Atomicstructure 151006082251 Lva1 App6891

S.
MORRIS 2006
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
400 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms
he pounded up materials in his pestle and
mortar until he had reduced them to smaller
and smaller particles which he called
ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1805 John Dalton : Atomic Theory, atoms of same

element are alike
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and called them
ATOMS
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1897 Joseph John Thompson
found that atoms could sometimes eject a
far smaller negative particle which he called
an
ELECTRON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910 Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to

propose a more detailed model with a central
NUCLEUS.
He suggested that the positive charge was all

in a central nucleus which is the PROTON.
With this holding the electrons in place by
electrical attraction
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913 Niels Bohr
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

that the electrons were in orbits. Rather
like planets orbiting the sun. With each
orbit only able to contain a set number of
electrons.
Bohr’s Model
electrons in orbits
nucleus
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1932 James Chadwick
Discovers NEUTRONS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle Charge Mass
proton + ve charge 1
neutron No charge 1
electron -ve charge nil

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
4 Mass number/Nucleon number
He
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
2 Atomic number/Proton number

the number of protons in an atom
number of electrons = number of protons

HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton
+
N
-
+
- N
electron neutron
What do these particles consist of?

Question
Write the number of protons, electrons and neutrons

for the following elements;
23 16
40
a) Ca b) Na c) O
20 11 8
35 28 11
d) Cl e) Si f) B
17 14 5
Relative Atomic Mass
• Ar : it is the average mass of naturally
occurring atoms of an element on a scale
where the carbon- 12 atom has a mass of
exactly 12 units.
• It is the mass number of an atom
40
• Example: Ca has a mass of 40
20
Relative Molecular Mass
• Mr : it is the sum of the relative atomic
masses of the atoms in a compound
• Example: CO2 has an Mr of
(12 x 1) + (16 x 2) = 44
Relative Molecular Mass
Diffusion of HCl and NH3 :
Find the Mr of the reagents.
Relative Formula Mass
• Mr : it is the sum of the relative atomic
masses of the atoms in an ionic
compound
• Example: NaCl has a formula mass of
(23 x 1) + (35.5 x 1) = 58.5
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;
1. Electronic Configuration
2. Dot & Cross Diagrams

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are represented
numerically by the number of electrons in their shells
and number of shells. For example;
Nitrogen has seven electrons, so, its electronic
configuration is: 2 . 5
Maximum number of electrons in each shell: 2n 2
Where, n is the shell number (1,2,3,….)

Nitrogen configuration = 2 , 5
N
2 in 1st shell
2 + 5 = 7
5 in 2 nd
shell
7
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or
Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons
• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons
• third shell a maximum of 18 electrons

Write the electronic configuration for the following

elements;
20 11 8
a) Ca b) Na c) O
2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6
17 14 5
d) Cl e) Si f) B
2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds
are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,
and circles to show the shells. For example;

X
Nitrogen
N
14
X X N X X
7
XX
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following

elements;
35 X
16
a)
8
O b) Cl X
17 X
X X X
X
X X X X Cl X X X
X O X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
Dot and Cross Diagrams
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for the following

elements;
20 11 8
a) Ca b) Na c) O
2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6
17 14 5
d) Cl e) Si f) B
2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3

The Atom Helium
Proton Electron
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

The Atom Lithium
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Lithium has three electrons, three protons and four neutrons

The Atom Beryllium
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

The Atom Boron
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Carbon
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Nitrogen
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

The Atom Oxygen
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

The Atom Fluorine
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Neon
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Sodium
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

Ion
• An ion is a charged particle. It can be an
+ 2+
atom, or a molecule. Example, Na , Ca ,
NH4+, CO32-, Cl -, O2-
• In an ion, number of protons is not equal

to the number of electrons
• When a particle loses an electron, it
becomes positively charged. When it
gains electron, it becomes negatively
Valency
• Valency is the number of electrons a
particle donates or accepts in order to
form a compound
• It is the value of the charge in an ion
• Example, the valency of Na+ is +1 and the
valency of O2- is -2
Radical
• a radical is a group of atoms which can
combine with another element as a single
unit.
+
• Example, NH4 is a radical and its valency
is +1
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element having the
same proton number but different nucleon
number, due to different number of neutrons
• Example, Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35
and Cl- 37
• Hydrogen has three isotopes, H-1, H-2 and
H-3
Isotopes : Hydrogen
Isotopes: Carbon
Isotopes: Chlorine
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of

Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.
4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

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S.

400 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms

he pounded up materials in his pestle and

mortar until he had reduced them to smaller

and smaller particles which he called

1805 John Dalton : Atomic Theory, atoms of same

suggested that all matter was made up of

tiny spheres that were able to bounce around

with perfect elasticity and called them

1897 Joseph John Thompson

found that atoms could sometimes eject a

far smaller negative particle which he called

1910 Ernest Rutherford

Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to

He suggested that the positive charge was all

1913 Niels Bohr

Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

1932 James Chadwick

Particle Charge Mass

electron -ve charge nil

4 Mass number/Nucleon number

2 Atomic number/Proton number

number of electrons = number of protons

What do these particles consist of?

Write the number of protons, electrons and neutrons

There are two ways to represent the atomic

structure of an element or compound;

2. Dot & Cross Diagrams

With electronic configuration elements are represented

numerically by the number of electrons in their shells

and number of shells. For example;

Nitrogen has seven electrons, so, its electronic

Maximum number of electrons in each shell: 2n 2

Where, n is the shell number (1,2,3,….)

Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons

• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons

• third shell a maximum of 18 electrons

Write the electronic configuration for the following

2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6

2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3

With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,

and circles to show the shells. For example;

Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following

Draw the dot and cross diagrams for the following

2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6

2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3

Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

Lithium has three electrons, three protons and four neutrons

Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.