
puovlrbzcmg‘ ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg ag lvcpgrcmgr.
Ctrcvâs mg jouxg ml cr basujocmg ag lvcpgrcmgr, plog vlatbocmgr mc fcbxc mbstrbnubmgrc ml cr cr,,
g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl cnsgrvl g fcogr mg ecnbtãfuog mg vlèfuog trcasjgrhcamg-sl mg lstcmg
oèqubmg pcrc `csgsg, pcsscamg plog rltgrag mg lvcpgrcmgr l slùbamg pcrc c obaec ml
sufàæg mg fghprlssgr, babfbcamg agvchlatl g fbfog.
< - FGHYGALA]LV MG VBV]LHC ML C^ FGAMBFBGACMG
Cqulflmgr. Jbotrg Catlpülh.
Ngnbac hcàâtbfc Hujjolr.
Fcbxc ml cr
cr.. Ygobcs
Febfgtl loâtrbfg Yrlssgstctgs.
Fghcamg loâtrbfg Vlasgrls
Fghprlssgr. ]caqul ml sufàæg
Fgamlascmgr. ]lrhgstctg.
Fgrrlbc ]ung Lxpcasgr.
Loltrgs vlatbocmgrls. ]unuocàæg (couhèabg l ngrrcfec
ngrrcfec lsplfbco).

Lvcpgrcmgr.
Jbotrg Cfuhuocmgr Vlfcmgr. Zãovuoc ml Lxpcasæg.

FGHY^LVVG^
G fghprlssgr â g ‟fgrcàæ
fgrcàæg‘ g‘ mg sbstlhc. Vuc juaàæg â jczlr fgh qul g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl
fbrfuol ag fbrfubtg qul pgr
pgr suc vlz, cnsgrvl g fcogr mg ecnbtãfuog l g mbssbpc pcrc
pcrc c pcrtl
pcrtl lxtlrac mg
vlèfuog.
Â g fghprlssgr qul jcz g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl fbrfuocr ctrcvâs mc tunuocàæg, pcsscamg
pgr vãrbgs fghpgalatls, mlatrl lols g lvcpgrcmgr l g fgamlascmgr.
G fghprlssgr mg cr fgambfbgacmg cutghgtbvg aæg â hgvbmg ploc loltrbfbmcml hcs sbh ploc rgtcàæg mg
hgtgr mg vlèfuog4
]lh fghg jbacobmcml fghprbhbr g `ãs rljrb`lrcatl mg sbstlhc qul jgb suffbgacmg ac jgrhc `csgsc é ncbxc ncbxc
prlssæg, obnlrcamg-g ac jgrhc `csgsc é cotc prlssæg,
prlssæg, ctrcvâs ml pbstüls,
pbstüls, pcoeltcs
pcoeltcs gu lspbrco batlrags.
Bhpuosbgacmg ctrcvâs ml pgobcs trcfbgacmg pgr fgrrlbc plog hgtgr mg vlèfuog.
Fghprlssgr Flotc FZF

C qulnrc ml uh fghprlssgr pgml
pgml slr gfcsbgacmc plogs
plogs slùbatls jctgrls;
 Fghprlssgrls hco mbhlasbgacmgs, gu slkc, fghprlssgrls aæg fghpctèvlbs fgh g sbstlhc.
 Cmcptcàüls ml supgrtls aæg cmlqucmgs pcrc
pcrc fghprlssgrls.
 Fcoàgs ebmrãuobfgs prgvlablatls
prgvlablatls ml fghg lstã slamg ljltucmc c fcr`c ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl.
 Sucatbmcml ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl bacmlqucmc pcrc
pcrc c fcpcfbmcml mg sbstlhc.
 Zczchlatgs ml slogs rltlatgrls l caâbs ml vlmcàæg, prbafbpcohlatl qucamg
utbobzchgs fghprlssgrls ml sbstlhcs fgh joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ^-3> lh sbstlhcs fgh joubmg
rljrb`lrcatl ^-
36=C.
 Jcotc ml ounrbjbfcàæg, bmlatbjbfcmc prbafbpcohlatl qucamg mlshgatchgs g
fghprlssgr mljlbtugsg l â fgastcmg ‟j uambhlatg‘,
uambhlatg‘, ‟c‟czuoch latg‘ mgs pbstüls
zuochlatg‘ pbstüls mg fghprlssgr.
FGAMLAVCMG^
G fgamlascmgr â g fghpgalatl rlspgasãvlo ploc fgamlascàæg mg joubmg rljrb`lrcatl, gu slkc, trcasjgrhc g
joubmg mg lstcmg `csgsg pcrc g lstcmg oèqubmg ctrcvâs mg jouxg ml cr jrbg, prghgvbmg ploc latrcmc ml cr
jrgatco gu pgr
pgr vlatgbaecs bastcocmcs pröxbhcs
pröxbhcs cg hlshg.
Ygml lstcr ogfcobzcmg kuatg cg rcmbcmgr mg hgtgr mg vlèfuog gu ac pcrtl lxtlrac mcs fcnbals ml gplrcàæg
mcs hãqubacs (tltgs gu octlrcbs).
G fgamlascmgr â hgatcmg ac jrlatl mg vlèfuog l ctuc fghg uh rcmbcmgr.
Gs fgamlascmgrls mlvlh lstcr fgh sucs coltcs slhprl obhpcs l rltcs, bhplmbamg qul eckc uh nogqulbg
mg jouxg mg cr prlkumbfcamg
prlkumbfcamg tgmg g sbstlhc.
\h fgamlascmgr lh plrjlbtg lstcmg ml fgaslrvcàæg prgvbmlafbc uhc hloegr trgfc ml fcogr, rltbrcamg g
fcogr mg joubmg rljrb`lrcatl, fgaslqÿlatlhlatl tlrlhgs uh hloegr ncocaflchlatg mc qucatbmcml ml öolg
ounrbjbfcatl lh tgmg g sbstlhc.
Vl tbvlrhgs uh fgamlascmgr lh hco lstcmg ml fgaslrvcàæg, ecvlrã uhc hcbgr qucatbmcml ml
joubmg rljrb`lrcatl lh lstcmg `csgsg grb`bacamg uhc qulmc ml rlambhlatg mg sbstlhc, gu
slkc, aæg ecvlrã rljrb`lrcàæg ac fcnbal ml gplrcàæg mc hãqubac. Fghg fgaslqÿëafbc, ecvlrã hlagr
qucatbmcml ml öolg

ounrbjbfcatl fbrfuocamg ag sbstlhc qul pgmlrã
pgmlrã gfcsbgacr ctâ hlshg g trcvchlatg mg fghprlssgr.
Gutrcs fgaslqÿëafbcs;
• Vuplrcqulfbhlatg mc obaec ml cotc prlssæg
prlssæg pgmlamg
pgmlamg rghplr coùhc hcaùlbrc.
• Vuplrcqulfbhlatg mg pröprbg
pröprbg fgamlascmgr pgmlamg
pgmlamg gfgrrlr pgssèvlbs
pgssèvlbs vczchlatgs.
• Jcotc ml ounrbjbfcàæg ags caâbs G‒r ba`s,
ba`s, cfcrrltcamg pgssèvlbs
pgssèvlbs vczchlatgs.
Zcol cbamc rlsscotcr qul qucamg sunstbtuèhgs g fgamlascmgr grb`baco mg sbstlhc pgr gutrg ml hcbgr gu
hlagr tchcaeg, mbhlasbgachgs g sbstlhc bafgrrltchlatl, pgbs pgmlrã ecvlr lxflssg gu jcotc ml joubmg
rljrb`lrcatl, prgvgfcamg uh mlsncocaflchlatg mcs qucatbmcmls ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl l öolg ounrbjbfcatl
ag sbstlhc ml fobhctbzcàæg.
Lxbstlh gpàüls ml fgamlascmgrls fgh jbotrg slfcmgr batl`rcmg.
Fgamlascmgr Flotc Agvg/prbshc 90 Cfbhc
Ag fgamlascmgr, g joubmg qulatl mbssbpc `rcaml pcrtl
pcrtl ml slu fcogr
ag chnblatl
Fghg g fcogr â hubtg, g fgamlascmgr lh sb aæg â sujbfblatl pcrc
pcrc mbssbpcr tgmc lssc lalr`bc târhbfc.
Ygr bssg jcz-sl alflssãrbc c prlslaàc
prlslaàc ml uhc eâobfl, qul lh latrl gs hlfîabfgs â fechcmc ml vlatgbaec
ZLA]GBAEC
C vlatgbaec â cfbgacmc ml tlhpgs lh tlhpgs l rlhgvl g cr mc suplrjèfbl mg fgamlascmgr, kg`camg g cr
qulatl pcrc
pcrc jgrc mg vlèfuog. Coùas vlèfuogs utbobzch mucs vlatgbaecs slamg uhc pcrc g fgambfbgacmgr ml

cr l gutrc
coùas pcrc g rcmbcmgr mg hgtgr. Cncbxg pgmlhgs vlr uh lxlhpog ml vlatgbaec mupoc utbobzcmc lh
vlèfuogs.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg >9

Lstcs vlatgbaecs pgmlh slr cfbgacmcs cutghctbfchlatl c qucoqulr hghlatg, hlshg lstcamg g vlèfuog
fgh c fecvl mlsob`cmc.
JBO]^GV VLFCMG^LV L CF\H\OCMG^LV
G jbotrg slfcmgr tlh uh pcplo bhpgrtcatl ag sbstlhc ml rljrb`lrcàæg, pgbs tlh c juaàæg hcatlr g sbstlhc
obvrl ml pgssèvlo
pgssèvlo uhbmcml, nlh
nlh fghg cnsgrvlr tchnâh pcrtèfuocs
pcrtèfuocs qul sl mlsprlamlh mg sbstlhc.
Ygr bssg g jbotrg slfcmgr â fgogfcmg ac tunuocàæg ml jgrhc qul g jouèmg pcssl pcssl pgr
pgr mlatrg mg hlshg.
Latrltcatg mlvlhgs gnslrvcr qul lh uh sbstlhc cutghgtbvg lxbstlh mgbs tbpgs ml jbotrgs
slfcmgrls, slamg uh mg tbpg rlslrvctörbg ml oèqubmg l gutrg mg tbpg cfuhuocmgr.

G jbotrg
juaàæg mlslfcmgr mg oèqubmg
crhczlacr tbpg rlslrvctörbg
pcrc qul lsslml
pcrc oèqubmg
felùl â vãovuoc
ctâ c fgogfcmg mlpgbs mg
ml lxpcasæg. fgamlascmgr l tlh c
G jbotrg slfcmgr mg tbpg cfuhuocmgr jbfc mlpgbs mg lvcpgrcmgr l tlh c juaàæg ml cfuhuocr g oèqubmg ml
jgrhc qul lssl sghlatl slkc obnlrcmg lh jgrhc ml vcpgr pcrc pcrc slr lavbcmg ml vgotc cg fghprlssgr.
G jbotrg slfcmgr l g cfuhuocmgr pgssulh
pgssulh cs hlshcs juaàüls;
• ^ltlr bhpurlzcs prgvlablatls
prgvlablatls mg mls`cstl mgs fghpgalatls (Jbotrc bhpurlzcs).
• ^ltlr uhbmcml lvbtcamg jgrhcàæg ml `log gnstrubamg c pcssc`lh ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl
(Cnsgrvl c uhbmcml rlhcalsflatl ag sbstlhc).
• Vlr uh rlslrvctörbg, lvbtcamg g lxflssg gu jcotc ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ag sbstlhc
mlplamlamg mcs fgambàüls fobhãtbfcs (^lslrvc rljrb`lrcatl oèqubmg).
C utbobzcàæg mg jbotrg slfcmgr gu cfuhuocmgr mlplaml mg tbpg ml mbspgsbtbvg ml lxpcasæg
utbobzcmg ag sbstlhc ml fobhctbzcàæg, slamg qul qucamg jgr;
• Jbotrg-slfcmgr, g sbstlhc pgssub
pgssub vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg.
• Cfuhuocmgr, g sbstlhc pgssub
pgssub tung grbjèfbg.
C vbmc ûtbo mlssls fghpgalatls â ml > cags, hcs lstl tlhpg pgml slr rlmuzbmc tgmc vlz qul g sbstlhc â
cnlrtg (sgjrl batlrvlaàüls pcrc hcautlaàæg), prbafbpcohlatl qucamg aæg eã uhc obhplzc gu lvcfucàæg
mg sbstlhc cmlqucmc.
Fghg bmlatbjbfcr qul g jbotrg gu cfuhuocmgr mlvl slr trgfcmg7
Ctrcvâs ml uh tlrhýhltrg fgh bajrcvlrhloeg, vlrbjbfcr cs tlhplrcturcs ml latrcmc l
scèmc mcs hcaùlbrcs qul ob`ch lstls fghpgalatls cg sbstlhc. Vl c tlhplrcturc ml scèmc jgr bajlrbgr é
tlhplrcturc ml latrcmc, l lssc mbjlrlaàc jgr cfbhc ml > `rcus, â sbaco qul lstls fghpgalatls
lstæg lh baèfbg ml scturcàæg, mlvlamg-sl prgvbmlafbcr g rlfgoebhlatg l rlfbfoc`lh mg joubmg
rljrb`lrcatl, obhplzc batlrac mg

sbstlhc, trgfc mg jbotrg gu cfuhuocmgr, vãfug hèabhg ml =9 hbautgs, fcr`c ml joubmg
rljrb`lrcatl
rljrb`lrc atl cmlqucmc l ljltucr gs tlstls ml rlambhlatg l ml mbcàöstbfg jbaco. Coùas jbotrgs pgssulh uh
vbsgr pcrc vlrbjbfcàæg mc fgr mg joubmg rljrb`lrcatl, fcsg lstlkc ac fgr hcrrgh, bstg bambfc c prlslaàc ml
uhbmcml ag sbstlhc slamg alflssãrbc c sunstbtubàæg mg jbotrg.
MBVYGVB]BZGV ML LUYCAVÆG
Lh uh fbrfubtg ml rljrb`lrcàæg lxbstlh cs obaecs ml ncbxc ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg (sufàæg) l ml cotc prlssæg
prlssæg (mlsfcr`c). G
‟ pgatg ml mbvbsæ g‘ qul mltlrhbac cs mucs obaecs â fechcmg ml mbspgsbtbvg ml lxpcasæg. G slu pcplo ag
mbvbsæg‘
fbrfubtg â ‟ puovlrbzcr‘ g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ag lvcpgrcmgr lh ncbxc prlssæg, og`g lh ncbxc tlhplrcturc.
puovlrbzcr‘
Lxbstlh ac ãrlc cutghgtbvc 6 tbpgs ml mbspgsbtbvgs.
Væg lols;
 Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg tlrhgstãtbfc fgh tung lqucobzcmgr lxtlrag;
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg >>

 Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg tlrhgstãtbfc fgh slasgr batlrag (tbpg nogfg)
nogfg)
 ]ung grbjèfbg jbxg gu lstrcaùocmgr

ZCOZ\OC ML LUYCAVÆG
C vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg â g fghpgalatl rlspgasãvlo pgr rlmuzbr c prlssæg mg jouèmg. Fgh c rlmuàæg mc
prlssæg mg jouèmg, g hlshg sgjrl lagrhl rlsjrbchlatg l c`grc lstã prgatg pcrc slr

cpobfcmg
Cs vãovuocsag lvcpgrcmgr.
ml lxpcasæg sæg mbhlasbgacmcs fgajgrhl g prgkltg
prgkltg mg sbstlhc ml fobhctbzcàæg.
Aæg mlvlh slr cotlrcmgs pcrc sgouàüls hghlatîalcs (`chnbcrrcs). Cs vãovuocs ml lxpcasæg fgh
tung lqucobzcmgr mlvlh slr prgtl`bmcs fgh uhc fchcmc ml bsgocàæg târhbfc pcrc qul eckc fgatrgol ml
joubmg rljrb`lrc
rljrb`lrcatl
atl ac latrcmc mg lvcpgrcmgr.
Sucamg g sbstlhc pgssub vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg tlrhgstãtbfc fgh slasgr batlrag lh fghpcrcàæg cg sbstlhc
fgh c vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg fgh tung lqucobzcmgr, pcssc gplrcr fgh hcbs vcatc`las, pgbs
pgssub uhc rlspgstc hcbs rãpbmc pgr aæg sgjrlr batlrjlrëafbcs ml jctgrls lxtlrags, mlvbmg cg
slasgr târhbfg lstcr ogfcobzcmg ag batlrbgr mc vãovuoc. Lh ebpötlsl coùhc cotlrl g sbstlhc, tlatcamg
sunstbtubr vãovuocs fgh lqucobzcmgr lxtlrag pgr vãovuocs fgh slasgr batlrag, pgbs fcmc sbstlhc
trcncoec fgh qucatbmcmls ml joubmgs rljrb`lrcatls mbjlrlatls, slh hlafbgacr qul

gutrgs fghpgalatls fghg fgamlascmgrls, lvcpgrcmgrls, fgalxüls ml
hcaùlbrcs l fghprlssgrls aæg sæg batlrfchnbãvlbs.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg >=

Zcatc`las Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg tlrhgstãtbfc fgh slasgr batlrag
^lspgstc hcbs rãpbmc, pgbs
pgbs g slasgr târhbfg lstã ag batlrbgr mc vãovuoc4
Aæg sgjrl batlrjlrëafbc ml jctgrls lxtlrags4
Hcbgr murcnbobmcml lh juaàæg ml suc fgastruàæg hcbs rgnustc.
]\NG ML G^BJBFBG
Fghg c vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg, g tung ml grbjèfbg jbxg tlh c jbacobmcml ml rlmuzbr c prlssæg
mg joubmg rljrb`lrc
rljrb`lrcatl
atl pcrc qul lstl latrl lh ncbxc tlhplrcturc ag lvcpgrcmgr. Ygr bssg vlèfuogs qul
pgssulh g tung ml grbjèfbg aæg pgssulh
pgssulh c vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg.
Ctrcvâs ml uh grbjèfbg fcobnrcmg, gu slkc, bavcrbãvlo, puovlrbzc g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl fgastcatlhlatl. Ygr
aæg ecvlr fgatrgol ml latrcmc mg joubmg, fghg c tlhplrcturc mc fcnbal ml gplrcàæg tlaml
c rlmuzbr mbhbaubamg c alflssbmcml ml trgfc ml fcogr ag lvcpgrcmgr, pgml gfgrrlr g rltgrag ml joubmg
lh lstcmg oèqubmg pcrc g fghprlssgr. Cssbh, g jbotrg â bastcocmg ac obaec ml ncbxc prlssæg
ctucamg fghg uh cfuhuocmgr, `crcatbamg c slùrcaàc mg fghprlssgr fgatrc uh lvlatuco ‟fcoàg
ebmrãuobfg‘‘.
ebmrãuobfg
Cplscr mc vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg l g tung ml grbjèfbg tlr c hlshc juaàæg, lxbstlh mbjlrlaàcs acs jgrhcs
fghg gs hlshgs ctuch ag sbstlhc. Lsscs mbjlrlaàcs slræg rljoltbmcs ac jgrhc fghg sbstlhc â hgatcmg,
slamg qul sbstlhcs fgh vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg utbobzch jbotrg slfcmgr fgh rlslrvctörbg ml
oèqubmg l gs vlèfuogs fgh tung ml grbjèfbg utbobzch jbotrg slfcmgr mg tbpg cfuhuocmgr.
C pgsbàæg
pgsbàæg mgs jbotrgs slfcmgrls ag sbstlhc tchnâh vcrbc mlplamlamg mg jctg mg vlèfuog utbobzcr vãovuoc
ml lxpcasæg gu tung ml grbjèfbg
LZCYG^CMG^
G lvcpgrcmgr â g fghpgalatl rlspgasãvlo plog plog rlsjrbchlatg mg cr qul vcb pcrc
pcrc mlatrg mc fcnbal.
G joubmg rljrb`lrcatl cg scbr mg mbspgsbtbvg ml lxpcasæg latrc ag lvcpgrcmgr, cbamc sgn c jgrhc oèqubmc,
pgrâh lh ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg l lh ncbxc
ncbxc tlhplrcturc. Cg fbrfuocr ctrcvâs mc tunuocàæg mg lvcpgrcmgr, cnsgrvl g
fcogr mg cr mg batlrbgr mc fcnbal qul pcssc
pcssc plocs
plocs coltcs.
Cg cnsgrvlr lssl fcogr, g joubmg trcasjgrhc-sl lh vcpgr sgn ncbxc prlssæg, g quco slrã suffbgacmg plog
fghprlssgr.
G lvcpgrcmgr lafgatrc-sl ac fcbxc ml cr ag batlrbgr mc fcnbal. Sucamg g cr sl fgamlasc lh fgatctg fgh

cs coltcs
fcnbal. mg sllvcpgrcmgr,
Bstg jcz ctrcvâsjgrhc-sl
mc pcrtl flrtc qucatbmcml
pcrtl bajlrbgr ml cr
mc fcbxc ml ãùc
qulqul prlfbsc
slrvl slr fgamuzbmc
fghg ncamlkc pcrc g c lxtlrbgr
pcrc mrlacr mc
ãùc, jlbtc
pgr uh tung poãstbfg,
poãstbfg, hcbs fgaelfbmg fghg mrlag.
Lh fcsg ml latupbhlatg mg mrlag pgmlrã pgmlrã ecvlr cfuhuog ml ãùc, qul â prgpèfbg
prgpèfbg pcrc
pcrc c frbcàæg ml jua`gs
qul prgmuzlh
prgmuzlh uh hcu felbrg tgmc vlz qul g sbstlhc ml fobhctbzcàæg â ob`cmg.
G lvcpgrcmgr tchnâh fghg g fgamlascmgr mlvl lstcr obhpg l fgh sucs coltcs rltcs, pcrc qul
eckc g rlambhlatg tgtco pcrc pcrc c rljrb`lrcàæg mg batlrbgr mc fcnbal.
Cs pgssèvlbs
pgssèvlbs fgaslqÿëafbcs ag fcsg ml uhc mljbfbëafbc mg jouxg mg cr pgmlh pgmlh slr;
• Sulmc ml rlambhlatg ml rljrb`lrcàæg mg ecnbtãfuog.
• Fga`lochlatg mg lvcpgrcmgr, grb`bacamg rltgrag ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl pcrc g fghprlssgr prgvgfcamg
uh pgssèvlo
pgssèvlo fcoàg ebmrãuobfg.
Gns; Sucamg g sbstlhc pgssub tlrhgstctg bastcocmg ag lvcpgrcmgr, pgml ecvlr uhc
fbfoc`lh
(ob`c/mlsob`c) mg fghprlssgr.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg ><

Lvcpgrcmgr
Ylog jctg mg jouèmg jrbg pcsscr pgr mlatrg mg lvcpgrcmgr, sucs pcrlmls jbfch jrbcs. Fghg cs suplrjèfbls mg
lvcpgrcmgr lstæg jrbcs, lstl jrbg pgml slr cprgvlbtcmg ml coùhc jgrhc jgrhc.. G jrbg mg lvcpgrcmgr
â latæg sgprcmg pcrc mlatrg mc fcnbal mg vlèfuog pgr hlbg ml uh lolhlatg fechcmg ml sgprcmgr. G
cfbgachlatg mg sgprcmgr â jlbtg plog usuãrbg mg vlèfuog ctrcvâs ml ngtüls ag pcbalo. Ac vlrmcml aæg â g
jrbg qul lstã slamg `lrcmg, l sbh g fcogr qul lstã slhprl slamg rlhgvbmg mg hlbg hlbg..
Ygr bssg qucamg scb mg lvcpgrcmgr, g jouèmg lstã fgh tlhplrcturc hcbgr mg qul qucamg latrgu
Ylog jctg mg jouèmg tlr rlflnbmg fcogr lxtlrag, lssl sl lvcpgrc l mlvl scbr mg lvcpgrcmgr ag lstcmg `csgsg.

Vgprcmgr
FCBUC ML C^
C Zlatbocàæg fcptc g cr lxtlrag gu batlrag (rlfbrfuog) pcrc g batlrbgr mg vlèfuog, fgh c
jbacobmcml ml vlatbocàæg mc fcnbal mg vlèfuog. C fcbxc ml cr fgh cqulfbhlatg â
fgaelfbmg pgr EZ (Elctba` - fcoljcàæg)& (Zlatboctbga - vlatbocàæg), fghpgstg plog cqulflmgr l
vlatbocmgr.
C fcbxc ml cr fgambfbgacmg â fgaelfbmc pgr EZCF (Elctba`Zlatboctbga& Cbr Fgambtbgaba`) (vlatbocàæg,
fcoljcàæg l cr fgambfbgacmg), fghpgstg plog lvcpgrcmgr, cqulflmgr l vlatbocmgr. Ygmlamg cbamc fgatlr
uh jbotrg Catb - pöola.
pöola.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg >:

JBO]^GV CA]B-YÖOLA G\ JBO]^GV ML FCNBAL
Yö, juob`lh, pöola, `lrhls, ncftârbcs, ãfcrgs l jua`gs jczlh pcrtl mg cr qul vgfë rlspbrc mbcrbchlatl,
pgrâh, sæg jbotrcmgs fgh ljbfãfbc plogs Jbotrgs Catb - pöola, hloegrcamg c qucobmcml mg cr rlspbrcmg plogs
gfupcatls mg vlèfuog. Lstls jbotrgs lvbtch tchnâh c latrcmc ml jgoecs ml ãrvgrls l pglbrc qul prgvgfch
uhc hã qucobmcml ag cr mc fcnbal.
Lstls jbotrgs fgh g tlhpg ml usg jbfch scturcmgs l mlvl slr grblatcmg cg gplrcmgr qul
vlrbjbqul slu lstcmg. Fcsg eckc gnstruàüls pgr mlpösbtgs ml pglbrc gu jgoecs, mlvl slr obhpg fgh cr

fghprbhbmg,
slr
sunstbtuèmg.auafc
ocvl-g fgh ãùc. Vl hlshg cpös c cpobfcàæg mg cr g jbotrg fgatbaucr bhprlàcmg, mlvl
Lh ebpötlsl coùhc mlbxl g sbstlhc slh lstl jbotrg, pgbs gfgrrlrã uh cfûhuog ml
mlpösbtgs ag lvcpgrcmgr gnstrubamg c pcssc`lh mg cr plocs coltcs gfgrrlamg qulmc ag rlambhlatg ml
rljrb`lrcàæg ag batlrbgr mc fcnbal.
Coùas jbotrgs pgssulh fcrvæg ctbvcmg hloegrcamg c qucobmcml mg cr cr..Lstls jbotrgs gjlrlflh prgtlàæg cbamc
hcbgr. Vuc lstruturc â sbhbocr é mgs jbotrgs sghlatl ml hbfrgjbnrc, fgh uhc fchcmc cmbfbgaco ml fcrvæg
ctbvcmg. Lssc fchcmc cnsgrvl gs `csls agfbvgs é scûml l g hcu felbrg, fghg g gzýabg,
öxbmg ml abtrg`ëabg, mböxbmg ml laxgjrl l ebmrgfcrngaltgs.
Batlrvcog rlùocr ml trgfc
C hcautlaàæg mg jbotrg catb - pöola mlvl slr jlbtc gnlmlflamg é grblatcàæg mg jcnrbfcatl mg prgmutg. Zbc
ml rl`rc, rlfghlamc-sl c trgfc mg jbotrg ml fcnbal c fcmc cag (: hlsls) gu c fcmc 3<999dh. Jbotrgs catb -

pöola fgh fcrvæg
suc fcpcfbmcml

ctbvcmg c sunstbtubàæg mlvl slr ljltucmc tchnâh fgh (: hlsls) gu 39999dh,mlvbmg c
ml jbotrc`lh slr hcbs ljbfblatl. Mlvl-sl olvcr lh fgatc c qucatbmcml mg usg mg vlèfuog l
mg cr fgambfbgacmg lh vbcs ml trãjl`g batlasg, pgbs pgbs g plrègmg
plrègmg ml trgfc pgml
pgml cbamc slr rlmuzbmg.
Colrtcs pcrc c trgfc

Fghg c cotc fgaflatrcàæg ml pgoulatls

pgoulatls ag chnblatl pgml
pgml bajoulafbcr c vcobmcml mg jbotrg, c trgfc tchnâh â
rlfghlamcmc slhprl qul jgrlh gnslrvcmcs cs slùbatls fgambàüls;
Gmgr mlsc`rcmãvlo (jbotrg l sbstlhc ml vlatbocàæg sukgs)4
^lmuàæg mc latrcmc ml cr pcrc c fcnbal (jbotrg scturcmg)4
Ylrmc ml ljbfbëafbc mg cr fgambfbgacmg4
Vlascàæg ml cr plscmg
plscmg ag batlrbgr mg vlèfuog.
Mbfcs ml bastcocàæg
Ycrc usujrubr cg hãxbhg cs vcatc`las mg jbotrg catb - pöola
pöola sb`c coùhcs grblatcàüls;
^ltbrl g jbotrg uscmg fgh fubmcmg, pcrc pcrc qul aæg fcbc suklbrc ac tunuocàæg obhpc.
Obhpl fgh uh pcag pcag ûhbmg gu cspbrl g rlslrvctörbg mg jbotrg, catls ml fgogfcr g jbotrg agvg.
Flrtbjbqul-sl ml qul g jbotrg lstã nlh lafcbxcmg ac pgsbàæg fgrrltc, c jbh ml lvbtcr c pcssc`lh ml suklbrc
pcrc mlatrg mc fcnbal.
Aæg ocvl, sgprl gu cspbrl g jbotrg uscmg fgh cr fghprbhbmg, pgbs pgbs g lolhlatg jbotrcatl pgmlrã
pgmlrã slr mcabjbfcmg l
suc fcpcfbmcml ml jbotrc`lh jbfcrã prlkumbfcmc.(lstl prgflmbhlatg â vcobmg sghlatl pcrc jbotrgs
ml hbfrgjbnrc l gu fgh fcrvæg ctbvcmg)
Basplfbgal l obhpl slhprl tgmcs cs fgalxüls qucamg alflssãrbg, tunuocàüls, mutgs l vlatbocmgr lxbstlatls
latrl g jbotrg l c fcnbal.
CS\LFLMG^
G cqulflmgr â g rlspgasãvlo plog cqulfbhlatg mg fghpcrtbhlatg. Lol â pgsbfbgacmg cpös g lvcpgrcmgr g

qul ckumc c rlmuzbr c uhbmcml rloctbvc mg cr
cr.. ]gracamg g cr fgh hcbgr pgtlafbco ml cnsgràæg ml uhbmcml
mg fghpcrtbhlatg.
\tbobzcamg-sl lstl cr qulatl, ctrcvâs ml vãovuocs (jocps) fghcamcmcs plog pcbalo ml fgatrgol,
jcz-sl c hbsturc fgh g cr qul vlh mg lvcpgrcmgr plrhbtbamg g ckustl ml tlhplrcturc mg cr ac scèmc mgs
mbjusgrls. G slu cqulfbhlatg â prgvbmg plog sbstlhc ml crrljlfbhlatg mg hgtgr, ctrcvâs ml
uhc mlrbvcàæg mcs hcaùlbrcs ml ãùc mg sbstlhc ml crrljlfbhlatg. Lh coùas hgmlogs, lxbstlh
vãovuocs ml jlfechlatg mc ãùc qul pcssc plog cqulflmgr, pcrc `crcatbr g hãxbhg mlslhplaeg cg cr
fgambfbgacmg acs fgambàüls ml vlræg.

HCA@\LB^CV L M\]GV ML @ÃV ^LJ^B@L^CA]L
]ungs ^è`bmgs l Jolxèvlbs;
]ungs jcnrbfcmgs lh couhèabg, slamg rlvlstbmgs lh hcatg târhbfg4
Cs fgalxüls sæg hgatcmcs pgr
pgr prlssæg4
prlssæg4
]gmcs cs fgalxüls tëh caâbs ml vlmcàæg batlrac4
Gs jolxèvlbs sæg jcnrbfcmgs fgh ngrrcfec
ngrrcfec lsplfbco.
Agrhcohlatl gs fghpgalatls sæg batlrob`cmgs fgh tungs ml couhèabg l hcaùlbrcs ml
ngrrcfec. Cs pcrtls sgobmãrbcs qul aæg rlqulrlh obnlrmcml ml hgvbhlatg, agrhcohlatl sæg
tgtcohlatl lh couhèabg pgrlh, qucamg alflssbtch ml uh `rcu ml obnlrmcml, mlvbmg és hgvbhlatcàüls,
fghg; ml nogfg hgtgrls
(susplasgs lh fgxbas), fgh gs trgfcmgrls agrhcohlatl prlsgs pgr fgxbas l ltf., sæg
rlqulrbmcs hcaùlbrcs. Coâh mgs rlqubsbtgs ml vbnrcàæg l ruèmg, locs mlvlh prgvlr vlogfbmcmls hèabhcs
sujbfblatls ml fgamuàæg mg `ãs, pcrc qul g öolg slkc crrcstcmg l rltgral cg fghprlssgr. Ygr
gutrg ocmg locs aæg pgmlh prgpgrfbgacr vlogfbmcmls hubtg cotcs cg `ãs, pcrc aæg gfcsbgacrlh
cotcs plrmcs ml prlssæg acs obaecs, olvcamg é rlmuàæg ml mlslhplaeg l cuhlatg ml fgasuhg. Gutrgs
frbtârbgs sæg fgasbmlrcmgs pcrc g mbhlasbgachlatg lstruturco, fghg prlssæg
prlssæg ltf.
H\JJOL^
Hujjolr sæg ctlaucmgrls ml ruèmgs, agrhcohlatl utbobzcmgs lh fghprlssgrls tbpg cotlractbvgs
(tbpg pbstæg), fgh g gnkltbvg ml rlmuzbr ruèmgs prgvlablatls ml puosgs ml prlssæg. Væg
mbhlasbgacmgs lh juaàæg mc jrlqÿëafbc l chpobtuml mg ruèmg. Ctrcvâs ml humcaàc nrusfc ml `lghltrbc
(cuhlatg mc slfàæg trcasvlrsco),ctlauc
trcasvlrsco),ctlauc cs puoscàüls prgvlablatls mg fghprlssgr. Vucs cpobfcàüls mlvlh
slr cs hcbs pröxbhcs
pröxbhcs pgssèvlbs mg fghprlssgr, g quco â c jgatl `lrcmgrc mg hlshg.
MBVYGVB]BZGV ML VL@\^CAÀC
G fgatrgol mcs prlssüls ag fbrfubtg ml rljrb`lrcàæg â cssuhbmg pgr batlrruptgrls
mlplamlatls mc tlhplrcturc l mc prlssæg. Lh fcsg ml alflssbmcml, ob`ch gs loltrg vlatbocmgrls gu
mlsob`ch g fghprlssgr
fghprlssgr.. Lh sbtucàüls lxtrlhcs, c vãovuoc ml slùrcaàc ctuc rlmuzbamg c prlssæg
prlssæg ag fbrfubtg.

]L^HGV]C]G
Cs tlhplrcturcs ag lvcpgrcmgr pgmlh fel`cr ctâ ->9¹F, pgmlamg ecvlr uh fga`lochlatg ac suplrjèfbl
mg lvcpgrcmgr, prgvgfcamg uhc qulmc ml rlambhlatg mg sbstlhc ml fobhctbzcàæg. Ycrc qul aæg eckc tco
fga`lochlatg â bastcocmg uh tlrhgstctg (fgatctg pgr tlhplrcturc) latrl cs coltcs mg lvcpgrcmgr, ob`cmg
lh sârbl fgh c lhnrlc`lh mg fghprlssgr.
Lstl tlrhgstctg pgssub uh fgatctg hgabtgrcmg plog nuong slasgr. Sucamg c tlhplrcturc
slatbmc plog nuong slasgr lstã ncbxc, g joubmg mg nuong sl fgatrcb l g fgatctg sl cnrl ploc
càæg gpgstc mc hgoc, mlsob`camg c lhnrlc`lh mg fghprlssgr.
Y^LVVGV]C]G
G prlssgstctg â uh fgatctg cfbgacmg ploc prlssæg mg sbstlhc mg fgambfbgacmgr ml cr gaml, mlplamlamg mc
prlssæg pgml cfbgacr g fghprlssgr gu mlscrhã-og fgajgrhl c vcrbcàæg mc prlssæg,
mlsob`camg g fghprlssgr mg sbstlhc.
Ag fcsg ml coùas sbstlhcs lxbstlh > tbpgs ml prlssgstctgs;
prlssgstctgs; g ml ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg l cotc prlssæg.
prlssæg.
Yrlssgstctg ml ncbxc prlssæg
G prlssgstctg
prlssgstctg ml ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg pgml
pgml lstcr ac obaec ml ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg gu ac obaec ml cotc.
Vuc juaàæg â batlrrghplr c fgrrlatl loâtrbfc mc lhnrlc`lh loltrghcàâtbfc mg fghprlssgr, fcsg gfgrrc
uh vczchlatg gu uhc prlssæg hubtg ncbxc jgrc mcs lsplfbjbfcàüls. Lvbtc-sl cssbh, uh trcvchlatg mg
fghprlssgr pgr jcotc ml ounrbjbfcàæg. Lstl batlrruptgr â mg tbpg A/C (agrhcohlatl cnlrtg). Lh hâmbc, ob`c
fgh cfbhc ml 6> YVB l mlsob`c cncbxg ml >5 YVB.
C hlmbàæg â ml jgrhc bambrltc, gu slkc, lh vlz ml hlmbr c tlhplrcturc mbrltchlatl, hlml c
prlssæg rljlrlatl é tlhplrcturc ml lvcpgrcàæg. Sucamg c prlssæg mbhbaub tlhplrcturc mbhbaub,
g prlssgstctg mlsob`c c lhnrlc`lh mg fghprlssgr.
Yrlssgstctg ncbxc ZP Vcatcac

Yrlssgstctg ml cotc prlssæg
G prlssgstctg ml cotc prlssæg lstã ogfcobzcmg ac obaec ml cotc prlssæg. Vuc juaàæg â batlrrghplr c fgrrlatl
loâtrbfc mc lhnrlc`lh loltrghcàâtbfc mg fghprlssgr, fcsg gfgrrc uh lxflssg ml prlssæg ag
sbstlhc, bhplmbamg g rghpbhlatg mcs hcaùlbrcs gu mc vãovuoc ml slùrcaàc. G prlssgstctg ml cotc
prlssæg lstã ob`cmg lh sârbl fgh g prlssgstctg ml ncbxc prlssæg, ac obaec mg fghprlssgr l, lstã fcobnrcmg
pcrc mlsob`cr g fbrfubtg fgh prlssüls lh hâmbc, cfbhc ml =<9 YVB. Lstl batlrruptgr â mg
tbpg A/J (agrhcohlatl jlfecmg). Lh hâmbc mlsob`c cfbhc ml =<9 YVB l vgotc ob`cr cncbxg ml 609 YVB.
Yrlssgstctg cotc ZP Jgx, @goj, Ycsscr
MBVYGVB]GZV ML FGA]^GOL
VLAVG^LV ML ]LHYL^C]\^C
Gs slasgrls ml tlhplrcturc sæg agrhcohlatl tbpg tlrhbstgrls. Fghuhlatl vë-sl utbobzã-
ogs pcrc hlmbàüls ml tlhplrcturc lxtlrac (tcatg fghg sghlatl bajgrhctbvg, qucatg pcrc cuxèobg ags
fgatrgocmgrls loltrýabfgs cutghãtbfgs) l tlhplrcturc batlrac, agrhcohlatl sghlatl pcrc
cuxèobg ags fgatrgols loltrýabfgs cutghãtbfgs.
YCBALO ML FGA]^GOL
^lspgasãvlo pgr
pgr fghcamcr cs juaàüls mg cr fgambfbgacmg mg vlèfuog;

Ob`c / mlsob`c
Cr rlfbrfuog g CF
/lxtlrag

Zlogfbmcmls mg vlatbocmgr
Hgmg ml mbstrbnubàæg mg cr (vbmrgs, pâs,
pâs, rgstg l ltf.)
Fgatrgol ml ]lhplrcturc
Ygmlh slr hlfîabfgs ctrcvâs ml la`rlac`las, fcngs gu loâtrbfgs ctrcvâs ml hgtg ctucmgrls.
: - LS\BYCHLA]GV L JL^^CHLA]CV YC^C HCA\]LAÀÆG ML C^ FGAMBFBGACMG

La`ctl
Ncocaàc^ãpbmg Cotc
pcrcYrlssæg
Mb`btco pcrc fcr`c ml `ãs ctâ >9 D`
La`ctl ^ãpbmg
Fobpcmlbrc

Ncbxc Yrlssæg
ml Ncafcmc
Nghnc ml Zãfug (latrl <fjh l 39fjh) Fobpcmlbrc Hcauco
Mltlftgr ml Zczchlatg Hcabjgom
Dbt Lxtrctgrls ml Lhnrlc`lh Jcrgoltl ml Ouz \otrc Zbgoltc
Öfuogs ml Yrgtlàæg \otrc Zbgoltc Hubotèhltrg Mb`btco
Ylatl pcrc
pcrc Coltcr Fgamlascmgrls \abmcml ^lfbfocmgrc
^lfbfocmgrc Ygrtãtbo ]lrhýhltrg Mb`btco
]lhýhltrg Mb`btco Lspltg ]lrhýhltrg Ylatc Mb`btco
Ouz \otrc Zbgoltc ]bpg Fcaltc Fecvl ]rlzltc
Yrlaàc Ebmrãuobfc Zcfuýhltrg (mb`btco gu loltrýabfg)
Cobfctl Chplrèhltrg Fbobamrg ml Abtrg`ëabg
Abtrg`ëabg Vlfg
Fgrtcmgr ml ]ungs Fgrtcmgr ml Hcaùlbrcs
Lstcaecmgr Cobfctl ml Fgrtl
Cobfctl ml calo loãstbfg batlrag l lxtlrag Hãqubac ml Vgomc Loâtrbfc
Cobfctl ml ]lrhbaco l ]lrhbaco Lhlamc Jurcmlbrc ml Ncafcmc
Lqubpchlatg ml Vgomc Gxb-cfltbolag Jurcmlbrc
Ycrcjuscmlbrc Hgrsc ml Ncafcmc
Fgakuatg ml Fecvls ]grx Fgakuatg ml Fecvls Coola
Cobfctl \abvlrsco Cobfctl \abvlrsco Nbfg Jbag
Cobfctl ml Yrlssæg Hcrtlog ml Ngrrcfec
Lxtrctgr ml Ygobc @crrcjc ml @ãs 36=ª Vcfcmgr
ml Zlatbo Bakltgr ml fgatrcstl
Cobfctl ml Calo Loãstbfg Batlrag l Lxtlrag Nbfg Furvg
0 - LS\BYCHLA]GV ML Y^G]LÀÆG BAMBZBM\CO

LYB sæg jlrrchlatcs
gjbfbacs gu aæg, mlqultrcncoeg
qul vbsch
utbobzch prgtl`lr
prgmutgs c scûml
töxbfgs, mgs juafbgaãrbgs
fgatchbacatls, mcs lhprlscs
lxpogsbvgs gu slkch locs
qucbsqulr
gutrgs qul pgssch fcuscr mcags é batl`rbmcml jèsbfc ml slus fgocngrcmgrls, rlmuzbamg gs rbsfgs ml
cfbmlatls l `rcu ml batgxbfcàæg mlfgrrlatls mc lxpgsbàæg.
Cs vbcs ml lxpgsbàæg sæg; Gfuocr , Mârhbfc, Bacoctörbc l Grco.
Batgxbfcàæg, jlrbhlatgs gu ctâ lh coùas fcsgs fcuscamg c hgrtl murcatl g hcauslbg ml lqubpchlatgs gu c
cpobfcàæg ml prgmutgs
prgmutgs â fgasbmlrcmg cfbmlatl ml trcncoeg.
G usg ml LYB â uhc lxb`ëafbc mc ol`bsocàæg trcncoebstc
nrcsbolbrc ctrcvâs ml sucs Agrhcs
^lùochlatcmgrcs. G aæg fuhprbhlatg pgmlrã cfcrrltcr lh càüls ml rlspgascnbobmcml fèvlo l placo, coâh
ml huotcs cgs bajrctgrls.
Vlùrcaàc ac gjbfbac hlfîabfc
Jcotc ml lxb`ëafbc mgs lhprlsãrbgs l ml fgasfblatbzcàæg ml coùas hlfîabfgs sæg gs prbafbpcbs jctgrls
qul mlshgtbvch g usg mgs lqubpchlatgs ml slùrcaàc acs gjbfbacs l, fgaslqÿlatlhlatl, pcrc g cuhlatg
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 6>

ml cfbmlatls ml trcncoeg. ‟Yrlvlabr â g hloegr rlhâmbg

rlhâmbg‘‘. G mbtg â pgpuocr, pgrâh ac egrc ml slr cpobfcmg,
hubtcs vlzls â sunstbtuèmg pgr "bssg kchcbs vcb cfgatlflr fghb`g" l, â cssbh qul hubtgs
cfbmlatls cfgatlflh. Gs hlfîabfgs sæg ngas lxlhpogs mlssc rlcobmcml, kã qul obmch fgh
sbtucàüls ml rbsfg g tlhpg tgmg. Væg slrvbàgs ml juabocrbc, mlsogfchlatg ml plàcs plscmcs, pbaturc,
loâtrbfc, mlshgatc`lh l hgatc`lh mlfghpgalatls l hgtgrls qul lxb`lh ctlaàæg mg prgjbssbgaco l,
prbafbpcohlatl, lqubpchlatgs ml slùrcaàc qul qucsl slhprl sæg lsqulfbmgs. C mlsfuopc â slhprl
c hlshc; bafghgmc l ctrcpcoec. Mlsml qul jgb bastbtuèmc plog BAVV uhc cmlqucàæg mg hgmlog ml

Ylrjbo Yrgjbssbg`rãjbfg
(Lqubpchlatg Yrlvbmlafbãrbg,
ml Yrgtlàæg mlaghbacmg
Bambvbmuco) sl YYY, lh L 93/93/>99=,
tgragu gnrb`ctörbc. cs lhprlscsc sægutbobzcàæg mgs pgr
rlspgasãvlbs LYB
jgralflr gs lqubpchlatgs cmlqucmgs `rctubtchlatl cgs lhprl`cmgs, grblatã-ogs l trlbaã-ogs sgnrl g usg4
coâh ml sunstbtubr bhlmbctchlatl qucamg mcabjbfcmg gu lxtrcvbcmg4 coâh ml fghuabfcr cg
Hbabstârbg mg ]rcncoeg l Lhprl`g (H]L), rlspgasãvlo ploc jbsfcobzcàæg, jbsfcobzcàæg, qucoqulr
brrlùocrbmcml. Fcsg fgatrãrbg, g lstcnlolfbhlatg fgrrl g rbsfg ml slr huotcmg.
^bsfg
C tgxbfbmcml gu `rcu ml rbsfg jèsbfg â c fcpcfbmcml pgtlafbco ml uhc sunstîafbc gu hlfcabshg fcuscr
ljlbtg cmvlrsg é scûml l c batl`rbmcml. Lh tlsl, tgmcs cs sunstîafbcs sæg töxbfcs, l tgmgs gs chnblatls
fgatlh rbsfgs. Vcnlamg-sl qul aæg â pgssèvlo cg usuãrbg cotlrcr c tgxbfbmcml ml prgmutgs l `rcu ml rbsfg
jèsbfg, c ûabfc hcalbrc fgafrltc ml rlmuzbr g rbsfg â ctrcvâs mc mbhbaubàæg mc lxpgsbàæg
jèsbfc. Ycrc rlmuzbr c lxpgsbàæg g trcncoecmgr mlvl hcauslcr gs prgmutgs l lqubpchlatgs
fgh fubmcmg, uscr lqubpchlatgs ml cpobfcàæg l prgtlàæg nlh fcobnrcmgs l lh ngh lstcmg ml
fgaslrvcàæg, coâh ml vlstbr gs LYB cmlqucmgs.
Ol`bsocàæg trcncoebstc - Yrlvbsüls
Â gnrb`càæg mg lhprl`cmgr
•Jgralflr gs LYB cmlqucmgs cg trcncoeg4
•Bastrubr l trlbacr qucatg cg usg mgs LYB4
•Jbsfcobzcr l lxb`br g usg mgs LYB4
•^ lpgr
lpgr gs LYB mcabjbfcmgs4
•Fghuabfcr
•Fghuab fcr cg H]L qucoqulr brrlùocrbmcml gnslrvcmc.

Â gnrb`càæg mg trcncoecmgr
•\scr, utbobzcamg-g cplacs pcrc
pcrc c jbacobmcml c qul sl mlstbac4
•^ lspgascnbobzcr-sl
lspgascnbobzcr-sl ploc
ploc ùcrmc l fgaslrvcàæg4
•Fghuabfcr
•Fghuab fcr cg lhprl`cmgr qucoqulr cotlrcàæg qul g tgral bhpröprbg pcrc
pcrc usg4
•Fuhprbr
•Fuhp rbr cs mltlrhbacàüls mg lhprl`cmgr sgnrl g usg cmlqucmg.
Yuabàüls
•G lhprl`cmgr pgmlrã rlspgamlr ac ãrlc frbhbaco gu fèvlo, coâh ml slr huotcmg plog
Hbabstârbg mg
]rcncoeg.
•G juafbgaãrbg lstã suklbtg c scaàüls trcncoebstcs pgmlamg
pgmlamg ctâ slr mlhbtbmg pgr
pgr kustc
kustc fcusc.
•Â rlfghlamcmg qul g jgralfbhlatg ml LYB, nlh fghg trlbachlatgs hbabstrcmgs, slkc rl`bstrcmg ctrcvâs

•ml
Gsmgfuhlatcàæg cprgprbcmc pcrc lvlatucbs llsfocrlfbhlatgs
rlspgasãvlbs ploc cpobfcàæg mlvlh olr slùbr

lh fcuscs trcncoebstcs.
cs bajgrhcàüls fgatbmcs ags rötuogs l acs Jbfecs ml
Bajgrhcàæg ml Vlùrcaàc mgs Yrgmutgs jgralfbmcs plocs bamûstrbcs gu `rcu ml rbsfg ml fcmc chnblatl gu

lqubpchlatg c slr utbobzcmg, sgnrl gs LYB qul mlvlh slr utbobzcmgs pcrc
pcrc fcmc trcncoeg c slr lxlfutcmg.
Cqubsbàæg mgs LYB
Gs LYB lxbstlh pcrc prgtl`lr c scûml mg trcncoecmgr l mlvlh slr tlstcmgs l cprgvcmgs ploc cutgrbmcml
fghpltlatl pcrc fghprgvcr suc ljbfãfbc. G Hbabstârbg mg ]rcncoeg ctlstc c qucobmcml mgs LYB mbspgaèvlbs
ag hlrfcmg ctrcvâs mc lhbssæg mg Flrtbjbfcmg ml Cprgvcàæg (F.C.). G jgralfbhlatg l c fghlrfbcobzcàæg
ml LYB slh g F.C. â fgasbmlrcmg frbhl l tcatg g fghlrfbcatl qucatg g lhprl`cmgr jbfch
suklbtgs és placobmcmls prlvbstcs
prlvbstcs lh olb.
Yrbafbpcbs LYB ac hcautlaàæg ml cr fgambfbgacmg
Öfuogs ‖ Vlrvl pcrc prgtl`lr fgatrc jcùoecs ml hltco, `gtlkchlatg gu rlspba`gs ml
oèqubmgs fgh vczchlatg gu c cotc prlssæg,
prlssæg, pglbrc
pglbrc gu ctâ hlshg fgatrc qulmc gu `gopl ml jlrrchlatcs.
Yrgtltgr curbfuocr ‖
‖ Vlrvl pcrc
pcrc prgtl`lr
prgtl`lr
fgatrc cotgs aèvlbs ml ruèmgs l gu ruèmgs pgr
pgr tlhpg prgoga`cmg.
prgoga`cmg.
Ouvcs ml ngrrcfec ‖ Vlrvl pcrc prgtl`lr ml fgatchbacàæg pgr fgatctg fgh sunstîafbcs
töxbfcs gu fcuscmgrcs ml olsüls suplrjbfbcbs.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 6=

Ngtcs gu scpctgs ‖ Hcbs bambfcmg pcrc prgtl`lr fgatrc olsüls suplrjbfbcbs l qulmcs,
tchnâh lvbtcr fgatctg fgh sunstîafbcs töxbfcs fgh plol.
plol.
\abjgrhl ‖ Yrgtl`lr c plol ml fgatctg mbrltg fgh sunstîafbcs töxbfcs pgr oga`gs plrègmgs ljltucamg c
sunstbtubàæg mg hlshg.
G sbhpols jgralfbhlatg mgs lqubpchlatgs ml prgtlàæg bambvbmuco aæg `crcatl c prgtlàæg mc
scûml mg trcncoecmgr l alh lvbtc fgatchbacàüls. Bafgrrltchlatl utbobzcmgs, gs LYB pgmlh fghprghltlr
cbamc hcbs c slùrcaàc mg trcncoecmgr. Cfrlmbtchgs qul g mlslavgovbhlatg mc plrflpàæg mg
rbsfg cobcmg c uh fgakuatg ml bajgrhcàüls l rl`rcs nãsbfcs ml slùrcaàc sæg cs jlrrchlatcs hcbs
bhpgrtcatls pcrc lvbtcr c lxpgsbàæg l csslùrcr g suflssg mcs hlmbmcs bambvbmucbs ml prgtl
prgtlàæg
àæg é
scûml mg trcncoecmgr. G usg fgrrltg mgs LYB â uh tlhc qul vlh lvgoubamg rcpbmchlatl
l lxb`l c rlfbfoc`lh fgatèauc mgs prgjbssbgacbs qul ctuch ac ãrlc ml hlfîabfc ctrcvâs

ml trlbachlatg
cmgtcr l vlz
hlmbmcs fcmc mg hcbs
cflssg c pcrc
ljbfczls bajgrhcàüls ctucobzcmcs.
sl prgtl`lr Nlh
fgatrc mcags bajgrhcmg,
c suc g prgjbssbgaco
scûml, coâh ml lvbtcr pgmlrã
prgnolhc
pcrc sb pröprbg
pröprbg gu fgh c lhprlsc.
5 - AGÀÜLV ML VL@\^CAÀC
Yrgtlàæg plssgco (jbùrc 3) - Sucamg lstbvlr trcncoecamg pröxbhg c sbstlhcs ml
rljrb`lrcàæg pcrc trcaspgrtl, slrã hubtg bhpgrtcatl lstcr trckcmg ml jgrhc cmlqucmc. Ycrc qul mlstc jgrhc
pgssc prgtl`lr-
prgtl`lr-sl
sl ml ãfbmg mlnctlrbc, `ãs rljrb`lrcatl, öolg ml rljrb`lrcàæg, `rcxcs, mltrbtgs ocaàcmgs, cotcs
tlhplrcturcs mgs hgtgrls l ruèmgs.
Cotc prlssæg (jbùrc >) (jbùrc 6) - G rljrb`lrcatl lh jgrhc oèqubmc c cotc prlssæg rlprlslatc uh rbsfg
lh pgtlafbco,
pgtlafbco, obnlrcmg pcrc
pcrc g chnblatl pgml
pgml fcuscr mcags sârbgs cgs goegs l plol.
plol.
@ãs töxbfg (jbùrc =) - G `ãs rljrb`lrcatl ac prlslaàc ml fechc prgmuz uh `ãs töxbfg l pgml
fcuscr sârbcs brrbtcàüls rlspbrctörbcs. Fubmcmg lsplfbco lh chnblatls jlfecmgs, gaml c ju`c ml rljrb`lrcatl
pgml fcuscr jcotc ml cr.
cr.
Vuplrjèfbls qulatls (jbùrc <) (jbùrc 0) - C mlsfcr`c mgs fghprlssgrls, gs lsfcpchlatgs l
gutrgs
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 6<

fghpgalatls mg hgtgr pgmlh
pgmlh lstcr
lxtrlhchlatl qulatls.
Vgomc (jbùrc :) - C sgomc mlvl slr prctbfcmc
prctbfcmc fgh fcutloc, pgbs
pgbs pgml
pgml fcuscr qulbhcmurcs l prgmuzbr
prgmuzbr `csls
töxbfgs. \tbobzl ogfcbs vlatbocmgs.
Fghpgalatls lh rgtcàæg (jbùrc 5) - Gs vlatbocmgrls, pgobcs l fgrrlbcs pgmlh slr
bavbsèvlbs sgnrl flrtcs fgambàüls. Fubmcmg lsplfbco mlvl slr tghcmg lh cprgxbhcr cs hægs.
Hcaùlbrcs (jbùrc 2) - Zlrbjbqul sl cs hcaùlbrcs mg hcaýhltrg lstæg lh ngh ngh lstcmg.
Gutrgs fubmcmgs;
 Fubmcmg mlvl-sl tghcmg cg utbobzcr lsfcmcs l poctcjgrhcs,
poctcjgrhcs, pgmlh
pgmlh lsfgrrl`cr gu qulnrcr4

Auafc cpobqul fcogr lh rlfbpblatls gu obaecs prlssurbzcmcs4
 Auafc gplrl g lqubpchlatg fgh c vãovuoc ml slrvbàg ml mlsfcr`c fgh g cflatg nogqulcamg g jouxg ml
rljrb`lrcatl4
 G öolg ml rljrb`lrcàæg pgml
pgml fcuscr brrbtcàüls é plol
plol l cgs goegs, lvbtl fgatctg prgoga`cmg4
prgoga`cmg4
 Zlrbjbqul sl tgmgs gs pcrcjusgs
pcrcjusgs lstæg ag fghprbhlatg flrtg l fghg cplrtg fgrrltg.
2 - Y^GFLMBHLA]GV ML HCA\]LAÀÆG
Caãobsl mc ljbfãfbc mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg
Vlhprl ljltucr tgmcs cs cvcobcàüls pgssèvlbs, slkch locs loâtrbfcs gu hlfîabfcs, catls ml
hlxlr ag sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg, pcrc
pcrc qul aæg sl plrfch
plrfch cs rljlrëafbcs mgs prgnolhcs.
prgnolhcs.
]lh fghg gnkltbvg mbcàgstbfcr ag vlèfuog, pgssèvlbs rlfochcàüls rljlrlatls cg hcu juafbgachlatg gu
ncbxc ljbfbëafbc mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg. Ygrtcatg pcrc c mbcàgsl, mlvlh-sl slùbr cs
ltcpcs cncbxg;
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg 6:

 \tbobzcr ^lfbfocmgrc gu Hcabjgom pcrc vlrbjbfcàæg mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg, lobhbacamg
tgmcs cs ebpötlsls qucatg c vczchlatg, lxflssg gu jcotc ml @ãs4
 Cvcobcr sl g jbotrg ml fcnbal (gu catbpöola) lafgatrc-sl gnstruèmg gu fgh prlslaàc
prlslaàc ml jgoecs, bhplmbamg g
jouxg ml cr pcrc
pcrc g batlrbgr mg vlèfuog4
 Ygsbfbgacr gs ngtüls
ngtüls ml fgatrgol mg cr fgajgrhl bambfcàæg cncbxg;
Zlatbocàæg ac pgsbàæg
pgsbàæg hãxbhc4
Mbstrbnubàæg mg cr ac pgsbàæg
pgsbàæg cr jrgatco4
^lfbrfuocàæg tgtcohlatl cmhbssæg ml cr lxtlrag4
]lhplrcturc ac pgsbàæg jrbc (jcbxc czuo)4
Cr fgambfbgacmg mlsob`cmg.
 Ob`cr g vlèfuog l cnrbr gs vbmrgs mcs pgrtcs,
pgrtcs, ctâ c mbhbaubàæg mc tlhplrcturc mg ecnbtãfuog. Jlfecr gs vbmrgs c
slùbr l mlbxcr g vlèfuog juafbgacamg4
GNV.; Â bhpgrtcatl qul g tlstl slkc ljltucmg lh chnblatl fgnlrtg slhc lxpgsbàæg mbrltc mg sgo sgnrl g
vlèfuog, l c tlhplrcturc lxtlrac lstlkc vcrbcamg latrl 35»F l 69»F4
 Bastcocr uh tlrhýhltrg ml nuong
nuong slfg ag mbjusgr flatrco ml scèmc mg cr.
 Fgh g cuxèobg ml uh frgaýhltrg, gnslrvcr qul cpös 3 hbautg, c tlhplrcturc bambfcmc ag
tlrhýhltrg
(scèmc mgs mbjusgrls flatrcbs) aæg pgmlrã
pgmlrã slr suplrbgr c <»F mc tlhplrcturc lxtlrac4
 Cfbgacr c rlfbrfuocàæg mg cr tgtcohlatl batlrag, l cfbgacr g cr fgambfbgacmg4
 Zlrbjbfcr sl;
Mlpgbs ml 69 slùamgs mg baslrbhlatg mg fghprlssgr, g vcogr bambfcmg ag hcaýhltrg ml ncbxc prlssæg

cofcafl ml
Mlpgbs vcogrls ? 6ncr(=6psb)4
> hbautgs mg baslrbhlatg mg fghprlssgr, c tlhplrcturc bambfcmc ag tlrhýhltrg slkc rlmuzbmc
plog hlags 5»F mc tlhplrcturc lxtlrac4

Mlpgbs ml < hbautgs mg baslrbhlatg mg fghprlssgr, c tlhplrcturc bambfcmc ag tlrhýhltrg slkc rlmuzbmc
plog hlags 3>»F mc tlhplrcturc lxtlrac4
G loltrg vlatbocmgr mg rcmbcmgr latrcrã lh juafbgachlatg qucamg g vcogr bambfcmg ag hcaýhltrg ml cotc
prlssæg lstbvlr latrl 3< l3:ncr (>3< c >>5psb)4
Ag bastcatl ml mlscfbgachlatg mg loltrg vlatbocmgr mg rcmbcmgr, g vcogr bambfcmg ag hcaýhltrg ml cotc
prlssæg lstlkc latrl 33 l3>ncr (3<: c 309psb)4
Ctlaàæg; Fcsg g fgrrltg juafbgachlatg mg sbstlhc aæg lstlkc fghprllambmg fgajgrhl cs
bambfcàüls cfbhc, fgasuotcr tcnloc ml Caghcobcs, Mljlbtgs l ^lpcrgs.
Baljbfbëafbc mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg
Ygatgs c slrlh cacobscmgs;
 Zlrbjbfcr sl g jbotrg slfcmgr cfuhuocmgr lstã fgamlascamg ãùc(uhlmlfbmg) ag ocmg lxtlrag mg jbotrg.
 Zlrbjbfcr suklbrc ag lvcpgrcmgr, fgamlascmgr gu jbotrg ml fcnbal.
 Zlrbjbfcr sl c fcr`c ml @ãs mg sbstlhc lstã mlatrg mg lsplfbjbfcmg, fgajgrhl tcnloc mg vlèfuog.
 Fgalftcr c hãqubac ml fcr`c ml `ãs ag la`ctl mc tunuocàæg mgs sbstlhcs ml cr fgambfbgacmg mg vlèfuog,
ogfcobzcmg ag væg mg hgtgr, fgajgrhl bambfcmg ac jgtg.
 Fgajlrbr ags hcaýhltrgs sl gs pcrîhltrgs ml ncbxc (Czuo) l ml cotc prlssæg (vlrhloeg) lstæg fgajgrhl
lsplfbjbfcmg mlatrg mg bambfcmg plog
plog jcnrbfcatl.
Vl gs vcogrls lafgatrcmgs lstbvlrlh jgrc mg lsplfbjbfcmg, mlvlrã fgogfcr agvc fcr`c ml `ãs
fgajgrhl tcnloc mg vlèfuog l fgajlrbr sl g mlslhplaeg ml rljrb`lrcàæg lstã ctlamlamg gs pcrîhltrgs
pcrîhltrgs
lsplfbjbfcmgs.
Fgatrgol mcs prlssüls mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg
Lascbg l Mbcàöstbfg
Hgabtgrcr g juafbgachlatg mg sbstlhc mc slùbatl jgrhc;
Fgh g cr fgambfbgacmg mlsob`cmg, chngs gs hcaýhltrgs mlvlræg bambfcr latrl < l :ncr (09 c 5<psb).

Gs hcaýhltrgs bambfcræg c hlshc prlssæg
prlssæg ag ocmg ml cotc l ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg.
prlssæg.
Cagrhcobmcmls;
Yrlssæg bajlrbgr c <,9ncr (03psb)
Y^GNOLHC; Bambfc basujbfbëafbc ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ag sbstlhc
VGO\ÀÆG; Zlrbjbqul c lxbstëafbc ml vczchlatgs fgh g mltlftgr ml ju`cs gu abtrg`ëabg l
scnæg l lobhbal sl eguvlr.
Yrlssæg suplrbgr c :,9ncr (5<psb)
Y^GNOLHC; Bambfc lxflssg ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ag sbstlhc
VGO\ÀÆG; ^lhgvc g lxflssg ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl
Juafbgachlatg agrhco
Fgh g cr fgambfbgacmg ob`cmg, cs bambfcàüls mgs hcaýhltrgs mlvlræg bambfcr rlsplftbvchlatl;
 Fbrfubtg ml ncbxc
ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg (sufàæg); 3,> c 6,9ncr (3: c =6psb)4
 Fbrfubtg ml cotc prlssæg
prlssæg (mlsfcr`c); 33 c 30,<ncr (3:9 c ><9psb)4
GNV;C ctbvcàæg mg loltrg vlatbocmgr mg rcmbcmgr mlvlrã gfgrrlr qucamg c prlssæg mg fbrfubtg
ml cotc prlssæg lstbvlr lh tgrag ml 3<,< l 30,<ncr (>>9 c><9psb). G cfbgachlatg mg loltrg vlatbocmgr
vcrbc ml cfgrmg fgh fcmc tbpg ml lqubpchlatg l tlhpg ml usg, slamg qul, lh
coùas rcrgs fcsgs g loltrgvlatbocmgr plrhcalfl
plrhcalfl ob`cmg.
Fgakuatg Fgambfbgacmgr ml Cr (Fcbxc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg)
Zlrbjbfcr batl`rbmcml l pgsbfbgachlatg mg slasgr tlrhgstctg (catbfga`lochlatg)
Mlvl slr gnslrvcmc c pgsbàæg
pgsbàæg mg slasgr mg tlrhgstctg l batl`rbmcml mg hlshg fgajgrhl ocygut hgstrcmg

acs jgtgs cncbxg.
Ljltucr g tlstl ml olbturc mc tlhplrcturc mg tlrhgstctg catbfga`lochlatg, lhlr`bamg-g lh uh rlfbpblatl
fgh 69% ml ãùc l 09%ml ãofggo, jgràcamg c tlhplrcturc c fel`cr ctâ c suc jcbxc ml juafbgachlatg.
]lstl ml olbturc mc tlhplrcturc mg tlrhgstctg.
GNV; \tbobzcr uh tlrhýhltrg pcrc
pcrc fgatrgol ml tlhplrcturc mg ncaeg.
ncaeg.
Fcrcftlrèstbfc ml juafbgachlatg
Gjj 6,< ³ 9,< »F
Mbj. 3,< ³ 9,6 »F
Cg ljltucr uhc pgssèvlo rlhgàæg mg lvcpgrcmgr pcrc hcautlaàæg, â bhpgrtcatl gnslrvcr c ogfcobzcàæg
lxctc gaml lstã bastcocmg lstl slasgr, pgbs, pgmlrã cfcrrltcr lh lrrg ml olbturc mg hlshg gfcsbgacamg uh
juafbgachlatg baljbfblatl mg cr fgambfbgacmg.
Caãobsl mg ]lrhgstctg Catbfga`lochlatg - Mbcàgsl pcrc jcoec ml fchpg
Zlrbjbfcr tgmg g sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg, lobhbacamg tgmcs cs ebpötlsls qucatg c vczchlatg, lxflssg
gu jcotc ml `ãs, gu qucbsqulr tbpgs ml prgnolhcs
prgnolhcs l cvcobcr tgmc pcrtl
pcrtl loâtrbfc mc fx. ml cr.
cr.
3. Lxchl Zbsuco
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg =9

Gnslrvcr sl g fgalftgr mg febfgtl mc fx. ml cr qul cobhlatc g tlrhgstctg aæg lstã sgotg.
>. Lxchl juafbgaco
Ljltucr g tlstl mg tlrhgstctg catbfga`lochlatg mc slùbatl hcalbrc;
Fgh g usg ml uh huotèhltrg gu ml uhc pbaàc pbaàc l uhc oîhpcmc cfgpocmc lh uhc mcs lxtrlhbmcmls, jbxcr gs
hlshgs ags jbgs ml cobhlatcàæg mg tlrhgstctg4
Ob`cr g vlèfuog, gnslrvcamg qul g ngtæg
ngtæg mg cr fgambfbgacmg lstlkc mlsob`cmg4
C oîhpcmc mlvlrã jbfcr cpc`cmc ac jcsl babfbco ml tlstl4
Cfbgacr g ngtæg
ngtæg mg cr fgambfbgacmg l pgsbfbgacr
pgsbfbgacr g sloltgr ml vlatbocàæg ac 3ª vlogfbmcml4

C oîhpcmc
Cùcrmcr mlmlvlrã sl cflamlr
3 c > hbautgs ctâalstl hghlatg4
c mbhbaubàæg mc tlhplrcturc (cprgx. =`rcus)4
C oîhpcmc mlvlrã sl cpc`cr cpös c mlsctbvcàæg mg fghprlssgr4
Ags fcsgs lh qul g fbrfubtg sl cprlslatcr jlfecmg (c oîhpcmc plrhcalflr cflsc), rltbrcr c fcbxc ml cr mg
pcbalo l vlrbjbfcr g fgrrltg pgsbfbgachlatg
pgsbfbgachlatg mg slasgr mg tlrhgstctg.
Flrtbjbfcr qul g fghutcmgr mg fghcamg mc fcbxc ml cr lstã cfbgacamg g fghprlssgr, fgajgrhl hgstrcmg ac
jgtg cg ocmg.
G olm mlstcfcmg ac jgtg mlvl lstcr cflsg, bambfcamg qul g fghprlssgr jgb cfbgacmg.
Fcsg g ngtæg
ngtæg aæg lstbvlr cfbgacamg fgajlrbr tgmg fbrfubtg loâtrbfg mc fcbxc ml cr.
cr.
Lh fcsg ml vczchlatg ml `ãs flrtbjbfcr lh quco pcrtl mg fgakuatg gfgrrlu é jcoec
Fgh g lqubpchlatg mltlftgr ml ju`c ml `ãs â pgssèvlo cpgatcr lh quco pcrtl mg sbstlhc g vczchlatg sl
mlstcfc gu fgh usg ml mltlr`latl. Fcsg slkc bambfcmc c rl`bæg ml cfgpochlatg mc fcbxc ml cr,
jczlr c rltbrcmc mc hlshc l cacobscr g fgakuatg lvcpgrcmgr slh mlshgatã-og jczlamg g tlstl ml
lstcaqulbmcml, utbobzcamg `ãs abtrg`ëabg pcrc aæg fgatchbacr g sbstlhc l vbsucobzcr lh quco
pgatg mg fgakuatg/plàc hcabjlstc g vczchlatg.
Cpobfcàæg Fgatrcstl; oèqubmg fgogfcmg ag sbs
sbstlhc mg cr fgambfbgacmg, kuatchlatl
tlh kuatchlatl fgh g `ãs
`ãs rljrb`lrcatl pcrc
pcrc
vlrbjbfcr vczchlatgs. Ag ogfco mg vczchlatg jbfcrc uhc hcafec jcfbobtcamg c suc ogfcobzcàæg fgh g usg
ml oîhpcmc uotrcvbgoltc l öfuogs cmlqucmgs pcrc pcrc c mltlfàæg mg vczchlatg.

Ctlaàæg; Auafc
Auafc cpobqul Fgatrcstl lh lxflssg, ag hãxbhg c mgsl bambfcmc 0,<ho (hgag mgsl).
G fgakuatg lvcpgrcmgr â fghpgstg ml;
Lvcpgrcmgr4
]ung ml latrcmc l scèmc ml `ãs4
Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg4
Caâbs g-rba`
Vl fgastctcmg qul g vczchlatg â acs fgalxüls mg fgakuatg lvcpgrcmgr/tung/vãovuoc ml
lxpcasæg, vlrbjbfcr batl`rbmcml mgs caâbs g-rba`, sl aæg lstæg mljgrhcmgs gu mcabjbfcmgs.
Zlrbjbfcàæg ml pgssèvlo vczchlatg ml cr qulatl
Zlrbjbfcr sl c pgrtbaegoc ml vlmcàæg mg cr qulatl aæg lstã qulnrcmc ag lafcbxl mg obad, pcrtl lxtlrac mc
fcbxc ag ocmg mbrlbtg, fgajgrhl hgstrcmg ac jgtg cg ocmg.
Zlrbjbfcr sl g ngtæg
ngtæg mg fghcamg mg cr qulatl mc fcbxc lstã fghpoltcamg fursg gu sl aæg lstã cnlrtg.
Jgtg 93; Vbtucàæg g.d., tgmg jlfecmg, aæg plrhbtl
plrhbtl c pcssc`lh
pcssc`lh ml cr qulatl.
Jgtg 9>; Vbstlhc ml cr qulatl cnlrtg, aæg plrhbtl qul g cr fgambfbgacmg rljrb`lrl, pgbs gfgrrl c hbsturc
ml cr qulatl fgh jrbg.
JG]G 93 JG]G 9>
Zlrbjbfcr sl c latrcmc ml cr lxtlrag (rlfbrfuocmgr) aæg lstã cnlrtc plrhbtbamg qul g loltrg vlatbocmgr mc
fcbxc ml cr suùl g cr qulatl mbsplrscmg plog loltrg vlatbocmgr mg sbstlhc ml crrljlfbhlatg
mg hgtgr
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg =>

fgajgrhl hgstrc ac jgtg 93.
Ycrc uh ngh mlslhplaeg mg cr fgambfbgacmg g ngtæg mg rlfbrfuog mlvl lstcr ac pgsbàæg
jlfecmg, rlfbrfuocamg cplacs g cr mlatrg mg ecnbtãfuog, aæg plrhbtbamg qul g cr lxtlrag latrl, fgajgrhl
hgstrcmg ac jgtg 9>.
JG]G 93 JG]G 9>
Zlrbjbfcr sl g fcng mg fghcamg mg cr qulatl aæg lstã sgotg, mcabjbfcmg gu jgrc mc pgsbàæg ml hgatc`lh
grb`baco ac ncsl
ncsl mg fghcamg, gu c prlsboec
prlsboec ml jbxcàæg mc fcrfcàc mc fcbxc ml cr sgotc.
Zlrbjbfcàæg mg sbstlhc ml vlatbocàæg mc fcbxc ml cr
Zlrbjbfcàæg ml juafbgachlatg mg loltrg vlatbocmgr;
Humcr g fghutcmgr pcrc pgsbàæg 93 l vlrbjbfcr c vczæg ml cr fgrrlspgamlatl4

Humcr g fghutcmgr pcrc pgsbàæg 9> l vlrbjbfcr c vczæg ml cr fgrrlspgamlatl4
Humcr g fghutcmgr pcrc pgsbàæg 96 l vlrbjbfcr c vczæg ml cr fgrrlspgamlatl4
Humcr g fghutcmgr pcrc pgsbàæg 9= l vlrbjbfcr c vczæg ml cr fgrrlspgamlatl.
Vl g loltrg vlatbocmgr lstbvlr juafbgacamg cplacs ac =ª vlogfbmcml bambfc qul g rlsbstgr lstã fgh g tlrhg

jusèvlo cnlrtg.
rlsbstgr fgh Fcsg slkc mltlftcmg jcotc ml juafbgachlatg
g tlrhg jusèvlo cnlrtg mlvl-sl gnslrvcr g slùbatl;

mg loltrg vlatbocmgr prgvlablatl ml

Loltrg vlatbocmgr fgh juafbgachlatg caýhcog/plscmg4
Loltrg vlatbocmgr trcvcmg/nogqulcmg pgr
pgr fgrpg lstrcaeg.
ûèmgs cagrhcbs
Cagrhcobmcml; G cr fgambfbgacmg cprlslatc ruèmg qucamg ob`cmg7
]gmg ruèmg `lrcmg ac fcrrgflrbc gu hgtgr sæg chpobjbfcmgs l slùlh plocs tunuocàüls pcrc g batlrbgr mg
ecnbtãfuog. Lstl ruèmg pgml tlr cs hcbs mbvlrscs grb`las l pgr baûhlrcs vlzls â
mbcàgstbfcmg bafgrrltchlatl, fgasbmlrcamg-sl g fghprlssgr fghg ûabfg fcuscmgr mc jcoec.
Fcuscs prgvãvlbs
3. Fghprlssgr;
Nctbmc gu rcspcmc ag fghprlssgr mlvbmg brrlùocrbmcmls mg sgog4
Vuplrcqulfbhlatg4
Fghpgalatls mcabjbfcmgs4
Fgrrgsæg batlrac (uhbmcml).
>. Lhnrlc`lh hcàâtbfc;
Ygobc sgotc4
^gochlatg mls`cstcmg gu mcabjbfcmg4
Fung, rgtgr gu pocfc
pocfc fgh mls`cstl pgr
pgr ctrbtg, tlhpg ml usg gu suplrcqulfbhlatg.
6. Ygobc mg hgtgr;
Ygobc sgotc4
Mlscobaecmc.
=. Ygobc tlasgrc
Hgatc`lh bafgrrltc4
^gochlatg mls`cstcmg gu mcabjbfcmg.
<. Hgtgr mg loltrgvlatbocmgr;
Mlsncocaflcmg4
Batlrjlrëafbc fgh c fcrfcàc4
Hgatc`lh bacmlqucmc (sgotg)4
Fcrfcàc qulnrcmc.
:. Fcbxc ml vlatbocàæg/ cr fgambfbgacmg;
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg ==

Sulnrc ml coùh fghpgalatl batlrag gu lxtlrag4
Mchplr sgotg4
Vuklbrc sgotc ag batlrbgr mc fcbxc ml cr (jgoecs, `coegs, plmrcs,
plmrcs, pgrfcs,
pgrfcs, pcrcjusgs...).
pcrcjusgs...).
0. Fgamlascmgr;
Batlrjlrëafbc fgh c fcrrgflrbc4
Ygatgs ml jbxcàæg qulnrcmgs.
5. Vupgrtl mg fghprlssgr;
Lhplacmg gu qulnrcmg4
Hgatc`lh fgh gs pcrcjusgs
pcrcjusgs sgotgs gu hco cplrtcmgs.
2. ]unuocàüls l hcaùlbrcs;
Vupgrtl l prlsboecs
prlsboecs bacmlqucmchlatl cplrtcmcs gu hgatcmcs4
Batlrjlrëafbc fgh c fcrrgflrbc gu c`rl`cmgs.
39. Felfcr fubmcmgschlatl;
Fghprlssgr4 Lhnrlc`lh
hcàâtbfc4 Loltrg
vlatbocmgr4
Fcbxc ml cr4
Fgamlascmgr4

]ungs l hcaùlbrcs4
Vupgrtls.
Vgouàæg; Cpös fgastctcr c grb`lh mg ruèmg, sunstbtubr gu rlpcrcr g fghpgalatl jrguxg gu hco jbxcmg.
Fgatrgol ml Öolg mg Vbstlhc
Â bhpgrtcatl scoblatcr qul g öolg mg sbstlhc humc ml hgatcmgrc pcrc
pcrc hgatcmgrc.
Ounrbjbfcàæg mg sbstlhc ml C/F l fghprlssgr
G sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg fgatâh uhc mltlrhbacmc qucatbmcml ml öolg pcrc ounrbjbfcr
cs pcrtls hövlbs mgs fghprlssgrls. G öolg hbsturc-sl fgh g rljrb`lrcatl l lstl g crrcstc cg
oga`g mg sbstlhc ctrcvâs mgs fghpgalatls l hcaùlbrcs, murcatl g fbfog ml juafbgachlatg, pcrtl mlstl
öolg jbfc
lh

cmlrbmc
hcbgrls

ac jgrhc ml
qucatbmcmls

uh plqulag
ag fgamlascmgr,

jbohl acs pcrlmls batlracs mcs tunuocàüls l
lvcpgrcmgr, jbotrg l fghprlssgr. Cs hcaùlbrcs l
fghpgalatls mlvlh slr mbhlasbgacmgs fgh vlogfbmcmls hèabhcs ml lsfgchlatg mg `ãs pcrc qul pgssc pgssc
prghgvlr g rltgrag mg öolg fbrfuocatl ag sbstlhc pcrc g fghprlssgr. Fcmc hgmlog ml fghprlssgr lxb`l
qul slkc rltbmc flrtc qucatbmcml hèabhc ml öolg lh slu batlrbgr pcrc
pcrc suc plrjlbtc
plrjlbtc ounrbjbfcàæg.
‟G öolg â mlslavgovbmg pcrc fcmc tbpg ml rljrb`lrcatl l tbpg ml fghprlssgr, mlvlamg-sl slhprl slùbr
slùbr c
rlfghlamcàæg mg jcnrbfcatl. Fcsg fgatrãrbg g fghprlssgr sgjrlrã mcags plrhcalatls, fghprghltlamg
suc murcnbobmcml‘.
Fghprlssgr;
Lsfgcr g öolg ounrbjbfcatl mg fghprlssgr rltbrcmg mg vlèfuog, pcrc tcatg, rlhgvlr g pcrcjusg
ml mrlag ogfcobzcmg ac pcrtl
pcrtl bajlrbgr mg hlshg, fgajgrhl bambfcmg cncbxg;
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg =<

Zlrbjbfcr c qucatbmcml ml öolg rltbrcmc mg fghprlssgr mg vlèfuog, fgogfcamg-g lh uh rlfbpblatl `rcmucmg

(C), mlbxcr mrlacr pgr
pgr cprgxbhcmchlatl < hbautgs l `brcr c pgobc pgobc mg hlshg pcrc
pcrc fgafoubr c rlhgàæg4 Lsfgcr
g öolg ounrbjbfcatl mg fghprlssgr agvg c slr bastcocmg ag vlèfuog lh gutrg rlfbpblatl(N), mrlacr g hlshg
pgr < hbautgs l `brcr c pgobc
pgobc mg hlshg pcrc
pcrc fgafoubr c rlhgàæg4
^lhgvlr c qucatbmcml ml öolg lxflmlatl (F),qul fgrrlspgaml é mbjlrlaàc mg öolg mg fghprlssgr agvg pcrc
pcrc g
öolg mg fghprlssgr rltbrcmg mg vlèfuog4
^lcncstlflr latæg g fghprlssgr agvg l fgogfã-og ag vlèfuog.
Ygr lxlhpog; Vl jgr rltbrcmg mg fghprlssgr uscmg 09ho ml öolg, rlcncstlflr g fghprlssgr agvg fgh gs
hlshgs 09ho.
Agt c;c; C qucatbmcml hèabhc ml öolg c slr fgogfcmc ag fghprlssgr agvg mlvlrã slr :9ho.
C]LAÀÆG; Auafc
Auafc rlutbobzl g öolg rltbrcmg mg fghprlssgr uscmg lh fghprlssgrls agvgs, lstl öolg mlvl
slr rlfgogfcmg ag fghprlssgr rlhgvbmg mg vlèfuog pcrc pcrc pgstlrbgr
pgstlrbgr lavbg lh `crcatbc.
Lvcpgrcmgr;
Ac trgfc mg lvcpgrcmgr, cmbfbgacr 0<ho ml öolg agvg é plàc
plàc agvc.
Fgamlascmgr;
Ac trgfc mg fgamlascmgr, cmbfbgacr 69ho ml öolg agvg é plàc
plàc agvc.
Jbotrg Vlfcmgr;
Ac trgfc mg Jbotrg Vlfcmgr, cmbfbgacr <9ho ml öolg agvg é plàc
plàc agvc.
Hcaùlbrcs gu tungs fgh cncjcmgr (hujjolr);
Lh fcsgs ml sunstbtubàæg ml Hcaùlbrcs gu tungs, cmbfbgal 3<homl öolg agvg.
Bhpgrtcatl; G öolg YC@ â cotchlatl eb`rgsföpbfg, gu slkc, cnsgrvl uhbmcml fgh hubtc jcfbobmcml. Ygr
lstl hgtbvg, hcatlaec g jrcsfg ml öolg slhprl jlfecmg l sl pgssèvlo utbobzl-g ctâ g jbh qucamg cnrbr uhc
lhncoc`lh.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg =:

]LV]L ML ^LAMBHLA]G
Lstl tlstl sl cpobfc c sbstlhcs qul pgssulh vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg l tlrhgstctg , c jbh ml mlhgastrcr g
mbcàöstbfg ml mlslhplaeg mg fgambfbgacmgr ml cr, cr, aæg mlvl slr cpobfcmg lh gutrgs
sbstlhcs qul pgssulh, pgr lxlhpog, tung grbjèfbg. Olhnrl-sl slhprl ml tlr lh hægs g
hcauco ml rlpcrcàæg mg jcnrbfcatl. Cpös c fcr`c mg sbstlhc, prgflmc
prgflmc mc slùbatl jgrhc;
• Cnrc gs mbjusgrls flatrcbs.

Bastcol tgmcs
• Jlfel uh tlrhýhltrg
cs kcalocs ag fcnbal.
kcalocs mc mbjusgr
flatrco.
• Obùl g hgtgr l mlbxl-g juafbgacr c 3.<99 rph.
• Ygsbfbgal g fghcamg mg fobhctbzcmgr ac rljrb`lrcàæg hãxbhc (vlogfbmcml hãxbhc, cr tgtcohlatl jrbg l
mbrlfbgacmg pcrc
pcrc gs mbjusgrls jrgatcbs, tlfocs ml C/F l rlfbrfuocàæg batlrac cfbgacmcs).
• Jlfel cs pgrtcs
pgrtcs mg vlèfuog.
• Jcàc c olbturc mc tlhplrcturc mg tlrhýhltrg og`g cpös g 3¹ mlsob`chlatg mg fghprlssgr.
C tlhplrcturc mlvl lstcr mlatrg mc ãrlc ecfeurcmc.
Yrgflmbhlatg ml Lvcfucàæg mg Vbstlhc
C lstcàæg ml vãfug mlvl lstcr prlpcrcmc
prlpcrcmc pcrc
pcrc ctba`br
prlssüls cnsgoutcs hlagrls qul ><hh E`.
prlssüls
Gnkltbvgs mg vãfug ag sbstlhc ml CF;
^lhgvlr g cr (`csls aæg fgamlasãvlbs)
^lhgvlr g vcpgr ml ãùc.
Fgaslqulatl cuxèobg ac batrgmuàæg ml rljrb`lrcatl ag sbstlhc. ( ‟lstl aæg â g hgtbvg prbafbpco
‘ )
Nghnc ml Lvcfucàæg

Ygrqul sl mlvl jczlr vãfug c aèvlbs tæg ncbxgs7
Ycrc qul c tlhplrcturc ml lvcpgrcàæg mc ãùc slkc rlmuzbmc, slamg qul tgmg vcpgr ml ãùc gu uhbmcml
slkc lvcpgrcmg, hlshg c tlhplrcturc chnblatl l pgstlrbgrhlatl rlhgvbmg ctrcvâs mc sufàæg mg cr ploc
nghnc ml vãfug. Olhnrcamg-sl mg fgaflbtg mc lnuobàæg mc ãùc ag baèfbg mlstl trlbachlatg, qucatg hcbs
ncbxc c prlssæg ac quco g oèqubmg lstã sunhltbmg, hlagr â c tlhplrcturc fgh qul lol lvcpgrc. Latæg sgn
vãfug c rltbrcmc ml uhbmcml slrã hcbs jãfbo. C uhbmcml c lstc prlssæg ml (><hhE`) lvcpgrc plrtg mgs

><¹F. É prlssæg
lxflssbvgs cthgsjârbfc
mg fghprlssgr slrbc pröxbhg
mlvbmg é cotc mgs 399¹F.
prlssæg l Aèvlo ml vãfug
tlhplrcturc basujbfblatl
qul pgml
g sbstlhc fcuscr
gplrc4 mls`cstls
fgrrgsæg ml
pcrtls batlracs4 ml`rcmcàæg mc ounrbjbfcàæg4 fga`lochlatg mg grbjèfbg lxpcasgr.
Cncbxg slùlh coùhcs rljlrëafbcs ml prlssæg cnsgoutc ml vãfug l g cr rlhcalsflatl ag
sbstlhc l é tlhplrcturc ml lvcpgrcàæg mc uhbmcml alstc prlssæg,
prlssæg, qul fukg aghl mbssl HÈF^GAV ML
HL^FÛ^BG;
G qul â hèfrga7
G hèfrga â uhc uabmcml ml hlmbmc obalcr. \h hèfrga â c hboâsbhc pcrtl ml uh
hboèhltrg. Gs hcaýhltrgs ml hlmbr cs prlssüls ags sbstlhcs ml rljrb`lrcàæg sæg ac suc hcbgrbc
hcrfcmgs ag sbstlhc qul usc c pgol`cmc ml fghprbhlatg l c obnrc ml plsg. Ycrc sl tlr uhc bmlbc mc
prgpgràæg mg hèfrga lh rlocàæg cgs agssgs hcaýhltrgs, ncstc mbzlr qul uh hèfrga â bùco c 3pcrtl ml
><999pgol`cmcs, gu latæg qul sæg alflssãrbgs ><<.=99hèfrgas pcrc jczlr uhc pgol`cmc. G tung mc Jb`.
=< lstã lqubobnrcmg fgh c prlssæg ml 3cth acs mucs lxtrlhbmcmls. Sucamg aæg sl cpobfc

prlssæg
hgvbhlatl lh aguhc mcs mclxtrlhbmcmls,
slatbmg c prlssæg
prlssæg cpobfcmc. Vlamgcthgsjârbfc vcb ctucr jczlamg
c prlssæg hgstrcmc ml 3cth,fgh qul g hlrfûrbg
â pgrtcamg sl
g zlrg mg
hcaýhltrg. Ac Jb`. =: qucamg g hcaýhltrg fghpgstg (czuo) lstã hcrfcamg cncbxg ml zlrg, lol lstã
mcamg c prlssæg al`ctbvc lh pgol`cmcs ml vãfug. Bstg qulr mbzlr qul c agssc fgouac ml hlrfûrbg mc
boustrcàæg lstã fghlàcamg c pcsscr
pcsscr pcrc
pcrc ncbxg
ncbxg mg pgatg
pgatg C.

Grc, fgasbmlrcamg qul lxbstlh >=.<99 hèfrgas ml hlrfûrbg latrl >5,2‒ l>2,2‒ ml vãfug
hlmbmg ag hcaýhltrg, vlrlhgs qul â bhpgssèvlo jczlr lstc hlmbàæg ml jgrhc fgrrltc gnslrvcamg g
hcrfcmgr mg hcaýhltrg fghuh.Ygr bstg sghgs gnrb`cmgs c uscr g hlmbmgr hbfrghâtrbfg
(vcfuýhltrg).
Ycrc sl rltbrcr tgmg g cr mg sbstlhc ml CF mlvlrbc tlr vãfug cnsgoutg ag sbstlhc, pgrâh
pgrâh bstg â bhpgssèvlo,
pgrtcatg g hèabhg rlfghlamcmg â ><hhE`,gnslrvcamg qul sl lstbvlr c uhc tlhplrcturc
cncbxg ml
><»F, agrhco lh mbcs ml bavlrag prbafbpcohlatl, kã aæg slrã sujbfblatl, pgrtcatg mlvl-sl prlstcr ncstcatl
ctlaàæg alssl mltcoel.
‟]lhpg ml vãfug, aæg `crcatl c suc ljbfbëafbc‘,fghg â jlbtg ac hcbgrbc mcs gjbfbacs.
Vl eguvlr qucoqulr hbfrg-vczchlatg, g vãfug aæg slrã ljltbvg. Ygrâh, uh tlhpg hèabhg â rlqulrbmg
pcrc qul sl
sl tlaec cnsgoutc flrtlzc qul g sbstlhc
sbstlhc lstã nlh bsgocmg (slh vczchlatg).
Fcsg c prlssæg cuhlatl hcbs ml 39hhE` lh 69 slùamgs, sbàbjbfc qul cbamc pgml ecvlr vczchlatg ag
sbstlhc ml CF mg vlèfuog. (ag fcsg mgs vcfuýhltrgs mcs lstcàüls ml fcr`c, lstls agrhcohlatl aæg tëh
lstc prlfbsæg, alstl fcsg aæg mlvl ecvlr hgvbhlatg coùh mg pgatlbrg mg hcaýhltrg murcatl
coùas hbautgs). Fcsg aæg slkch ctlambmgs gs frbtârbgs cfbhc, rltgral cg prgflmbhlatg
ml mltlfàæg ml vczchlatg fcrrl`camg g sbstlhc fgh cprgxbhcmchlatl 699 `rchcs ml `ãs rljrb`lrcatl
gu prlssurbzcàæg fgh `ãs abtrg`ëabg (fghg â hcbs utbobzcmg l bambfcmg). Cpös c agvc felfc`lh ml
vczchlatgs prgflmc agvchlatl fgh gs prgflssgs ml rlfuplrcàæg l vãfug. Fcsg aæg eckc cuhlatg ml
prlssæg agvchlatl, cnrc cs vãovuocs agvchlatl l fgatbaul g vãfug pgr tlhpg alflssãrbg ctâ cofcaàcr g
obhbtl hèabhg bambfcmg
(><hhe`). Jlfel cs vãovuocs mc lstcàæg gu hcabjgom agvchlatl, cùcrml coùas
slùamgs ctâ c lstcnbobzcàæg mc prlssæg
prlssæg fgh g sbstlhc ml CF mg vlèfuog l felqul sl g vãfug â hcatbmg

l sl ctba`bu plog hlags ><hhE` c ><»F. Vl g aèvlo ml vãfug lstbvlr GD, g sbstlhc lstcrã prgatg pcrc slr
fcrrl`cmg.
Cpös g sbstlhc tlr sbmg obnlrcmg pcrc fcr`c ml `ãs;
 Â cfgasloeãvlo qul sl utbobzl c hcatc ml cqulfbhlatg mg fbobamrg catls ml babfbcr c fcr`c ml `ãs, pcrc g
cuxèobg mc trcasjlrëafbc pcrc
pcrc g vlèfuog, prbafbpcohlatl
prbafbpcohlatl sl g fbobamrg lstbvlr fgh pgufg
pgufg `ãs4
 ‟G fcrrl`chlatg ml `ãs
`ãs rljrb`lrcatl ag lstcmg oèqubmg mlvl slr
slr rlcobzcmg sghlatl
sghlatl ploc
ploc tunuocàæg ml cotc
prlssæg mg sbstlhc
sbstlhc‘4
 Jlfel c vãovuoc ml ncbxc
ncbxc mc lstcàæg l jlfel tchnâh c vãovuoc mg la`ctl rãpbmg mc hcaùlbrc fgalftcmc ac
vãovuoc ml slrvbàg mg vlèfuog4
 Hcatlaec cs vãovuocs ml cotc cnlrtcs (mc lstcàæg l mg la`ctl rãpbmg)4
 Ckustl c lstcàæg fgh c fcr`c cprgprbcmc pcrc g vlèfuog. Lh hãqubacs hcbs catb`cs, cmbfbgal
é fcr`c grb`baco mg vlèfuog c qucatbmcml ml `ãs lqubvcolatl c hcaùlbrc ml cotc mc lstcàæg cg vlèfuog4

Fcsg
agrhcoaæg tlaec qucoqulr rljlrëafbc, fgasbmlrchgs rltbmg ac hcaùlbrc <9 `rchcs (vcogr
lh hcaùlbrcs ml lstcàæg ml fcr`c)4
 Lstcàüls hcbs hgmlracs, kã jczlh lstc fghplascàæg batlrachlatl, pgrtcatg aæg rlqulrlh fcr`c cmbfbgaco
pcrc fghplascr cs hcaùlbrcs4
 Mbspcrl g fcrrl`chlatg mg rljrb`lrcatl ac jgrhc oèqubmc pcrc pcrc g sbstlhc ml CF4
 Cpös tgmc c fcr`c tlr sbmg trcasjlrbmc pcrc g sbstlhc mg vlèfuog jlfel c vãovuoc ml cotc mc lstcàæg l cnrc c
vãovuoc mg la`ctl rãpbmg ml ncbxc4
ncbxc4
 Obùl g sbstlhc l vlrbjbqul cs prlssüls4
prlssüls4
 Jlfel cs vãovuocs ml la`ctl rãpbmg l rltbrl-gs.
39 - Y^GFLMBHLA]GV ML OBHYL[C BA]LÂC MG VBV]LHC
(JO\VEBA@)
Sucamg jcochgs lh obhplzc mg sbstlhc ml cr-fgambfbgacmg cutghgtbvg, tlhgs c obhplzc
Jouseba`. C pcrc
utbobzcmg obhplzc

fghpoltc
rltbrcr

mg sbstlhc,
fghpoltchlatl

fgaelfbmc fghg Jouseba` â g prgflmbhlatg
g öolg l gs fgatchbacatls mcs pcrlmls batlracs mgs tungs l
hcaùlbrcs mg sbstlhc ml cr fgambfbgacmg cutghgtbvg mlvbmg é mltlrbgrcàæg mgs lqubpchlatgs
fghg g fghprlssgr l g jbotrg cfuhuocmgr slfcmgr, qul sæg gs qul hcbgrls fcuscmgrls mlssl tbpg
ml prgnolhc.
prgnolhc. Loc â alflssãrbc tchnâh
lh vlèfuogs hcbs catb`gs, fgh baljbfbëafbc ag juafbgachlatg mg sbstlhc, hlshg qul
mlvbmchlatl cncstlfbmgs ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl (^-3> gu ^-36=C). Ag sbstlhc ml rljrb`lrcàæg, g
fghprlssgr alflssbtc ml ounrbjbfcatls lsplfbcbs pcrc ctlaucr g mls`cstl mcs pcrtls hövlbs
batlracs. Ac obaec cutghgtbvc c qucatbmcml mlstl öolg vcrbc ml 3=9 c <99ho. Lh mltlrhbacmcs
sbtucàüls gu fgambàüls ml trcncoeg lssl ounrbjbfcatl pgml fgatchbacr-sl. Fgasbmlrc-sl fgatchbacmg sl
jgr lxpgstg é uhbmcml l obhcoecs grbuamcs mg mls`cstl batlrag mg fghprlssgr. Ycrc "ocvcr", gu slkc, rltbrcr
tgtcohlatl lstl ounrbjbfcatl fgatchbacmg â prlfbsg uh joubmg, uh sgovlatl fcpcz ml hbsturcr-sl l
mbssgovlr g öolg, mlbxcamg-g hlags vbsfgsg l fgh cotc joubmlz. Ygrtcatg â rlfghlamcmg utbobzcr g
joubmg ^-3=3N, qul pgml slr utbobzcmg ag lstcmg oèqubmg é tlhplrcturc chnblatl, jcfbobtcamg hubtg
slu hcauslbg l c ljbfbëafbc ml obhplzc.
]chngr ml mlpgsbtg 3=3n
Vlùrcaàc
Jbqul ctlatg, pgbs g öolg YC@ gu ctâ gs `csls pgmlh mcabjbfcr c pbaturc mgs vlèfuogs sl
mlrrchcmg cfbmlatcohlatl. \tbobzl slhprl gs LYB(lqubpchlatg ml prgtlàæg bambvbmuco). Lssl
trcncoeg pgml slr plrb`gsg, pgbs g joubmg ml obhplzc sgn cotc prlssæg sl lxpcaml l pgml
ncbxcr hubtg c tlhplrcturc, pgmlamg fcuscr olsüls l qulbhcmurcs ag fgrpg. Jcàc c
hcautlaàæg lh chnblatl vlatbocmg l lvbtl c bacocàæg ml joubmgs vcpgrbzcmgs.
Jlrrchlatcs ml obhplzc
Lxbstlh hãqubacs lsplfèjbfcs l ml ûotbhc `lrcàæg qul lxlfutch c tcrljc ml obhplzc fgh suflssg, pgrâh

pgrâh g

bavlstbhlatg aæg â mgs hcbs ncrctgs.
Gpàüls hcbs sbhpols l lfgaýhbfcs lstæg lh jlrrchlatcs mgtcmcs ml rlslrvctörbg pcrc
pcrc g joubmg, fgh
hcaùlbrcs l cpobfcmgr gu cbamc uhc sgouàæg hcbs sbhpols, uhc `crrcjc YL] fgh uhc hcaùlbrc jbac l
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <9

fgalxüls cprgprbcmcs. ]gmcs lsscs gpàüls trcncoech fgh g hlshg gnkltbvg l g hlshg prbafèpbg.
prbafèpbg.
Jlrrchlatc crtlscaco fgh g joubmg ^-3=3N
Jlrrchlatc crtlscaco lh càæg fgh g joubmg ^-3=3N
Jouseba` hcauco
Ac lxlfuàæg mg Jouseba` hcauco, cs obaecs mlvlh slr cnlrtcs pcrc jcfbobtcr g cflssg l mbhbaubr c plrmc
ml fcr`c murcatl c ocvc`lh, pgbs qucatg hcbs rãpbmg pcsscr g joubmg ml obhplzc, hcbs
crrcstg lstl prgpgrfbgacrã. G jbotrg slfcmgr l g fghprlssgr aæg pcssch plog prgflssg
ml obhplzc. G jbotrg
(cfuhuocmgr/slfcmgr) mlvl slr sunstbtuèmg. G fghprlssgr slrã sunstbtuèmg gu fcsg slkc rlutbobzcmg, mlvlrã
slr jlbtc sunstbtubàæg mg öolg.
Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg rlhgvbmc

Jczlr c obhplzc fgh abtrg`ëabg fghprbhbmg
Ag fcsg mg fgamlascmgr fgh g jbotrg slfcmgr batlrag, mg tbpg fcrtufeg, sl aæg eguvlr g jbotrg fcrtufeg
pcrc vlamc slpcrcmc, rlfghlamc-sl c trgfc fghpoltc mg fgamlascmgr. Bssg mlvl slr
fgasbmlrcmg auh gràchlatg, pgbs c vcrbcàæg ml prlàg latrl trgfcr gu aæg trgfcr uh fgamlascmgr â cotc.
Ctlaàæg pcrc aæg fghprghltlr g gràchlatg. Gs btlas hcaùlbrc, trlfeg ml tunuocàæg, fgamlascmgr l
lvcpgrcmgr mlvlh slr obhpgs slpcrcmchlatl. Cg obhpcr g lvcpgrcmgr g fgrrltg â ljltucrc rltbrcmc mc
vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg. Lh coùas vlèfuogs loc jbfc cogkcmc lh ogfcbs ml mbjèfbo cflssg, fghg mlatrg mg
pcbalo, pgr lxlhpog. Alssls fcsgs â alflssãrbc c rlhgàæg mg pcbalo, slhprl jczlamg c pcssc`lh mg
joubmg ags
vãovuoc

mgbs slatbmgs (jouxg l fgatrc l jouxg
ml lxpcasæg pgml mbjbfuotcr

gu rltrg cocvc`lh).
ctâ fghprghltlr

Vl aæg jgr rltbrcmc, c
obhplzc. Vl g sbstlhc pgssubr tung ml
lxpcasæg, lstl mlvl slr obhpg gu sunstbtuèmg. Lh coùas fcsgs, pcrc c obhplzc mg lvcpgrcmgr l vãovuoc
ml lxpcasæg, mlvl slr gràcmc c rlhgàæg mg pcbalo, pgbs g slrvbàg ml obhplzc mg sbstlhc pgml slr
lh væg, fgasbmlrcamg g lvcpgrcmgr rlpoltg ml öolg fgatchbacmg l c vãovuoc ml lxpcasæg trcvcmc
mlvbmg és bhpurlzcs batlracs. Lh fcmc fghpgalatl mlvlh- sl cpobfcr coùas hbobobtrgs ml joubmg ^-
3=3N,fghg pgr lxlhpog, lh uh fgamlascmgr. Lh fcmc cpobfcàæg, flrfc ml ><9homl ^-3=3N ml fcmc vlz,
pgr mbvlrscs vlzls, ctâ g joubmg scbr fghpoltchlatl obhpg (pgr chngs gs ocmgs, latrcmc l scèmc). C fcmc
cpobfcàæg ml joubmg, mlvl-sl fghprbhb-og fgh abtrg`ëabg c uhc prlssæg ml plog hlags 39ncr (3=9psb),qul
brã gfcsbgacr g crrcstg mg joubmg l g öolg fgh cotc vlogfbmcml plog batlrbgr mc tunuocàæg. Fel`c-sl c
utbobzcr ml 3 c 39obtrgs ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ^-3=3Nauhc ocvc`lh fghpoltc, mlplamlamg mg lstcmg mg
sbstlhc l ml slu cflssg. Lssc tcrljc mlvl slr rlpltbmc pgr mbvlrscs vlzls, g sujbfblatl ctâ g joubmg scbr
fghpoltchlatl obhpg ac gutrc lxtrlhbmcml. Auhc ocvc`lh hcauco, pcrc lvbtcr qul lssl joubmg sukg

rlspbaùl ags lafcbxcmc
(trcaspcrlatl) vlèfuogs l ac
sl lspcoel ploc gjbfbac,
gutrc lxtrlhbmcml mcrlfghlamchgs
tunuocàæg c fgogfcr uhc
slr obhpc. hcaùlbrc
Lstc hcaùlbrc poãstbfc
pgml
slr fgalftcmc c uh `crrcjæg fgh mgbs jurgs ac tchpc. Ag prbhlbrg jurg latrc c
hcaùlbrc fgh g joubmg sukg l ag gutrg uh plmcàg furtg ml hcaùlbrc, pcrc g lsfcpl mg cr ml mlatrg mg
`crrcjæg. Cssbh pgml-sl fgoltcr g joubmg fgh g öolg sukg l mlstbaã-og pcrc rlfbfoc`lh. Cpös c obhplzc
fghpoltc g sbstlhc mlvl slr hgatcmg fgh vlmcàüls agvcs l ounrbjbfcmg. Vunhltc g sbstlhc cg tlstl ml
lstcaqulbmcml (vczchlatg) cpös hgatcmg, utbobzcamg abtrg`ëabg. Olhnrl-sl ml ljltucr g
vãfug ag sbstlhc, c jbh ml rltbrcr c uhbmcml batlrac murcatl cprgxbhcmchlatl + gu - 69 hbautgs gu
fgajgrhl g vãfug rlfghlamcmg pgr pgr lqubpchlatg lsplfbco (vcfuýhltrg).
Fgh g sbstlhc fghpoltchlatl obhpg, mlvlhgs fgasbmlrcr qul lstã slh öolg l ag fcsg ml uh fghprlssgr
agvg, lstl `lrcohlatl kã vlh fgh c hlmbmc rlfghlamcmc. Fcsg g fghprlssgr tlaec sbmg cnlrtg l obhpg,
vlrbjbqul lh suc ltbqultc l cmbfbgal c qucatbmcml rlfghlamcmc ml öolg YC@ (ag fcsg ml sbstlhcs fgh ^-
36=C), latrl 3=9 c <99ho mlplamlamg mg hgmlog, fgh c vbsfgsbmcml rlfghlamcmc. Fcsg c lsplfbjbfcàæg
mc qucatbmcml aæg lstlkc ag fghprlssgr, vlrbjbqul cs ltbqultcs ag fgjrl mg hgtgr.
33 - MBC@AÖV]BFGV ML JCOECV
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <>

Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg plrhcalfl cnlrtc
Zãovuoc ml lxpcasæg plrhcalfl jlfecmc

^lstrbàæg ag ocmg ml cotc mg sbstlhc.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <=

\hbmcml ag sbstlhc
Jcoec mg fgamlascmgr gu sgnrlfcr`c ml joubmg rljrb`lrcatl
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <<

Yrlslaàc ml `csls aæg fgamlasãvlbs
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg <:

Jcoec ag fghprlssgr

3> - BMLA]BJBFCÀÆG ML ZC[CHLA]GV
Ycrc vlrbjbfcr vczchlatgs pgmlhgs utbobzcr g mltlftgr ml vczchlatgs loltrýabfg gu g dbt uotrcvbgoltc. G
hâtgmg hcbs utbobzcmg ag hghlatg â g uotrcvbgoltc pgr pgr slr hcbs prlfbsg.
prlfbsg.
Ycrc utbobzcr lstl lqubpchlatg, sb`c cs bastruàüls cncbxg;
• Cpobqul uhc chpgoc ml oèqubmg jougrlsflatl.
• Cncstlàc g sbstlhc fgh joubmg rljrb`lrcatl fgh c fcpcfbmcml tgtco.
• Fgh hgtgr mc hãqubac ob`cmg, cfbgal g fgambfbgacmgr ml cr cr..
• Mlbxl g sbstlhc juafbgacr ag hèabhg pgr
pgr < hbautgs.
• Fgh c oîhpcmc uotrcvbgoltc prgfurl
prgfurl g pgssèvlo
pgssèvlo vczchlatg.
GNVL^ZCÀÆG; Gs vczchlatgs ag lvcpgrcmgr pgmlh
pgmlh slr bmlatbjbfcmgs ctrcvâs mc ãùc qul scb mg mrlag.

36 - ^LFGOEBHLA]G L ^LFBFOC@LH ML JO\BMGV ^LJ^B@L^CA]LV
Yrgflmbhlatgs nãsbfgs qul uh prgjbssbgaco mlvl tghcr qucamg lxbstlh qulbxcs ml ncbxc
ljbfbëafbc mg lqubpchlatg. Latrl cs jlrrchlatcs utbobzcmcs lstæg c nghnc ml vãfug, hcaýhltrg, fbobamrg

`rcmucmg gu ncocaàc,
(Lqubpchlatg lqubpchlatg
ml Yrgtlàæg ml utbobzcmgs
Bambvbmuco) rlfgoebhlatg l dbt l ouvcs,
sæg gs öfuogs ml uotrcvbgoltc. Gs LYBs
lstl ûotbhg qucamg sl hcabpuoc
joubmg rljrb`lrcatl.
Yrgflmbhlatgs pcrc rl gplrcàæg
3. ^lfgoec g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl ctâ qul cs prlssüls lstlkch fghpoltchlatl zlrcmcs. Fcsg
usl uh lqubpchlatg ml rlfgoebhlatg fgajgrhl c jbùrc, cùcrml fbafg hbautgs l vlrbjbqul sl c
prlssæg frlsfl cfbhc ml zlrg. Vl gfgrrlr, rlbabfbl c gplrcàæg. Â alflssãrbg rlpltbr lssl prgflmbhlatg ctâ
qul c prlssæg
prlssæg sl hcatlaec lh zlrg pgr
pgr > hbautgs. Cagtl c qucatbmcml ml rljrb`lrcatl qul jgb rlfgoebmg.
>. Sucamg g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl â rlfgoebmg, eã tlamëafbc ml sl crrcstcr g öolg mg sbstlhc.
Mrlal g slpcrcmgr ml öolg l cagtl c qucatbmcml qul jgb rltbrcmc mg sbstlhc. Auafc rlcprgvlbtl g öolg
mrlacmg l tchnâh aæg g kgùl cg hlbg chnblatl. Lafchbael-g és lhprlscs qul rlcprgvlbtch

lssl tbpg ml öolg ounrbjbfcatl.

6. Lxlfutl g prâ-vãfug pgr fbafg hbautgs. Mlsobùl c nghnc ml vãfug, cùcrml hcbs fbafg
hbautgs gnslrvcamg sl aæg eã cotlrcàæg ags hlmbmgrls mg hcaýhltrg.
=. Fcsg eckc cotlrcàæg, eã pgssbnbobmcml ml slr uh vczchlatg, cmbfbgal c qucatbmcml alflssãrbc ml joubmg
rljrb`lrcatl ag sbstlhc.
‖ Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg :9

<. Yrlpcrl g slùbatl hctlrbco pcrc
pcrc mlsfgnrbr g ogfco mg vczchlatg; uotrcvbgoltc, cpobfcmgr, ouz l öfuogs.
:. Cpobqul uotrcvbgoltc ag sbstlhc. Fgh g hgtgr ob`cmg, cfbgal g fgambfbgacmgr ml cr mlbxcamg juafbgacr
pgr mlz hbautgs. Mlsobùl g fgambfbgacmgr ml cr l fgh c ouz al`rc suplrvbsbgal g sbstlhc ctâ mltlftcr
uhc hcafec jougrlsflatl - ogfco mg vczchlatg. ^lfgoec g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl, jcàc g rlpcrg alflssãrbg l
rlpbtc c gplrcàæg ml prâ-vãfug. Aæg ecvlamg hcbs vczchlatgs, cprgvlbtl c mlprlssæg pcrc c fcr`c ml öolg
ounrbjbfcatl (agvg), gnslrvcamg c qucatbmcml fgrrltc - fcr`c ml öolg ploc obaec ml ncbxc ml prlssæg.
prlssæg. C`grc,

jcàc vãfug qul
Olhnrl-sl fgh gmurcàæg
sbstlhc hèabhc ml =9
jbfgu hubtg hbautgs,
tlhpg gnslrvcamg
cnlrtg. qul
Jcàc uhc c mlprlssæg
obhplzc lstlkc
l cpobqul latrl
vãfug >0 ag
pgr l 69 hhE`.
hèabhg >
egrcs.
0. Cpobqul joubmg rljrb`lrcatl. Alstl prgflmbhlatg â bhprlsfbamèvlo vlrbjbfcr c fcr`c

lstbpuocmc plog jcnrbfcatl mc hãqubac. C fcr`c mlvl slr jlbtc ploc obaec ml cotc prlssæg ag lstcmg
oèqubmg. \tbobzcrlhgs uh fbobamrg `rcmucmg. Sucamg uschgs fbobamrgs gu ncocaàcs, catls ml bakltcrhgs
g joubmg rljrb`lrcatl, mlvlhgs jczlr c ‟sca`rbc
sca`rbc‘‘ mc hcaùlbrc ml slrvbàg (flatrco) lxpur`camg rlsèmugs
ml cr qul jbfch alstc hcaùlbrc. Cpös c fcr`c, cùcrml c lqucobzcàæg mcs prlssüls.
prlssüls.
5. Jcàc gs tlstls ml rlambhlatg l mbcàöstbfg jbaco. Cnrc gs mbjusgrls jrgatcbs, fgogqul g
tlrhýhltrg pröxbhg c lols l jlfel tgmcs cs pgrtcs l kcalocs mc hãqubac. Obùl g hgtgr l mlbxl-g
juafbgacr c 3.<99 rph. Ygsbfbgal g fghcamg mg fobhctbzcmgr ac rljrb`lrcàæg hãxbhc (vlogfbmcml
hãxbhc), cr tgtcohlatl jrbg l tlfocs ml CF l rlfbrfuocàæg batlrac cfbgacmcs. Zlrbjbqul cs

tlhplrcturcs fgajgrhl g `rãjbfg. Vl sbstlhc lstbvlr GD, pcssl pcrc g btlh slùbatl.

2. Yrlpcrl-sl pcrc rltbrcr g kg`g ml hcaýhltrgs mc slùbatl jgrhc pcrc qul aæg jbqul joubmg rljrb`lrcatl
ac hcaùlbrc; mlsobùl g hgtgr mg vlèfuog, mlsfgalftl prbhlbrg c hcaùlbrc ml cotc
prlssæg. Obùl agvchlatl g hgtgr mg vlèfuog l cfbgal g fgambfbgacmgr ml cr cr.. C`grc cnrc g rl`bstrg ml
cotc prlssæg lh
3/5 ml vgotc. Mlpgbs cnrc g rl`bstrg ml ncbxc ncbxc prlssæg
prlssæg lh 3/5 ml vgotc.

39. Cùcrml
mlsobùl ctâ qul cs prlssüls sl lqucobzlh, l c`grc sbh, mlsfgalftl c hcaùlbrc ml ncbxc prlssæg, l
g hgtgr mg vlèfuog.
Hcautlaàæg Cutghgtbvc Vbstlhc ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg :>
3= - LVS\LHC LOÂ]^BFG

3< - ^LJL^ËAFBCV NBNOBG@^CJBFCV

MLAVG. ^ljrb`lrcàæg ml Vbstlhcs Cr Fgambfbgacmg Zlbfuocr. Cpgstboc ]âfabfc. Lm.
3225. Furbtbnc - Y^.
 @LAL^CO HG]G^V. Fgambfbgacmgr ml Cr. Cpgstboc ]âfabfc. Lm. 322:. Væg Fcltcag mg Vuo -
VY.
 GYLO .Fgaflbtgs ml Cr Fgambfbgacmg Zlbfuocr. Cpgstboc ]âfabfc. Lm. 322:. Ygrtu`co.
 VLACB-VY. Fgaflbtgs ml ]lrhgmbaîhbfc. Fursg ml ^ljrb`lrcàæg. Lm. 3220. Væg Ycuog - VY.
 ZGODVPC@LA. Fgaflbtgs Nãsbfgs ml ^ljrb`lrcàæg. Cpgstboc ]âfabfc. Lm. 322<.
Væg
Nlracrmg mg Fchpg - VY.

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FJF‒‒s ac fchcmc ml gzýabg, vchgs fgaelflr prbhlbrg cs fchcmcs mc

C hcbgrbc mcs auvlas l tlhplstcmls gfgrrlh ac trgpgsjlrc, c fchcmc ml cr hcbs pröxbhc

ml agvgs rljrb`lr

Yrlssæg cthgsjârbfc â g rlsuotcmg mg plsg mc fgouac ml cr sgnrl uh mltlrhbacmg pgatg.

Fghg c cotc fgaflatrcàæg ml pgoulatls

G cqulflmgr â g rlspgasãvlo plog cqulfbhlatg mg fghpcrtbhlatg. Lol â pgsbfbgacmg cpös g lvcpgrcmgr g

ml cfbmlatls ml trcncoeg. ‟Yrlvlabr â g hloegr rlhâmbg

Humcr g fghutcmgr pcrc pgsbàæg 93 l vlrbjbfcr c vczæg ml cr fgrrlspgamlatl4

Zlrbjbfcr c qucatbmcml ml öolg rltbrcmc mg fghprlssgr mg vlèfuog, fgogfcamg-g lh uh rlfbpblatl `rcmucmg

Lxbstlh hãqubacs lsplfèjbfcs l ml ûotbhc `lrcàæg qul lxlfutch c tcrljc ml obhplzc fgh suflssg, pgrâh

0. Cpobqul joubmg rljrb`lrcatl. Alstl prgflmbhlatg â bhprlsfbamèvlo vlrbjbfcr c fcr`c

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