STUDENT KIT LAB MODULE

Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 6

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 3.0 Date Issued: March 2022
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV
Course Code: EPO563
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

Harmonic

Authors

Prepared by: Dr. Noralizah Hamzah Date: December 2009

1st Revision: PM. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Farid Abidin Date: 2015
PM. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Farid Abidin
2nd Revision: Date: March 2022
Dr. Mohd Abdul Talib Mat Yusoh
 ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Field/Module: Power Utilization/ PU2

Experiment Title: Harmonic

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

CLO1: Work in a team effectively to perform laboratory works

(A3).
CLO2: Display proficiency using laboratory tools in conducting
Course Learning
experiment (P4).
Outcomes:
CLO3: Determine a suitable technique in order to solve the
engineering problem (C4).
CLO4: Present the findings observed from the experiment/case
study clearly and effectively through a lab/PBL report
(A3).

Upon completion of this experiment, students should have the:

Module Outcomes: MO1: Ability to perform analysis on the harmonic phenomenon
MO3: Ability to analyze the harmonic measured at different load

Perform the following tasks:

Instructions: 1. Perform the tasks as given/instructed in the lab module.
2. Submit the report in a group.

1. No food or drink is allowed in lab unless food or drinks are

provided as a part of the lab.
2. Shoes must be worn in lab.
Safety Instructions: 3. Please avoid wearing any conductor during experiment.
4. Please ensure all the diagram connection is checked or approved
by instructor/ assistance engineer before running the
experiment.
 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This laboratory work consists of three parts; namely

i. Pre-lab
ii. Demonstration
iii. Experimental Work and Exercises

For the Pre-lab, students are expected to conduct literature research on harmonics based on
the given questions. The answers must be presented to the lab instructor before proceeding
with the subsequent parts. The aim of this session is to assess student’s individual work on
preparing the laboratory work. The lab instructor may ask questions (quizzes) to the students
to assess their comprehension on the literature research made.

During the Demonstration, the lab instructor will demonstrate the method of using the
measuring and recording harmonics of an electrical system using Power Quality Analyzer
(FLUKE 435).This part serves as the guidance for the students to proceed with the third part;
Experimental Work and Exercises.

During the Experimental Work and Exercises, the students shall perform the work with
minimum guidance from the lab instructor. The aim is to observe and assess their capability
in using the knowledge gain in the previous two parts and how the group members interact
in conducting the experimental work.

2. PRE-LAB WORK:

2.1 Define the term “harmonics”.

Solution: Frequencies that are integer multiples of the basic power frequency for currents or voltages.

2.2 Describe in general the function of a Power Quality Analyzer, especially the FLUKE
435.
Solution: Determine the problems and calculate energy loss to give you a precise understanding of
the financial loss.

2.3 Find a recent paper/journal within 5 years in the IEEE explorer/ ScienceDirect (using
ezaccess UiTM: https://ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/login ) related to the topic
“Harmonic distortion in the building”. Identify the problem statement, objective,
Methodology and Outcome of the paper/journal and do the summary in mind map.
Solution:
 3. DEMONSTRATION AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

3.1 In this session, the instructor will demonstrate the method of measuring and recording
harmonics waveforms of a personal computer using Power Quality Analyzer (FLUKE
435). The steps are as follows:

a) Connect RS 2-SP 27 cable to Fluke meter and clamp the current transformer
(CT) to CPU’sincoming cable (Note: L-L and N-N)
b) At Fluke meter, choose:
i. Harmonic function (adjust ‘Menu’ button)
ii. Current mode (adjust ‘F1’ button)
iii. Line connected (adjust ‘F2’ button)

c) Capture and record the waveform/spectrum of harmonic generated by

CPU/personalcomputer as displayed at Fluke meter via Flukeview software as
follow:
i. Connect optical cable from Fluke meter to computer’s USB port
ii. Open Flukeview software at start menu
iii. Search and select computer port
iv. Capture image
Solution:

Harmonics spectrum generated by personal computer take a little bit longer to settle
down/stable.
 v. Based on the waveform, determine the total harmonic distortion (THD) reading?
Solution: 71.9%

d) What is the dominant harmonic order of the load?

Solution: 7

3.2 In this session, students will be teamed up in assigned groups to conduct the
following experiments. For each experiment, the harmonic waveform/spectrum of
different loads will be observed. Answer the questions posed accordingly.

a) Repeat and answer the questions in section 3.1 of DEMONSTRATION for loads
listed in the following:
i. Fluorescent light
ii. Single phase transformer (load is set to 200Ω)
Solution:

Harmonics spectrum generated by fluorescsent light take a little bit faster to settle
down/stable.
 When 200 Ω applied to the load THD reading generated by single phase transfoemer
take more faster time to stable.

b) Compare and comment on the harmonics spectrum pattern generated by personal

computer, fluorescent light and single-phase transformer.
Solution:
The harmonics spectrum generated by single phase transformer is the faster to settle down for the
spectrum become stable than fluorescent light and personal computer. The faster harmonics spectrum to
settle down, the more stable it become.
 c) Change the load connected to the transformer to 600Ω and 1kΩ. Record
the harmonic waveform/spectrum.
Solution:

When 600 Ω apllied, harmonics spectrum take a little bit slower than 200Ω to stable.

When 1k Ω applied, it take longer than 200Ω and 600Ω to become stable. The THD value is more greater
than before.
 d) Compare the waveform obtained by the transformer at different load value and give
your opinion on the effect of load (connected to transformer) to the harmonic spectrum.
Solution:
The waveform obtained at 200Ω is more stable than 600Ω and 1kΩ. Besides the waveform
obtained at 200Ω is take less time to become stable and settle down compare to the other
two load. In my opinion, if the load is increases, the time of waveform to settle down will
increase.

e) List 3 effects of harmonic (any 3).

Solution:
1. Increase the r.m.s. current in electrical systems and deteriorate the supply voltage quality.
2. They stress the electrical network and potentially damage equipment.
3. They may disrupt normal operation of devices and increase operating costs.

f) List the methods usually employed to mitigate the harmonic problem. Choose
one of themethods and describe its working principle and application.
Solution:
The method that usually employed are m ulti-pulse drives, passive filters, active front ends (AFE), and
active filters. For example, Active harmonic filters, also called harmonic correction units, are parallel
devices that act like a noise cancellation system and inject equal and opposite frequencies to mitigate
harmonics. The filters can also provide additional current to correct the power factor. Active filters
are used in communication systems for suppressing noise, to isolate a communication of signal from
various channels to improve the unique message signal from a modulated signal.

4. CONCLUSION

Conclude in detail the findings and the outcomes of this experiment. This should include the
summary of knowledge gained, comments and discussion of the results, errors and their
possible sources and how this experiment can be improved.

In this experiment we able to use power quality analyzer practically. To test the power
quality level, the method of measuring and recording harmonics waveforms of a personal
computer, fluorescent light and single phase transformer conducted. Among these 3, the
sinle phase transformer recorded the most satisfied waveform as it take lesser time to stable
than the other 2. But among 3 different load by single phase transformer, the smaller load
recorded the most relevant waveform as it give better THD reading and more faster to
become stable. The possible errors in this experiment is instrumental error. This happen
because the instrument being used are in accurate. This can be improved by learn or read and
understand the manual laboratory before experiment or while experiment conducted.

5. QUIZ

A set of questions will be presented by lab instructor and students are expected to answer all
questions before concluding the experiment. This could be in the form of written or oral quiz.
5.1 Define what is harmonic and how it affects the power distribution system.
Harmonics are voltages or currents that are multiples of the system's basic frequency.
The capacity of the power system to operate at its best is compromised by harmonics. Due to
increased power usage, higher utility costs, overheating, and decreased profitability, it leads to
operational inefficiencies.

5.2 List 4 main sources of harmonics in electric power systems.

 Power electronic equipment
  Arcing devices
 Iron saturating devices
 Synchronous machines

5.3 The passive filters are used to mitigate power quality problems in ac-de converters with R-C load.
It can be classified as a passive shunt filter and a passive series filter. Explain both passive filters in
terms of their configuration and schematic diagram.

Passive Filters Passive Shunt Filter Passive Series Filter

Schematic
Diagram

Configuration Connected in parallel Connected in series configuration

configuration
 6. REFERENCES

[1] Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,C. Sharmeela,Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen,P. Sivaraman,

Power Quality in Modern Power Systems, 1st edition, Academic Press, 2020, ISBN:
9780128234464
[2] C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems, 7th Edition, New Age International, 2017,
ISBN: 978938607019

END
APPENDIX

 Cover Lab Report

 Grading Section
 Rubric
 STUDENT LAB REPORT
Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 6
Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 3.0 Date Issued: March 2022
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV
Course Code: EPO563
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

Harmonic

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION

Prepared By: Student ID:
1. CALVIN ANAK KARE 2020828042
2. HAFIZ SOFIUDDIN BIN ABDUL MUZAHID 2020878632
Group: E2 Lab Date: 5/4/2023 Submission Date:
Lab Instructor: NORSUZILA YA'ACOB (ASSOC. PROF. IR. GS. TS. DR.)
 GRADING SECTION
Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 6
Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 3.0 Date Issued: March 2022
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV
Course Code: EPO563
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual
Harmonic
Weighted Marks
(Part A) Assessment Criteria * Marks Allocated
Obtained (WMO)
Results:
 List all the data collected and show them graphically.
30.0
 Present and label clearly the figures, tables and graphs.
 Exhibit significant results of the project
Discussions:
 Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly.
 Discuss and evaluate the experimental procedure to
achieve the objectives 30.0
 Include calculation and interpret them by comparing
with theoretical values.
 Explain the reason on each interpretation
Conclusions:
 Summarize the whole experimental results
10.0
 State whether your results support your theory
 Comments about its success and effectiveness.
 Explain your achievements, problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g., sentence structure, tenses 5.0
and spelling
Total Part (A) 75.0
*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO10 Lab Report Evaluation rubrics
Marks Marks
(Part B) Assessment Criteria* Remarks Obtained
Allocated
Pre-Lab Pre-lab is assessed based on the marking
Students need to answer and submit 15.0 scheme of the respective laboratory
all pre-lab in the report.
Quizzes Quizzes are assessed based on the marking
Students need to submit answer for 10.0 scheme of the respective laboratory
quizzes in the lab report.
Total Part (B) 25.0
TOTAL ((A) + (B)) /100%
Instructor’s Comments
 RUBRIC LABORATORY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV (EPO563)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
REPORT EVALUATION (CO4 - PO10)
Weighted
Marks Marks (M) Marks
(A) Assessment Criteria
Allocated Obtained
0 1 2 3 4 5 (WMO)
Results:
1. List all the data collected and
Results are Results are
show them graphically. Results do not Results are Results are
incomplete available
2. Present and label clearly the meet available available with
30.00 No Results.
laboratory's
with
without inaccurate
with (=M x 6)
figures and graphs. objective.
inaccurate
analysis. analysis.
accurate
analysis. analysis.
3. Exhibit significant results of the
project.
Discussion:
1. Discuss and analyze all results
thoroughly.
2. Discuss and evaluate the
experimental procedure to Only 2
Only 1 All element
achieve the objectives. 30.00
No Not clearly
element
element Only 3 element
clearly (=M x 6)
Discussion. stated. clearly clearly stated.
3. Include calculation and interpret clearly stated.
stated.
stated.
them by comparing with
theoretical values.
4. Explain the reason on each
interpretation.
Conclusion:
1. Summarize the whole
experimental results.
2. State whether your results Only 2
Only 1 All element
support your theory. No Not clearly element Only 3 element
10.00 Conclusion. stated.
element
clearly clearly stated.
clearly (=M x 2)
3. Comments about its success and clearly stated.
stated.
stated.
effectiveness.
4. Explain your achievements,
problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g.
Poor Average Excellent
sentence structure, tenses and
language language language
spelling. Very poor
ability where ability where
Good language
ability
language ability ability where on
Not on average on everage where a few
where more than average about 1
5.00 Applicable.
3 mistakes are
about 3 about 2
mistake is
grammatica (=M x 1)
mistakes are mistakes are l errors are
observed in each observed in each
observed in observed in observed in
paragraph. paragraph.
each each in the whole
paragraph. paragraph. report.

Total Part (A)=75.00

Marks Marks
(A) Assessment Criteria Marks (M)
Allocated Obtained
Pre-Lab:
Pre-lab is assessed based on the marking scheme of the respective
Students need to answer and submit 15.00
laboratory.
all pre-lab in the report.
Quizzes:
Quizzes are assessed based on the marking scheme of the respective
Students need to submit answer for 10.00
laboratory.
quizzes in the lab report.
Total Part (B)=25.00
TOTAL (A+ B) =100
 RUBRIC LABORATORY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY IV (EPO563)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Instructor Peer Evaluation (PO9: 10%) – (To be filled by instructor)
Write the name of each of your group members in a separate column. For each person, indicate the extent to which you agree with the
statement on the left, using a scale of 0-5 (0=Not Applicable; disagree; 1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree;
5=strongly agree). Total the numbers in each column.
Group member 1 Group member 2 Group member 3
Name: Name: Name:
Evaluation Criteria Weight (W) ID: ID: ID:
Marks (M) Marks(M) Marks(M)
0-5 0-5 0-5

Participate in group
0.5
presentation.

Contributes
significantly to the
success of the 0.5
experiment.
Demonstrates a
cooperative and 0.5
supportive attitude.

Quality of completed
0.5
work.

TOTAL= ∑ ( W x M)=10%

Group Demonstration Evaluation(PO5: 30%) - (To be filled by instructor)

Weighted
Assessment Marks Marks (M) Marks
Criteria Allocated Obtained
1 2 3 4 5 (WMO)

Wrong setup Partially wrong Partially wrong

Correct and
where all setup where at setup where at
Ability to follow lab accurate setup
10 elements did least 2 elements least 1 element Correct setup but
manual procedures that meets all the (=M X 2)
(7.5%) not meet the lab did not meet the did not meet the needs refinement.
accurately. lab procedures
procedures lab procedures lab procedures
requirement.
requirement. requirement. requirement.

Data are Data are Data are Data are

Data are
wrongly presented with 3 presented with presented with
Data Collection has correctly
15 presented mistakes 2 mistakes 1 mistake made
been presented and presented during (=M X 3)
(11.25%) during with 3 mistakes made during during
elaborate clearly. observation /
observation and made during observation/ observation/
tabulation.
tabulation. observation/ tabulation. tabulation.
tabulation.
Demonstrate the
ability in using Very poor
Poor ability and Average ability Good ability and
appropriate tools. ability and Excellent ability
15 often requires help and sometimes requires minimal
totally requires in using tools (=M X 3)
(11.25%) from the requires help from help from the
help from the independently.
instructor. the instructor. instructor.
instructor.

TOTAL 40 (30%)
 RUBRIC LABORATORY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Student Peer Evaluation (PO9: 5%) – (To be filled by student)
Write the name of each of your group members in a separate column. For each person, indicate the extent to which you agree with the
statement on the left, using a scale of 1-5 (0=Not Applicable; 1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree).
Total the numbers in each column.

Group member 1 Group member 2 Group member 3

Name: Name: Name:
Evaluation Criteria Weight (W) ID: ID: ID:
Marks (M) Marks (M) Marks (M)
0-5 0-5 0-5

Participate in group
0.2
discussions.

Helped keep the group

0.2
on task
Contributes
significantly to the 0.2
success of the
Demonstrates a
cooperative and 0.2
supportive attitude.

Quality of completed
0.2
work

TOTAL= ∑ ( W x M)=5%