ISSN XXXX XXXX © 2017 IJESC

Research Article Volume 7 Issue No.7

Drive Cycle Analysis for Electric Vehicle using MATLAB

Anuja R. Jadhav
ME (Embedded & VLSI)
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India

Abstract:
Today most of the humans are used the motor vehicles. These motors vehicles are produced the problems such as air pollution &
global warms Also the humans are facing the issue of reduction of oil in the world. In recent years, the researchers studied that
problems and found the alternative energy source to drive the vehicle. One good way is to replace the combu stion motor with an
electric motor, which is called as electric vehicle (EV). In recent days EV’s are gaining more popularity. Solar powered electric
vehicles (SEV) are considered the future vehicles to solve the major issue related to the environment. Energy management system
(EMS) in SEV is very important because this type of vehicle is highly depends on supply of battery. So, Battery plays an impo rtant
role in SEV. With the help of renewable sources such as solar energy the efficiency of the SEV may be i ncreased. For an SEV,
motor selection is very important parameter. A particular motor may behave differently under different driving conditions. In this
paper, solar powered small electric vehicle is designed by using the mat lab and the analysis of different drive cycles for urban or
suburban region.

Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV), Solar panel, Lead acid battery, DC motor, MATLAB.

I. INTRODUCTION One of the greatest energy sources is the solar energy. In SEV,
Solar energy is converted the sun energy in to electrical energy
In recent decades demands for vehicles are increased that caused and stored in the batteries and this stored energy is utilized for
the environmental pollution everywhere. The fossil fuel such as EV. Battery is the crucial parameter of EV. In this paper, Battery
petrol and diesel are expensive. Consumption of fossil fuel for is charged from solar panel as well as power supply. The
vehicles is more increasing. More than half of world energy performance of EV is evaluated for various drive cycles. Here
consumption is used for transportation. Figure 1 illustrates the three drive cycles are considered that are flat, slope & rough
differences between fuel demand and world oil production after surface and these drive cycles are analyzes on MATLAB.
the year 2020.
II. METHODOLOGY

A. PROPOSED DESIGN

Figure.1. World oil demand by 2050 (Image courtesy of

Bambang Sri Kaloko, Indonesia)
The use of fossil fuel based vehicle causes the air pollution
which is very harmful for the human beings. The noise level of
these vehicles is high which is directly affected on human body
Figure.2. General Block diagram for EV.
that causes the heart attack. Fuel gases produced by vehicles
Above figure shows the general block diagram of EV having
consist of 18% solid particles, 27% mixture of volatiles
different control units like lightening ECU, Battery ECU, Motor,
(comprising 28% Pb, 32% NO and 62% CO) and CO2 by 25%.
and Gears etc. In this section, a small solar powered EV is
To avoid these problems researchers found a new technology
designed using MATLAB software. In this system Solar, battery,
called Solar Electric Vehicle (SEV). There are many renewable
and motor plays the important role. To increase the efficiency of
sources such as solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy for
EV we used the renewable energy source i.e. solar energy.
reducing the environmental pollution and saves the electricity.

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Battery is a device which can be charged from either solar panel Table.3.Specification of DC Motor
or power supply. The performance of EV is evaluated by using Max power voltage 48v
various drive cycles (flat surface, rough and slope surface) and Stall Torque(Ts) 30Nm
these drive cycles are analyzed on MATLAB.
Motor Torque 10Nm
PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION Characteristics of DC motor with load and without load

1. Solar panel:  No load

Solar panel is used to convert the solar energy to electrical Formula for Motor Torque,
𝑤 ×𝑇𝑆
energy. Silicon is one of the materials used in photovoltaic cell 𝑇𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑆 −
𝑤𝑛
to convert sun’s energy into electricity.
Where, 𝑇𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = Motor torque.
Table.1.Specification of solar panel
𝑇𝑆 = Stall Torque.
Number of solar panel 1 𝑊 = Wheel Angular Velocity
Max power voltage 48v 𝑤𝑛 = max velocity
Max power 1000W Graph 1 shows the speed vs. torque characteristics for no load.
Efficiency 40%
 With load
From the above given data we can calculate the panel current, TαI
𝐶𝑝 ×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 T= Torque constant * I
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐷(𝐹+µ𝑊𝑔 )
𝑉𝑝 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
2
Where, Where, 𝐷 = Diameter of wheel.
I= Panel Current. 𝐹 = External force.
P= panel Capacity.
𝑊 = Weight of vehicle.
V= panel voltage.
𝑔 = Gravity Acceleration
µ = Frictional Coefficent
2. Battery:
Battery is a device, which maintain current by transferring 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
chemical energy into electrical energy. In this paper battery can Current due to load = .
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
stores the solar energy and this energy is given to the motor. So Formula for motor current,
that motor will be run with fast speed and vehicle will be run. In Motor current= No load current + current due to load.
this project we use the lead acid battery. Graph 2 shows the current vs. torque characteristics for load.

Table.2. Specification of Battery B. DRIVE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Battery type Lead acid battery
Voltage rating 48 V
Battery capacity 400AH
Fastest possible charging
4Hr
time
Efficiency 0.8( 20% loss)
Figure.3. Forces acting on moving vehicle
Discharge Current formula, Drive cycles is important for comparative analysis and motor
Discharge Current= 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 selection purpose. Drive cycles defines the characteristics curve
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑝 of speed, torque and current of the vehicle. Various forces acting
When, Battery current > no load current on a moving vehicle are shown in fig4 and are discussed in this
Battery life calculation formula, section. First step is to make a tractive force to determine how
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 much load on the electric vehicle to a flat, rough and slope road
Battery life = condition. The traction force (𝐹𝑡 ) is made up of the different
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑏 × 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 driving resistance forces and is defined as,
=
𝐼𝑑
𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑟 + 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑎
3. Motor:
Where, 𝐹𝑡 = Traction Force
The motors used in electric cars can be AC or DC. Mostly DC 𝐹𝑟 = Rolling Force
motors are preferred than AC motors because they are simple to 𝐹𝑤 = Aerodynamic drag Force
configure, not expensive and lossless than the AC. There are 𝐹𝑔 = Grade resistance Force
different types of motor used in EV that are Brushless DC motor 𝐹𝑎 = Acceleration Force
(BLDC), Induction Motor (IM), Permanent Magnet Motor The 𝐹𝑟 is caused by the tire deformation on the road and is
(PMM) and Switch Reluctance Motor (SRM). In this project DC defines as
motor is used. 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑀𝑔𝑓𝑟 cos(∝)

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2017 14008 http://ijesc.org/
Where, M = Mass of the vehicle a. Battery Discharging Graph
𝑔 = Acceleration due to gravity
𝑓𝑟 = Rolling resistance coefficient
∝ = Road angle
The 𝐹𝑤 is the force on the vehicle that caused by the vehicle
aerodynamic and defines as
𝑉 2 𝜌𝐴
𝑓 𝐶𝑑
𝐹𝑤 =
2
Where, 𝑉 = Vehicle Speed
𝐴𝑓 = Vehicle surface area
𝐶𝑑 = Aerodynamic drag coefficient
𝜌 = Air density
The 𝐹𝑔 is the force on the vehicle to move up or move upward
with a slope.
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑀𝑔 sin ∝
The acceleration force is the force required to increase the speed Figure.4. Battery discharging graph
Above fig3 shows the battery discharging graph. Here battery
of the vehicle and defines as
𝑑𝑣 capacity is 150Ahr taken. From above fig3 it is observed that
𝐹𝑎 = 𝜆𝑀 battery discharged time is 6hr for speed 80km/hr.
𝑑𝑡
λ is rotational inertia constant. The total tractive torque ( 𝑇𝑤 )
required at the wheel is given by b. Speed vs. Torque
𝑇𝑤 = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝑟
Where r= radius of wheel
And total tractive power ( 𝑃𝑤 ) required at the wheel is given by
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝑉
The first step towards the design of the power train is to select
the type of motor used in EV. Before plotting the curves, it is
important to simulate the vehicle under different driving
environment. In this project, there are three cases are considered.
These drive cycles are simulated in MATLAB software.

Drive Cycles:
• Flat Surface (Highway).
• Rough Surface (City).
• Slop Surface.
Figure.5. Speed vs. Torque graph
Table.4. the Specifications of EV in Above fig4 shows the general characteristics of motor used.
Electric Vehicle Size Here vehicle speed is taken 80km/hr and torque is 3.5Nm for no
Specification load. If the speed of the vehicle is increased from 10 to 80 km/hr
Weight 500kg then torque of the motor is decreased.

c. Torque vs. Motor Current

Friction Coefficient 1

Roller diameter 0.508m

Gravity Acceleration 9.8m/s2

External Force 100N

Battery Type Lead Acid Battery

Motor Type DC Motor

III. RESULT Figure.6. Torque vs. Motor Current graph

For the above same condition, the current drawn by the motor is
The performance of EV is evaluated for various drive cycles. plotted in fig5. If the load is present then the maximum current is
Different drive cycles are analyzed on MATLAB. Following 5.5A and the torque load is 2000Nm. From above fig5 it is
figures shows the general characteristics of motor and battery & observed that the torque is directly proportional to the motor
Drive cycle analysis. current.

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 d. Drive Cycle for Flat Surface IV. CONCLUSION

Energy management system is very important for the vehicle.

Many countries are adopting green machine concept in
automotive sectors. Electrical Vehicle plays important role to
saves the nonrenewable sources such as petrol, diesel. Batteries
are easily charged using the solar panel as well as power supply.
The performance of EV is evaluated using various drive cycles
(Flat, Rough & slop) and these drive cycles are analyzed on
Matlab.

V. REFERENCES
Figure.7. Different Curves for Flat Surface
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