i

(A: - B: H x )

ii
D t llat n n f th maj a at n at n df a at n f l ght
c m nd f m th l t n m xt . Th at n n gy nt n and
n gy q m nt a q t h gh. Eff c nt and ff ct f th at n
d nd n ff c ncy and c n my. Alm t all th a at n c ha
m ad antag and d ad antag . In many ca t bl t c mb n
m than n at n and m n m z d awback and max m z th t
a ct . D t llat n can b c l d w th m mb an at n , xt act n, and
la n gy n d t mak t ff ct . Many n t gat ha ca d t
n t gat n n th a ct . Al m d l ng and m lat n f d t llat n
c l mn w d ly d c d t c. C nt w mma z a ch and
t d n th a ct .

Int nat nal J nal f R a ch & R w (www. j j nal.c m) V l.4; I : 11;

N mb 2017

iii
 1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Distillation Column Inlet Streams 2
1.2 Distillation System Outlet Streams 2
1.3 Controlled Variables 2
1.4 Basics Of Reactive Distillation 4
1.5 Tray Layouts In Columns 4
1.6 Single-Pass Crossflow Trays 6
1.7 Decks 8
2.0 Liquid and vapor phases 9
3.0 T ay hyd a l c 9
4.0 Problem Statement 10
5.0 Antonine Equation Application 11
5.1 Antonine Equation Application For Pentane 11
5.2 Antonine Equation Application For Hexane 11
6.0 Vapor – Liquid Equilibrium 18
6.1 B l ng P nt D ag am Of P ntan Δ H xan 12-13
6.2 Tray Design 14
6.3 Mc Cabe Thiele Diagram 15
6.4 Minimum No of Stages 16
6.5 The Theoretical and Actual No. Of Stages 17
7.0 Conversion For F , D , W 18
8.0 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 19-20
9.0 SIEVE PLATE DESIGN 21

9.1 Pressure drop calculation 21

9.2 Rectifying section 22
9.3 Column Diameter Of Rectifying Section 22-24
10.0 liquid flow pattern 24
11.0 Provision Plate Design 25
12.0 Check Weeping 25-26
13.0 Two Trial 27-29
14.0 Three Trial 31-34
15.0 Down Comer Buck Up 37
16.0 Distillation Tower Hysys 38-41

iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Distillation is a thermal separation method for separating mixtures of two or more
substances into its component fractions of desired purity, based on differences in
volatilities of components—which are in fact related to the boiling points of these
components—by the application and removal of heat. Note that the term distillation
refers to a physical separation process or a unit operation. Remarkably, distillation
can be combined with another distillation operation, leading to a dividing-wall
column (Harmsen, 2010), or with a chemical reaction, leading to reactive distillation
(Sundancer and Kienle, 2003; Sundancer, Kienle, and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2005;
Luyben and Yu, 2008; Sharma and Singh, 2010), and/or other chemical process
operations (Schmidt-Traub and Gorak, 2006). At the commercial scale, distillation
has many applications, such as the separation of crude oil into fractions (e.g.,
gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.), water purification and desalination, the splitting of
air into its components (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, and argon), and the distillation of
fermented solutions or the production of distilled beverages with high alcohol content
(Forbes, 1970). Distillation underwent enormous development due to the
petrochemical industry, and as such it is one of the most important technologies in the
global energy supply system (Harmsen, 2010). Essentially, all transportation fuel
goes through at least one distillation column on its way from crude oil to readily
usable fuel, with tens of thousands of distillation columns in operation worldwide. In
view of the foreseen depletion of fossil fuels and the switch to renewable sources of
energy such as biomass, the most likely transportation fuel will be ethanol,

Fg 1.1. D t llat n c l mn.

1
1.2 D t llat n C l mn Inl t t am
For a continuous binary (two-component) distillation column, there are three streams
entering the column:
• Feed
• Boil up
• Reflux
1.3 D t llat n y t m O tl t t am
There are two main streams and one minor stream leaving a distillation system:
• Distillate
• Bottoms
• Small vent stream of inert or light vapors leaving the reflux drum
1.4 C nt ll d Va abl
A controlled process variable is usually a flow rate, pressure, or temperature signal
from a sensor and transmitter that is used to provide the input to a controller. A
controlled variable is controlled to a setpoint. The main variables to be controlled in a
distillation column are the following:

• Distillation column pressure

• Reflux drum liquid level
• Column bottom liquid level
• Separation power base
• Material balance split

2
Fg 1.2 D t llat n c l mn c nt l

3
2.0 BA IC OF REACTIVE DI TILLATION:
Reactive distillation is attractive in those systems where certain chemical and phase
equilibrium conditions exist. We will discuss some of its limitations in Section
Because there are many types of reactions, there are many types of reactive
distillation columns. In this section we describe the ideal classical situation, which
will serve to outline the basics of reactive distillation. Consider the system in which
the chemical reaction involves two reactants (A and B) producing two products (C
and D). The reaction takes place in the liquid phase and is reversible

For reactive distillation to work, we should be able to

remove the products from the reactants by distillation. This implies that the products
should be lighter and/or heavier than the reactants. In terms of the relative volatilities
of the four components, an ideal case is when one product is the lightest and the other
product is the heaviest, with the reactants being the intermediate boiling components.

3.0 TRAY LAYOUT IN COLUMN

Figure 2.1 shows a short, trayed distillation column. Trays in such a column are
always numbered. The majority of engineers prefer starting the numbering at the
ground, just like the floors in a hotel. There are many exceptions, however, and
simulation programs usually number the (theoretical) trays from top to bottom.
Liquid and vapor streams that enter and leave the column do so via nozzles that are
welded to the shell of the column. Manholes are also welded to the column shell.
Manholes provide access for humans to the inside of columns. The internal diameters
(IDs) of open manholes range from 430 to 610 mm. Using such manholes, trays can
be installed, inspected, and removed. It is typical to have manholes at the top and
bottom of the column and also at feed points and major side draws. The trays of
Figure 2.1 are very simple dual-flow trays, without downcomers. Trays are often
equipped with manways, which are removable deck sections that allow humans to
move vertically through the trays, especially for very detailed inspections. Some
engineers regard the reflux as alight pure liquid that cleans the vapor as it climbs
through the tower. They regard the reboiler vapor as a heavy pure vapor that cleans

4
the liquid as it falls down the tower. Feed streams can be liquids, vapors, or a flashing
mixture.

FIGURE 2.1 m l D t llat n C l mn w th T ay

Absorption, stripping, and regeneration columns typically have simpler

configurations than distillation columns, e.g., they usually do not have mi column
feed streams. Figure 2.2 shows a trayed version. In an absorber, the liquid (L) and
vapor rates (V) are independent of each other. This sometimes yields very interesting
hydraulic conditions on the trays, e.g., very high liquid-to-vapor ratios. A distillation
column is different. The liquid and vapor rates increase or decrease together.

5
3.1 INGLE-PA CRO FLOW TRAY
Figure 2.3 shows the most common tray configuration, single-pass crossflow trays.
Various tray parts are identified. Figure 2.4 shows a single liquid stream snaking its
way down a column. The vapor stream moves upwards through the column. The
vapor stream is much more voluminous than the liquid stream. On this particular
drawing, the liquid and vapor streams contact each other three time

FIGURE 2.3 ngl -Pa C fl w T ay

Referring to Figures 2.3 and 2.4, when the liquid stream leaves a deck, it enters a
downcomer, which is a three-dimensional volume bounded by a downcomer curtain
and the inside wall of the column. After flowing downward briefly, the liquid
encounters an unperforated receiving pan or seal pan. The liquid then flows across a
perforated deck area, where it encounters up flowing vapor. After leaving the deck

6
FIGURE 2.4 Fl w Patt n n ngl -Pa C fl w T ay

FIGURE 2.5 A a All cat n

area, it flows over an outlet weir, which tends to be 25e100 mm high. Some trays
have no outlet weirs. Some trays have outlet weirs with holes in them, especially to
pass solids. Some trays have short vertical inlet weirs (not shown in the figures)
immediately downstream of receiving pans. Their primary function is to prevent
vapor from entering downcomers via the downcomer clearances. As the liquid stream
is snaking its way down the trayed column, the vapor stream is flowing upward
through the decks and through the liquid. Figure 2.5 is a horizontal view of a one-
pass crossflow tray. The downcomer area (ADC) ranges from 5% to 20% of the total
column cross-sectional area; 10% is probably the average. The receiving pan (RP)
area is roughly equal to the downcomer area. The deck area is also called the
bubbling area, and ranges from 60% to 90% of the total, with 80% being the average.

7
3.2 DECK
All tray decks have openings through which the vapor phase passes vertically
upwards. There are many deck types and designs to choose from. Figure 2.7 gives
some examples. The simplest type is the sieve deck. Sieve holes are almost always
circular. Hole diameters range from 1 mm, especially for air separation distillations,
to 25 mm, especially for dirty services. Sieve decks are relatively inexpensive, but
they have limited rangeability, i.e. turndown capability. Bubble cap decks are the
costliest decks, but they also have the largest turndown capability. Decks with
moving valves were invented in the 1950s. At low flows, the valves close to prevent
liquid from weeping downward through the decks. Decks with fixed valves were
invented in the 1970s. Moving and fixed valves, when viewed from above, can be
circular, triangular, rectangular, or trapezoidal in shape. Trapezoidal fixed valves can
be positioned on decks to push liquid across decks to achieve capacity and efficiency
gains. Table 2.1 compares briefly the various deck types. The turndown capabilities
listed in the table assume 600 mm tray spacings. Trays at closer spacings have lesser
rangeabilities and lesser turndown capabilities.

IGURE 2.7 Exam l f D ck Ty

8
3.3 L q d and a ha
To design a trayed column, a modest amount of information is required about the
system and the fluids: mass flow rates, phase densities, liquid surface tension, phase
viscosities, and phase diffusivities. Vapor density is a strong function of system
pressure. Surface tension determines the size of deleterious liquid droplets that are
created above tray froths. A Stokes-type analysis (force balance) of such droplets
reveals that the liquid/vapor density difference is a surprisingly important variable.
The viscosities and diffusivities affect efficiencies. Diffusivities can usually be
calculated starting with viscosity information

3.4 T ay hyd a l c
Figure 2.9 shows an average tray functioning far from its flood point. The liquid
lifecycle begins in the downcomer. That liquid always contains some vapor that is
being back-mixed from the tray above. Many of the back-mixed vapor bubbles find
their way upwards and out of the downcomer, especially via bubbleebubble
coalescence. Some bubbles, however, get totally back-mixed to the tray below.
Overall, the biphase rises to a certain height within the downcomer, which is called
the downcomer backup. The weight of this biphase is called the backup head. From
the downcomer, the liquid flows onto the deck inlet area. Liquid flows across the tray
as a froth containing an appreciable amount of vapor. Figure 2.9 shows that vapor
often leaves the deck holes as cylindrical jets. These jets sometimes break through to
the top of the froth. The liquid-vapor mixture on the deck has a froth height and a
froth density and it exerts a certain “hydrostatic head.” The mostlyvapor volume
above the froth is called the disengagement space, which includes a multitude of
droplets that have been expelled from the froth. If these droplets are small enough
and if the vapor velocity is high enough, liquid droplets are entrained to the tray
above. Some researchers regard 10% entrainment (liquid mass entrained divided by
total tray vapor rate) as the tray’s ultimate capacity or “flood point.

9
 FIGURE 2.9 T ay Hyd a l c V cab la y

4.0 PROBLEM TATEMENT

Design of Distillation column (A- Pentane B-Hexane )

Parameter value units
feed flow rate F 6.7 ton per hr
feed composition Xf 30% mole %
product purity Xd 95% mole %
bottom compostion Xw 5% mole %
operating pressure P 4 Bar
feed temperature T saturated -liquid K

10
5.0 ANTONINE EQUATION APPLICATION;

5.1 Ant n n Eq at n A l cat n t f nd T- at at d ( ntan ).

𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑩
𝐥𝐧 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨 −
𝑻 + 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑪

Pentane

A B C lnp
15.8333 2477.07 -39.94 8.0064

𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟕.𝟎𝟕
𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑 −
𝑻−𝟑𝟗.𝟗𝟒

𝑻𝑺𝒂𝒕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟓

5.1 Ant n n Eq at n A l cat n t f nd T- at at d (H xan ).

𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑩
𝐥𝐧 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨 −
𝑻 + 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑪

Hexnane

A B C lnp
15.837 2697.55 -48.78 8.0064496

𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟕.𝟓𝟓𝟕
𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝟔𝟔 −
𝑻−𝟒𝟖.𝟕𝟖

𝑻𝑺𝒂𝒕 = 𝟑𝟗𝟑. 𝟓

11
 6.0 VAPOR – LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM

✓ Tak 6 D ff nt T m at B tw n (393.288 –356.423) K

✓ f nd PA & PB f m Ant n q f P ntan & H xan

𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑩
𝐥𝐧 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨 −
𝑻 + 𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑪
𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟕
𝑷𝑨𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑 (𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑 − ) = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟒
𝟑𝟓𝟔 − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟒
𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟕.𝟓𝟓
𝑷𝑩𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑 (𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝟔𝟔 − ) = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟖𝟔
𝟑𝟓𝟔−𝟒𝟖.𝟕𝟖

12
6.1 B l ng P nt D ag am Of P ntan Δ H xan

13
✓ T- D w P nt = 359.5 K
✓ T- F d P nt = 379.5 K
✓ T- B bbl P nt = 390.5 K

6.2 – TRAY DE IGN

14
 ∅𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝑿𝒅
∅𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟏 + 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 = =
𝟏 + 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟒

𝑹𝒐𝒑 = 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟖

𝑿𝒅
∅𝒐𝒑 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔
𝑹𝑶𝑷 + 𝟏

6.3 Mc Cab Th l D ag am

15
6.3 M n m m N f tag

• Mnm mN f tag =7

16
6-4 Th Th t cal and Act al N . Of tag

• Theoretical No of Stages = 11
• ɧ = efficiency = 60%
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒐 𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 = = = 𝟏𝟖 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝟎.𝟔

Actual No. of stages = 18

17
7.0 CONVER ION FOR F , D , W
𝒈
𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒈
𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖
𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝒂𝒗𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒈𝒆 = (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑴𝒘𝒕𝟏 ) + (𝑿𝟐 + 𝑴𝒘𝒕𝟐 )

𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = (𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟏) + (𝟎. 𝟕 + 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖) = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 ≡ 𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟕
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 = (𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟏) + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖) = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 ≡ 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟓
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒘𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟏) + (𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟖) = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 ≡ 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟖
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
7.1 O all Mat al Balanc
𝒌𝒈
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎 = ∗
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕
𝒉𝒓 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒓 𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝑭= 𝑫+𝑾

𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 = 𝑫 + 𝑾 … … … . . (𝟏)

(𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑) = (𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝑫) + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝑾) … … … . . (𝟐)

UB EQ -1 INTO EQ-2
𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑲𝑮 𝒌𝒈
∗ 𝑫 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟕
𝒉𝒓 𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒉𝒓

𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑲𝑮 𝒌𝒈
∗ 𝑾 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟔. 𝟕
𝒉𝒓 𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒉𝒓
𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑲𝑮 𝒌𝒈
∗ 𝑾 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 = 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒓 𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒉𝒓

18
8.0 PHY ICAL PROPERTIE

𝑻𝟏+ 𝑻𝟐 𝟑𝟓𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟓

𝑻𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌
𝟐 𝟐
8.1 Physical Properties ( Density )
• D n ty-A
𝑻 𝒏
−(𝟏− )
𝝆=𝑨∗𝑩 𝑻𝑪
• A= 0.23143
• B= 0.26923
• TC= 469.65
• N= 0.28215

(From Ludwig's Applied Process Design page 758(

𝟑𝟕𝟓
−(𝟏−𝟒𝟔𝟗.𝟔𝟓)𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟖
𝝆(𝑨−𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟑 ∗ (𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟑)
𝑘𝑔
𝝆(𝑨−𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅) = 533
𝑚3

• D n ty-B

• A= 0.23242
• B= 0.26500
• TC= 507.43
• N= 0.278210
𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟖
𝝆(𝑩−𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟐 ∗ (𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎)−(𝟏−𝟓𝟎𝟕.𝟒𝟑)
𝑘𝑔
𝝆𝑳 = 579.7
𝑚3

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = (𝝆𝐴 ∗ 𝑋1 ) + (𝝆𝐵 ∗ 𝑋1 )

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = ( 533 ∗ 0.95) + (580 ∗ 0.05)

𝐾𝑔
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 535.35
𝑚3

19
• So, We Consider Density Of Mixture At Top Equal General Ideal Gas Law For
Distillate
𝑷 ∗ 𝑴𝒘𝒕
𝐕𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝝆𝑽 =
𝑹∗𝑻
𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 𝐾𝑔
𝝆𝑽 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟑𝟕𝟓
= 9.49 3
𝑚

8.2 Physical Properties (Surface Tension)

• fac t n n -A

𝑻 𝑵
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝝈 = 𝑨 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝑻𝑪

𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟏.𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟒
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞 = 𝝈 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟎 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟓

𝑵
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞 = 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝒎

• fac t n n-

𝑻 𝑵
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝝈 = 𝑨 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝑻𝑪

𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟏.𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟑
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐧𝐞 = 𝝈 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟏 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟑

𝑵
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞 = 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗
𝒎

𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = (𝝈𝑨 + 𝑿𝒅 ) + (𝝈𝑩 + 𝑿𝒘 )

𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓) + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)

20
 𝑵
𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏
𝒎

9.0 IEVE PLATE DE IGN

➢ A m t n
1 -P d at ach t ay 100 mm Wat
2 -T ay ac ng 0.45 m
3 -C fl w t ay ngl a
4 -Max m m Va , L q = Vn , Ln m n m m f 70 Vn & Ln
5 -A al f 85% f fl d ng V l c ty d
6 -A m that th H l - Act a a 10%
7 -H l d am t 5 mm
8 -F t t al tak th d wnc m a a a 12% f th c l mn a a
9 -w h ght = 50 mm
10-Plat th ckn = 5 mm

9.1 P d calc lat n

No. of real plates = No. of actual stages – 1 ( reboiler )

✓ No. of real plates = 18 -1

✓ No. of real plates = 17

1 -P d at ach t ay 100 mm Wat

𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 == 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 == 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟕

𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟕 𝑷𝒂 ≡ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒓

21
 • Top pressure = operating pressure = 4 bar
• Bottom Pressure = Top pressure + Column pressure = 4.165 bar

9.2R ct fy ng ct n
𝑳𝒏 = 𝑹𝑶𝑷 ∗ 𝑫
𝑲𝒈
𝑳𝒏 = 𝟒. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟕
𝒉𝒓
𝑲𝒈
𝑳𝒏 = 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔
𝒉𝒓
𝑲𝒈 𝑲𝒈
𝑳𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟑
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑳𝒏 + 𝑫
𝑽𝒏 = 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟕 = 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝒏 +∗ 𝟎. 𝟕
𝑲𝒈
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 +∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒓
9.3 C l mn D am t Of R ct fy ng ct n

• For top section

• V- Density = 9.47kg/m^3
• L- Density = 535.35/m^3
• Vn= 9591.46
• Ln= 7937.76
𝑳𝒏 𝝆𝑽
𝑭𝑳𝑽 = ∗√
𝑽𝒏 𝝆𝑳

7937.76 9.47
𝐹𝐿𝑉 = ∗√ = 0.11
9591.46 535.35

22
• F F 11.27 V .6 (568) 0.45 k1= 0.075

✓ C ti

𝜎𝐼𝑁𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.02 0.008 0.02

𝐾1 ∗ ( ) = 0.075 ∗ ( ) = 0.0736
0.02 0.02

𝝆𝑽− 𝝆𝑳
𝑼𝑭 = 𝑲𝟏 ∗ √
𝝆𝑽

𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒎
𝑼𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ √ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒎 𝒎
𝑼𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒄

• N t a a f lat = An
𝑽𝑵
𝑸=
𝝆𝑽

𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑸= = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒉𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑸
𝑨𝒏 =
𝒖𝒇
𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝑨𝒏 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕
• k w 12%
𝑨𝒏
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝑪 =
(𝟏 − 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 )

𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟓
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 )

23
 𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝑪 = ∗ 𝑫𝟐𝑪
𝟒
𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 = ∗ 𝑫𝟐𝑪
𝟒
𝑫𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒎 -

10.0 l q d fl w att n
𝑳𝒏
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 =
𝝆𝒍
𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 −𝟑
𝒎𝟑
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = = 𝟒. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎
𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄

• F fi 11.28 .6 ( 569)
• So flow pattern = cross flow tray single pass

11.0 P n Plat D gn
𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 = 𝑫𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 = 𝑨𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 = 𝑨𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏𝒎𝟐
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑫𝒉 = 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

24
12.0 Ch ck W ng

𝒎𝟑
𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟗
𝒔

𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 =
𝑨𝒉

𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝑚
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝑠

12.1 W L ngth

𝑨𝒅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟔
𝒇𝒐𝒓 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐%
𝑨𝒄 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖

F mfg ( 11.31) at vol.6 page 573

𝑰𝑾
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 = 𝑰𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎
𝑫𝒄

𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟕𝟎% ∗ 𝑳𝒏

𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑳𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 ≡ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟐
𝑳𝑾 𝟑
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓 = 𝒉𝒐𝒘 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 ∗ ( )
𝝆𝑳 ∗ 𝑰𝑾

25
 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 𝟑
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓 = 𝒉𝒐𝒘 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 ∗ ( )
𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓 = 𝒉𝒐𝒘 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎

• at minimum rate ( hw + how ) = 50 + 19.11 = 69.11 mm

• form figure ( 11.30 )( at Vol.6 page (571) ) K2 = 30.6

• Hole diameter= 5 mm

(𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 – 𝐝𝐡 )
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ( 𝐊𝟐 – 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
(𝛒𝐯) 𝟎 . 𝟓
Predicted minimum vapor velocity = ( 30.6 – 0.90 (25.4 – 5 ) / ( 9.47 )1/2 )
Predicted minimum vapor velocity = 3.944 m /s
Predicted minimum vapor velocity (uh) > Actual minimum vapour velocity

• So weeping

26
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14.0 plate pressure drop

35
36
• Downcomer buck up

𝒉𝒃 = 𝒉𝒘 + 𝒉𝒐𝒘 + 𝒉𝒕 + 𝒉𝒅𝒄

37
16.0 D t llat n T w Hy y

38
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40
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