Egg Shells Ppowder

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Mortar is a workable paste typically made from a mixture of fine aggregate, a binder
such as cement or lime, and water. Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a
rigid aggregate structure. It is used in masonry to bind bricks and stones, to provide an
even bed between joints, and to plaster and point exposed masonry surfaces. Mortar in
a thin liquid form (grout) is used to fill empty joints in masonry, to stabilize soil, to
solidify porous rock, to make cast-in-situ reinforced concrete membranes, and has
many other uses (Zhang et al, 2018).
The over dependent on the utilization of industrially manufactured binding materials
(cement) have kept the cost of construction financially high, and this has up till now
prevented third world countries like Nigeria in providing cheap housing for its citizen
particularly rural dwellers that are mostly agriculturally dependent (Agbede and Joel;
2011). The use of waste materials as a partial or full replacement of cement in mortar
and concrete can be an important step towards sustainability in the construction
industry worldwide, since cement is used as their main binder, (Krammart and
Tangtermsirikut, 2004). The use of alternative binders that are less pollutant and/or
the use of residues could impact the construction industry towards the production of
concrete with less environmental impact. According to Ramezanianpour, et al. (2009)
the cost of cement production is expected to decline when Portland cement is partially
replaced by rice husk ash, a pozzolana from agro-waste product.
Eggshells are agricultural waste materials generated from chick hatcheries, bakeries,
fast-food restaurant among others which can litter the environment and consequently
1
constituting environmental problems or pollution which would require proper
handling.
In the ever increasing efforts to convert waste to wealth, the efficacy of converting
eggshell to beneficial use becomes an idea worth embracing. The composition of
eggshells indicates that the effect of it powder on cement treated materials should be
articulated. It is scientifically known that the eggshell is mainly composed of
compounds of calcium which is very similar to the cement. Literature has shown that
the eggshell ash primarily contains lime, calcium and protein where it can be used as
an alternative raw material in the production of wall tile material, concrete, mortar
and others. Eggshell also contribute to construction industry which is it can be reduce
in construction cost and landfill which it give good performance in properties in
concrete and durability of the concrete. Thus, eggshells can be produced a new raw
material for development in the construction industry as an additive in the
conventional concrete.
Okonkwo et al., (2012) concluded in their research that Egg Shell powder (ESP) can
be used as an alternate for cement which resulted in higher compressive strength of
concrete. Ultimately, they found that soil-cement-egg shell mixture can be used for
road pavements. Arash et al., (2012) carried out the experiment on the effect of
eggshell powder on plasticity index in clay and expansive soils and reported that
plasticity index of the soil can be improved by adding egg shell wastes with the clay
soil and can be used in construction projects including earth canals and earth dams.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Eggshell is another agricultural waste, which was estimated between 10,000–11,000
tons to be disposed annually by egg processors and producers of hard cooked eggs
(Adeleye, 2009). Sahel (2015) stated that the Nigerian poultry industry is estimated at
2
approximately 165 million birds, which produced 650,000 metric tons of eggs in
2013; and from the market size perspective, Nigeria’s egg production is the largest in
Africa.
Waste disposal is one of the factors contributing the environmental problem and
increasing dramatically yearly. The egg consumption of the Nigerians which is still
low. In Nigeria, the per capital egg consumption of the people was recorded at three
egg per week. Hence, the egg consumption of Nigerians is increasing with high
demand for local food industry. Eggshells wastes are seriously affecting the
environment and causing pollution to public health. Eggshell is classified as a waste
material by the food industry but is in fact a highly sophisticated composite. The
ultimate goal is to use the eggshells in packaging to protect egg products giving a
second lease of life to the eggshell in the very role it was created for a true case of
recycling. Therefore, recycling eggshells into the useful product gives good potential
benefit on many levels, both for food manufacturers and a much wider construction
industry.
1.3 Justification
Considering the environmental hazards associated with the production of cement and
the manner in which agricultural waste products are been disposed. There is need to
use alternative, cost-effective, non-conventional and locally available materials
suitable for construction, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement,
which may also help to prevent environmental pollution. Thus, the research on egg
shell powder (ESP) as a partial replacement of cement in mortar production will go a
long way in addressing the environmental and economic problems of egg shell, as
well as providing innovative material for cement based concretes.
3
1.4 Aim and Objectives
1.4.1 Aim
The aim of this research is to investigate the properties of mortar incorporating egg
shell powder with a view to improve on its mechanical properties.
1.4.2 Objective
The aim of the research will be achieved through the following objectives
i. To characterize the constituent material to be used in the research.
ii. To determine the optimum percentage replacement of ordinary Portland cement
by ESP.
iii. To determine the mechanical characteristics of mortar made with ESA in various
proportions of cement replacement.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.5.1 Scope
This research is focused on the review of available related literature's on the
performance in mortar, as well as carrying out the necessary experimental
investigation on the effect of ESP as partial replacement in mortar.
The effect of partial replacement of cement with ESP in proportion of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20
and 25% respectively on the properties of mortar.
1.5.2 Limitation
This research work is limited to egg shell powder sourced from Bida Local
Government Area of Niger State. Their effect will be considered to that on 1:3
(cement: sand) mortar.
1.6 Contribution to Knowledge
4
This research work when successfully completed will enrich the potential use of
abundant egg shell waste for use in producing mortar. The successful use of ESP in
mortar works may lead to reduction in the cost of such construction. This in addition
will serve as a means of addressing the problem of disposal of egg shell.

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CHAPTER ONE

many other uses (Zhang et al, 2018).

The over dependent on the utilization of industrially manufactured binding materials

and concrete can be an important step towards sustainability in the construction

concrete with less environmental impact. According to Ramezanianpour, et al. (2009)

replaced by rice husk ash, a pozzolana from agro-waste product.

eggshell to beneficial use becomes an idea worth embracing. The composition of

articulated. It is scientifically known that the eggshell is mainly composed of

in construction cost and landfill which it give good performance in properties in

material for development in the construction industry as an additive in the

be used as an alternate for cement which resulted in higher compressive strength of

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Eggshell is another agricultural waste, which was estimated between 10,000–11,000

environment and causing pollution to public health. Eggshell is classified as a waste

use alternative, cost-effective, non-conventional and locally available materials

shell powder (ESP) as a partial replacement of cement in mortar production will go a

well as providing innovative material for cement based concretes.

shell powder with a view to improve on its mechanical properties.

i. To characterize the constituent material to be used in the research.

ii. To determine the optimum percentage replacement of ordinary Portland cement

proportions of cement replacement.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This research is focused on the review of available related literature's on the

performance in mortar, as well as carrying out the necessary experimental

investigation on the effect of ESP as partial replacement in mortar.

and 25% respectively on the properties of mortar.

(cement: sand) mortar.

1.6 Contribution to Knowledge

will serve as a means of addressing the problem of disposal of egg shell.

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