Minggu I - Pengantar Psikologi

MINGGU PERTAMA
2022
PENGANTAR
PSIKOLOGI
ALASAN
“All men by nature desire to know…The
animals other than man live by appearances
and memories and have but little of
connected experience; but the human race
lives also by art and reasonings.” (Aristotle,
Metaphysics).
Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate

common beliefs and misconceptions about
behavior and mental processes.
BEHIND THE
TERM OF
“PSYCHE”
• Aristotle used the term
“psyche” to refer to the
essence of life.
• This term is translated to
mean “soul” or “mind”, but it
is closely linked in meaning
to the word “breath”
• Psychology – comes from
the word psyche + logos –
the Greek word meaning “the
study of”.
• Psychology: Philosophy +
Physiology
Aristotle vs Plato
Aristotle believed that

one must also observe
the thing being studied
– look at it, listen to it,
touch it.
Plato: discovery can
occur by just thinking
about it.
• The first psychological laboratory
was not created until 1879 by
Wilhelm Wundt.
• Wundt was responsible for
creating the first school of
psychological thought called
Structuralism. This school
PERKEMBANGAN focused only on immediate
conscious experience and
PSIKOLOGI thought.
MODERN • Mind functions by combining
objective and subjective
elements of experience
– objective sensations (sight or
taste), and
– subjective feelings
(emotions, memories,
dreams)
• Functionalism is the second perspective to
The Next emerge, founded by William James. Influenced
by Charles Darwin.
Evolution
• They studied how and why the mind functions.
• This perspective broadened the scope of

psychology and applied psychology to practical
settings.
• This perspective still focused on consciousness

but began to examine overt behavior, not just
mental processes. Functionalism focused on
behavior in addition to mind and consciousness
• Data of history
– Data cannot be reconstructed
– Only access to fragments of
events
– May be unreliable or false
– May be lost or distorted
The • Historicism and Historiography
• Data of psychology:
Development – Conduct a laboratory
of Modern experiment
– Observe behavior under
Psychology controlled real-world
conditions
– Take a survey
– Calculate the statistical
correlation between two
variables
Psychological
information is based on
empirical evidence
• This is information based

on direct observation and
measurements with
scientific method
Psychology
perspectives
– Psychoanalytic
perspective
– Behaviorist perspective
– Humanistic perspective
– Cognitive perspective
– Biopsychology
perspective
– Social psychological
perspective
– Evolutionary
perspective
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud believed that emotional problems are
due to anxiety from unresolved conflicts that
reside in unconscious
BEHAVIORISM
• Behaviorism was founded
by John Watson in direct
opposition to
Psychoanalytic Theory.
• Behaviorism focused on
behavior that can be
measured and
observable. This returned
the scientific approach to
psychology.
– We can describe, predict,
and control that behavior.
Behaviorist’s believe people are controlled by
their environment.
Behaviorism focuses on
observable behavior
We are the result of what we have learned
from our environment.
HUMANISTIC
• The Humanistic approach has emerged in

the late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to
the two major views of humanity popular
at that time
• The Freudian perspective and its emphasis
on unconscious sexual and aggressive
instincts
• The behavioral perspective, and its
emphasis on the mechanical nature of
responses to stimuli in the environment.
The humanistic perspective, thus, as been
called the “third force”.
• Emphasis on personal responsibility
• Emphasis on functioning in the “here and
now”– Do not be a captive of your past!
• Emphasis on personal growth
Cognitive Psychology
• Cognition Definition: Co
(together) + gnoscere (to know) =
coming to know.
• Cognitive Psychology is the
science of how the brain
processes information and
generates your illusion of reality.
• What do we study?
– Flow of information from
input (stimulus) to output
(response)
– Perception, attention,
emotions/affect, memory,
language, learning, reasoning
& decision making, problem
solving , creativity
Biopsychology Perspective
• How biological factors affect mental processes and how the brain effects
behavior.
• Behavior and biology interact in important ways, and we will discuss the
impact of this field when examining psychopharmacology, development
and genetics.
EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY
• Evolutionary psychology is
the application of
Darwinian principles to the
understanding of human
nature.
• Psychology seeks to
– describe
– explain
Goals of
– predict, and
Psychology
– influence behavior
and mental processes
Sarana
• Scientific Method

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MINGGU PERTAMA

Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate

Aristotle believed that

• This perspective broadened the scope of

• This perspective still focused on consciousness

• This is information based

• The Humanistic approach has emerged in

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