Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 20 views

    Chapter 01

    Uploaded by

    victor
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the quantized samples into a digital bitstream. Specifically: 1) Sampling converts a continuous analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. 2) Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) Encoding uses binary numbers to represent the quantized levels for transmission as a digital signal. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal to avoid aliasing during reconstruction. Quantization error is limited to half the quantization step size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 01

    Uploaded by

    victor
    20 views20 pages
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the quantized samples into a digital bitstream. Specifically: 1) Sampling converts a continuous analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. 2) Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) Encoding uses binary numbers to represent the quantized levels for transmission as a digital signal. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal to avoid aliasing during reconstruction. Quantization error is limited to half the quantization step size.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the quantized samples into a digital bitstream. Specifically: 1) Sampling converts a continuous analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. 2) Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) Encoding uses binary numbers to represent the quantized levels for transmission as a digital signal. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal to avoid aliasing during reconstruction. Quantization error is limited to half the quantization step size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views20 pages

    Chapter 01

    Uploaded by

    victor
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the quantized samples into a digital bitstream. Specifically: 1) Sampling converts a continuous analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. 2) Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) Encoding uses binary numbers to represent the quantized levels for transmission as a digital signal. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal to avoid aliasing during reconstruction. Quantization error is limited to half the quantization step size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 20

    Chapter 01

    Discrete Time Signals: Sampling,


    Quantization & Encoding

    1
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Most useful signals are analog: Speech, biological signals, seismic signals,
    radar signals, sonar signal, audio and video signals etc.
    • For processing, conversion of these signals into digital form is necessary.
    • The conversion process is called analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion and the
    corresponding devices are called A/D converters (ADCs).
    • One such method of analog-to digital conversion is Pulse Code
    Modulation(PCM).
    • A PCM system consists of a transmitter side and a receiver side. The
    transmitter side acts as the A/D converters and the receiver side works as
    the D/A converters (reconstruction circuit).

    2
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • A block diagram of a PCM system is shown below:

    PCM Transmitter

    3
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • The transmitter system has 3 main operations:
    1. Sampling
    2. Quantization
    3. Encoding

    • The receiver system has 3 main operations:


    1. Regeneration of impaired signals
    2. Decoding
    3. Reconstruction (Demodulation)

    4
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Sampling: It is the conversion of continuous–time signal to discrete-time
    signal by taking “samples” of continuous time signal at discrete instants.
    Example:
    • Let the signal x(t) be periodically sampled every T seconds. The time, T, is
    1
    called the sampling time, and its reciprocal Fs= is called the sampling
    𝑇
    rate (or frequency), which basically measures the number of samples per
    second.

    5
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • In other words, if we multiply (modulate) the message signal with a train of
    pulses, the output will be a discrete time signal.

    6
    Analog to Digital Conversion

    7
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • How often must we sample the signal x(t) in order to be able to reconstruct
    an unambiguous replica of it from the samples, x(n). In other words, how
    many samples [per second] are necessary to reconstruct x(t)?
    • In order to find that out we need to understand the followings:

    8
    Analog to Digital Conversion

    9
    Analog to Digital Conversion

    10
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • To avoid the problem of aliasing, Fs is selected so that Fs >2Fmax atleast.

    • Nyquist theorem states ,


    If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal xa(t) is Fmax and the
    signal is sampled at a rate Fs>2Fmax then xa(t) can be exactly recovered from
    its sample values.

    11
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Understanding aliasing effect:

    12
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Quantization: It is the conversion of a discrete-time continuous valued
    signal into a discrete-time discrete-valued (digital) signal.
    • In other words, Quantization refers to the use of a finite set of amplitude
    levels and the selection of a level nearest to a particular sample value of the
    message signal as the representation for it.
    • An example of the quantization operation is provided in the next section
    where the range of x(n) is divided into L, non-overlapping zones each of
    step size or resolution,Δ.
    𝑥max − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
    ∆=
    𝐿−1
    • Xmax=max value of x(n)
    • Xmin=min value of x(n)
    • Xmax – Xmin = Dynamic range
    • L=no of quantization levels

    13
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • The input-output characteristics of an uniform quantizer

    14
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Table 01: Quantization using Truncation or Rounding

    15
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Quantization Error/Noise: Quantization noise or Quantization error is
    produced in the transmitting end of a PCM system by rounding off the
    sampled values of a continuous message signal to the nearest representation
    level. The quantization error is the difference between the input and output
    signals of the quantizer.

    • The quantization error cannot exceed half of the quantization step or


    resolution:

    ∆ ∆
    − ≤ 𝑒𝑞 (𝑛) ≤
    2 2

    16
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Encoding: An encoder in PCM translates the quantized sample into a
    specific code by using binary sequence.The binary sequence is converted to
    a sequential string of pulses for transmission.
    • If we have L levels we need at least L different binary numbers.
    • With a word length of b bits we can create 2𝑏 different binary numbers.

    17
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Example 01:

    18
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Example 02:

    19
    Analog to Digital Conversion
    • Solution:

    20

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy