Tutorial 7 Qu 1

Water (r = 999 kg/m3 and m = 1.138 x 10-3 kg/m·s ) flows steadily

at 0.34 m3/min through a 5 cm diameter pipe in horizontal
position. Determine the pressure drop, head loss, and the input
power required for flow over a 61 m pipe length.
Roughness of pipe ε is 0.002 mm.

l V2
Pressure drop is: p p  f r
D 2
p
Head loss is: hL hL 
rg
Power (W) is: Q (m3/s) x p (Pa)
 l V2 Given:
Pressure drop is: p  f r Q = 0.34 m3/min
D 2 D = 0.05 m
L = 61 m
r = 999 kg/m3
Q 
0.34 / 60 m3 / s  m= 1.138 x 10-3 kg/m.s
V   2.886 m / s ε = 0.002 mm
A   0.052 / 4 m 2  

rVD  
999 kg / m 3  2.886 m / s  0.05 m
Re    126,675
m 1.138  10 3
kg / m  s 
 0.002 mm
relative roughness    4 10 5
D 50 mm
Re = 126,675 > 4000 (turbulent flow)
Relative roughness = 4 x 10-5

Hence frictional factor, f can be found from:

Moody Chart:

1  / D 2.51 
or Colebrook Equation:  2.0log  
f  3.7 Re f 
f = 0.0172

Re = 126,675 ≈ 1.27 x 105 Relative roughness = 4 x 10-5

 Re = 126,675 (turbulent flow)
Relative roughness = 4 x 10-5
Colebrook Equation: 1  4  10 5 2.51 
 2.0 log   
 126,675  f 
f  3.7

1  4  10  5 2 . 51 
f  2 .0 log   
 3 .7 126 , 675  f 
f 
 Re = 126,675 (turbulent flow)
Relative roughness = 4 x 10-5
Colebrook Equation: 1  4  10 5 2.51 
 2.0 log   
 126,675  f 
f  3.7

1  4 10 5 2.51 
f  2.0 log
 3.7
 
126,675  f 
f 
 l V2 Given :
Pressure drop is : p  f r Q = 0.34 m3/min
D 2
D = 0.05 m
61 2.8862 L = 61 m
p  0.017    999 r = 999 kg/m3
0.05 2 m = 1.138 x 10-3 kg/m.s
V = 2.886 m/s
p  86.3 kPa f = 0.0172

p 86.3 1,000 Pa
Head loss : hL    8.80 m
rg (999 kg / m )  (9.81)
3

Power (W) is : Q (m3/s) × p (Pa)

0.34
Power  Q  p   86.3 103  489 W
60
Tutorial 7 Qu 2
Calculate the pressure drop along 1 m length
(horizontal) of a smooth 25 mm diameter pipe when
water flows through it at 735 l/hr. What is the
average shear stress, tw on the pipe wall?

Pressure gradient is related to wall shear stress:

4lt w
p  Equation valid for both
laminar and turbulent flow
D
p  rghL
l V2
hL  f Darcy-Weisbach equation
d 2g
Find hL , p and hence tw
Qu 2 Given:
D = 25 mm
L=1m
Q = 735 l/hr
Q = 0.735 / 3,600 m3/s = 0.000204166 m3/s
V = Q/A = 0.000204166 × 4 / ( x 0.0252) = 0.4159 m/s
Re = r V D / m
= 1,000 × 0.4159 × 0.025 / 0.001
= 10,398 (turbulent flow)

For turbulent flow in smooth pipe with Re < 100,000, use

Blasius formula or Moody diagram

f = 0.316 / (Re)0.25 = 0.03129 2

l V
Hence HL can be found
hL  f
d 2g
Qu 2
Head loss from Darcy-Weisbach equation :

HL = f (L/D) (V2 / 2g)

= 0.03129 × (1 / 0.025) × (0.4159)2 / 2g
= 0.01103 m
p = r g HL = 1,000 x 9.81 x 0.01103 = 108.2 N/m2
Pressure gradient is related to wall shear stress by :
p = 4 l tw / D

Wall shear stress tw = p D /(4 × l) = 108.2 × 0.025 / 4

= 0.6763 N/m2
Tutorial 7 Qu 3

Oil of SG = 0.87 and  =

2.2x10-4 m2/s flows
through the vertical pipe
shown in the figure at 1
4x10-4 m3/s.

Determine the manometer

reading h.
• Manometer reading results
from pressure difference

• Fluid flow from higher

pressure to lower pressure 2
Qu 3_ Solution apply energy equ between 1 and 2
 p V2  p V2 
 1 1
 z1  H Losses   2 2
 z2 
 rg 2g   rg 2g 
V1 = V2…..same pipe diameter
p1 p2
  H Losses  4 1
rg rg
p l V2
 f 4
rg D 2g

Find p ... then equate manometric readings 2

r kg
SG  specific gravity   r  0.87 1,000  870 3
r fresh _ water m
Qu 3_ Solution Known:
ρ = 870 kg/m3
ν = 2.2x10-4 m2/s
Q 4  0.0004 m
V   1.27324 D = 20 mm
A   0.02 2
s L=4m
Q = 4x10-4 m3/s
rVD VD 1.27324  0.02
Re     115.75  laminar flow
m  0.00022
64 64
f   0.55292
Re 115.75
p l V2 4 1.273242 p
 f  4  0.55292   4  5.137 m 
rg D 2g 0.02 2  9.81 rg

 kg m 
p  870  9.81 5.137  3  2  m  p  43,482.75 Pa
m s 
Qu 3_ Solution

P1
Find
P1 − P2 in terms of h

(4-y)m

y
P = P1 + roilg H
P2

P = P2 − roilgy + rgh P = P1 + roilg ( 4 − y + h )

Manometric calculation

P = P2 − roilgy + rgh P = P1 + roilg ( 4 − y + h )

P1  P2
 r OIL   y  4  y  h   r  h  4  r OIL  h  r  r OIL 
g

P1 – P2 = 43,842.75 N/m2 found earlier

Solving : h = 18.5 m
Tutorial 7 Qu 4
For laminar flow, show that the pressure drop in a pipe can be
expressed as

Δp=(64/d) ·μ· (l/d)·(V/2)

where d is diameter, l is length of the pipe and μ is the dynamic

viscosity.

Water flows through a 0.01 m diameter smooth pipe with a flow

velocity of 0.1 m/s. μ = 1.002×10-3 kg/m·s at 20oC.

•Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

•Determine the maximum pressure drop over a distance of

l=10m if the flow is to remain laminar.
Pressure drop is: 64
Laminar flow : f 
Re
l V2
p  f r
D 2 rVD
Re 
m
Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Find Re

rVD μ = 1.002 × 10-3 kg/m·s

Re  D = 0.01 m
m

= 1000 × 0.1 × 0.01 / (1.002 x 10-3 )

= 998 < 2100

Hence, laminar flow.

Δp=(64/d) ·μ· (l/d)·(V/2)

Maximum pressure drop corresponds to max V

rVD
Re  = 2100
m
V= 2100μ / (ρd)

Δp=(64/d) ·μ· (l/d)·(2100μ / (ρd) /2)

= 672 Pa