He Said, "I Have Lost My Umbrella.": Indirect Speech

Indirect speech
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In direct speech we
repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed
immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in
quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using
the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell +
object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc.
Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is
sometimes here to give a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.
STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY

A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual
when we are:
a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
c. reading instructions and reporting them
When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct
speech without any change of tense:
PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get
a taxi.
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech
have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the
following table.
DIRECT INDIRECT
Present Simple Past Simple
He said, “I write a letter.” He said that he wrote a letter.

Present Continuous Past Continuous
He said, “I am writing a letter.” He said that he was writing a letter.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
He said, “I have written a letter.” He said that he had written a letter.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I have been writing a He said that he had been writing a

letter.” letter.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
He said, “I wrote a letter.” He said that he had written a letter.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I was writing a letter.” He said that he had been writing a

letter.
Conditional
Future Simple
He said, “I will write a letter.” He said that he would write a letter.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
He said, “I will be writing a letter.” He said that he would be writing a

letter.
Modals
He said that he could write a letter.
He said, “I can write a letter.” He said that he might write a letter.
He said, “I may write a letter.” He said that he had to write a letter.
He said, “I have to / must write a
letter.”
Note:
1. The Past perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous do not change in reported
speech.
2. The modals should, could, would, might and ought to do not change.
3- Place, demonstratives and time expressions
Place, demonstratives and time expressions change if the context of the reported
statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct
speech.
In the following table, you will find the different changes of place; demonstratives and
time expressions.
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Time Expressions
today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
Place
here there
Demonstratives
this that
these those
QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”
Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
A. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary:
a. tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in statements.
b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
c. the question mark is omitted in indirect questions.
B. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. ask, wonder, want to know etc.
He said, “Where is the station?”  He asked where the station was.
C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):

He asked, “What have you got in your bag?”  He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
But wonder and want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question where the
person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask.
He said, ”Mary, when is the next train?”  He asked Mary when the next train was.
D. If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where, who, how, why etc.) the question word is
repeated in the indirect question:
He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”  He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on the brake.
She said, “What do you want?”  She asked (them) what they wanted.
E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:

“Is anyone there?” he asked  He asked if/whether anyone was there.
Reporting requests / commands
When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:
 pronouns
 place and time expressions
Direct speech Reported speech

“Nancy,do the exercise.“ He told Nancy to do the exercise.
"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.
Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without
"to")
Example:
She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy
For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)

For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

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Indirect speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION

STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY

He said, “I write a letter.” He said that he wrote a letter.

He said, “I am writing a letter.” He said that he was writing a letter.

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple

He said, “I have written a letter.” He said that he had written a letter.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, “I have been writing a He said that he had been writing a

Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

He said, “I wrote a letter.” He said that he had written a letter.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, “I was writing a letter.” He said that he had been writing a

He said, “I will write a letter.” He said that he would write a letter.

Future Continuous Conditional Continuous

He said, “I will be writing a letter.” He said that he would be writing a

3- Place, demonstratives and time expressions

Direct Speech Reported Speech

QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect question: He asked where she was going.

C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):

E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:

Reporting requests / commands

Direct speech Reported speech

She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.

She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)

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