Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 16 views

    Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Nur Ayuni
    The document discusses stress transformation, which describes how stresses act on a material element at different orientations. It defines principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses and provides equations to calculate principal stresses and maximum shear stress from the original stress components. When a material is loaded, failure is most likely to occur under the principal stresses or maximum shear stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Nur Ayuni
    16 views11 pages
    The document discusses stress transformation, which describes how stresses act on a material element at different orientations. It defines principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses and provides equations to calculate principal stresses and maximum shear stress from the original stress components. When a material is loaded, failure is most likely to occur under the principal stresses or maximum shear stress.

    Original Title

    NOTES 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses stress transformation, which describes how stresses act on a material element at different orientations. It defines principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses and provides equations to calculate principal stresses and maximum shear stress from the original stress components. When a material is loaded, failure is most likely to occur under the principal stresses or maximum shear stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views11 pages

    Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Nur Ayuni
    The document discusses stress transformation, which describes how stresses act on a material element at different orientations. It defines principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses and provides equations to calculate principal stresses and maximum shear stress from the original stress components. When a material is loaded, failure is most likely to occur under the principal stresses or maximum shear stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 11

    EBB 123

    BASICS MECHANICAL
    BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS

    STRESS TRANSFORMATION
    Introduction – stresses at a point
    • When a body is loaded by normal and shear stresses, we can
    consider any point in that body as a stress element.

    • The stress element can be depicted by a little square (in 2-D –


    or more correctly a cube in 3-D) with the stresses acting upon
    it.
    Plane Stress – components and conventions

    • And that’s what we mean by plane stress: the 2-D


    representation of combined stresses on the four faces
    of a stress element
    • Two normal stress components, sx, sy
    • One shear stress component txy
    • Which btw, txy = tyx
    Sign Convention:
    SIGN CONVENTION
     Positive if counter-clock wise and usually taken from the vertical surface (x-
    plane) to the intended plane
    s Positive if tension or in the direction of positive axis. Negative means
    compression or in the direction of negative axis.
    t Positive if in the direction of positive shear (counter-clockwise) txy = tyx
    Elements in plane stress, note sign conventions:
    (a) three-dimensional view of an element oriented to the xyz axes,
    (b) two-dimensional view of the same element, and
    (c) two-dimensional view of an element oriented to the x1y1 axes - rotated by some
    angle  from original

    For now we’ll deal with plane stress, the 2-D biaxial stress projection of the 3-D
    cube
    Plane Stress – How do we look at stresses in
    rotation?

    • If you were to rotate that little square


    stress element some angle , what would
    happen?

    • We have to account for:


    • Magnitude
    • Direction
    • AND the orientation of the area upon
    which the force component acts
    Stress Transformation - equations
    • The stress transformation is a way to describe the effect of combined loading on a
    stress element at any orientation.
    • From geometry and equilibrium conditions
    Stress Transformation
    s x +s y sx −sy sx −sy
    sx = + cos(2 ) + t xy sin(2 ) t x y1 = − sin(2 ) + t xy cos(2 )
    1
    2 2 1
    2

    • Given stresses at one angle we can calculate stresses at any arbitrary angle
    • Even a uniaxial loading (sx) will create both perpendicular (sy) and shear (txy)
    loadings upon rotation

    • Why this is important:


    If any of the transformed stresses at angle 
    exceed the material’s yield stress,
    the material will fail in this direction,
    even if it was loaded by lower stresses.

    • Sometimes the way this works out is


    failure by shear, which is not obvious.
    Materials are often weaker in shear.
    Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress

    • If material failure is what we ultimately care about, then we


    really want to know what are the
    • maximum and minimum normal stresses
    • maximum shear stress
    • orientation () at which these occur

    • These are called the principal stresses (s1, s2) and


    maximum shear stress (txy).

    • The equations for these can be found from the stress


    transformation equations by differentiation ( dds = 0 ) and
    some algebraic manipulation.
    s1, s2, txy, and  – equations (Formula)

    s x +s y p = planes of principal stresses


    s avg =
    2
    t xy p = p1, p2, 90º apart
    tan(2 p ) =
    (s x − s y ) / 2 no shear stress acts on the principal planes

    s 1,2 =
    s x +s y
    2
     ( ) +t
    s x −s y 2
    2 xy
    2
    *s 1 and s 2 known as max and min stress also
    Radius (R) for the circle

    (s x − s y ) / 2
    tan(2 s ) = − s = planes of max shear stress
    t xy

    t max =
    IP
    ( ) +t
    s x −s y 2
    2 xy
    2 s = s1, s2, 90º apart, 45º offset p

    s1 − s 2 tmaxIP = max in-plane shear stress


    t max =
    2
    Summary
    • Principal stresses represent the max and min normal stresses at the point.

    • At the orientation at which principal stresses act, there is no acting shear stress.

    • At the orientation at which


    maximum in-plane shear
    stress acts, the average
    normal stress acts in both
    normal directions (x, y)

    • The element acted upon by


    the maximum in-plane shear
    stress is oriented 45º from
    the element acted upon by
    the principal stresses

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy