TOOL KIT ON C & D Waste Management

TOOLKIT FOR C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES-2016
TOOL KIT ON CONSTRUCTION &

DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES-
2016
Capacity Building Programme on Implementation

of
Waste Management Rules, 2016
September 2017
Ministry of Environment, Forests& Ministry of Housing & Urban National Productivity Council
Central Pollution Control Board
Climate Change, Govt. of India Affairs
Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 1 of 54

Table of Contents
1. Overview of C&D waste management .................................................................................... 5
1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Toolkit ....................................................................................... 5

1.2 Historical Background of Construction Waste Management: ................................................ 5
1.3 Indian Scenario of C&D Waste Processing .............................................................................. 6
1.4 Effects of C&D Waste .............................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Rationale for C&D rules: ......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Chronology of evolution of C&D Waste Rules ........................................................................ 9
2. Features of C&D Waste Rules-2016 ...................................................................................... 11
2.1 Application (Rule – 2) ............................................................................................................ 11

2.2 Duties of waste Generators (Rule – 4) .................................................................................. 11
2.3 Duties of Service providers and Contractors (Rule –5) ......................................................... 12
2.4 Duties of State Government and Local Authorities (Rule –6 & 9) ........................................ 12
2.5 Duties of CPCB, SPCB or Pollution Control Committee (Rule –8 & 10) ................................. 13
2.6 Standards for products of construction and demolition waste (Rule –11) .......................... 13
2.7 Duties of Central Ministries (Rule –12) ................................................................................. 14
2.8 Facility for processing / recycling facility (Rule –7) ............................................................... 14
3. Implementation Guidance Framework ................................................................................. 15
3.1 Stakeholders involved in the implementation of C &D waste management: ...................... 15

3.2 Tools for effective implementation of C & D Rules 2016...................................................... 17
3.3 Time frames for C & D waste management implementation ............................................... 18
4. C&D Waste Definition, Characteristics, Generation & Quantification – Sources and
Constituents .................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Definition of C&D Waste ....................................................................................................... 19

4.2 C&D Wastes generated from different type of sources: ...................................................... 20
4.3 C&D Waste Components and Quantification: ...................................................................... 21
4.4 Physical Composition of Construction & Demolition Waste: ............................................... 22
4.5 Characteristics & Quantity Estimation of C&D Waste: ......................................................... 22
4.6 C&D Waste Processing and Recycling opportunities ............................................................ 24
4.7 Economic Benefits of Using C&D Waste Recycled Products:................................................ 25
4.8 Environmental benefits of recycling C&D waste .................................................................. 25
4.9 Two Pillars of C&D Waste Stream Utilization: ...................................................................... 25
4.10 RECYCLING OF WASTE CONCRETE ........................................................................................ 25
4.10.1 Necessity of Concrete Recycling: .................................................................................. 26
4.10.2 Advantages of Concrete Recycling: ............................................................................... 26

4.10.3 Other Benefits of Recycling of Concrete are:................................................................ 26
4.10.4 Quality of recycled aggregate and its concrete: ........................................................... 27
4.11 Process of C&D waste Recycling ........................................................................................... 27
4.12 Machineries for Recycling ..................................................................................................... 29
4.13 C&D Waste Processing Flow Chart: ...................................................................................... 30
4.14 Products from C&D Waste Processing: ................................................................................. 31
4.15 C&D Waste Recycled Products& its Applications ................................................................. 32
4.16 Uses of C&D Waste Recycled Materials ................................................................................ 35
4.17 Potential uses for materials commonly found in concrete debris........................................ 35
4.18 C&D Waste Cradle to Grave - Stakeholders: ......................................................................... 36
5. General Terms & Definitions as specified in the Rules (Rule – 3) ......................................... 37
6. ANNEXURES ........................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Annexure– I: C&D Waste Materials Checklist ....................................................................... 39

6.2 ANNEXURES – II (Tipping Fee & Containers Specifications).................................................. 41
6.3 ANNEXURES – III : Quantity Estimation of C&D Waste ......................................................... 43
6.4 ANNEXURE– IV : Case studies of Delhi, Ahmedabad and Mumbai ....................................... 44
6.5 ANNEXURE –V: FORM – I ...................................................................................................... 47
6.6 ANNEXURE-VI: Form-II .......................................................................................................... 51
6.7 ANNEXURE-VII: Form –III ...................................................................................................... 52
6.8 ANNEXURE-VIII: Form–IV ...................................................................................................... 55
6.9 ANNEXURE-IX: REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 56
List of Tables
Table 2-1 – Schedules in C&D Waste Management Rules-2016 .......................................................... 14
Table 4-1 – Components of C&D Waste ............................................................................................... 21
Table 4-2 – Typical composition of Indian C&D waste ......................................................................... 23
Table 4-3 – Different Products obtained from C&D Waste Processing ................................................ 32
Table 4-4 – Potential Uses of Materials Segregated from C&D Waste Processing .............................. 35
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 – Dumping of C&D Waste in Public Places ............................................................................ 7

Figure 4-1 – Demolition & Construction Waste .................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-2 – Sources of C&D Waste ...................................................................................................... 20
Figure 4-3 – Physical Composition of C&D Waste ................................................................................ 22
Figure 4-4 –Characterization of Building-related C& D waste in USEPA, June, 1998 ........................... 23
Figure 4-5 – Typical C&D Waste Composition in India ......................................................................... 24
Figure 4-6 – Process of Waste Concrete Recycling................................................................................ 27
Figure 4-7 – Cycle of C&D Waste Processing ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 4-8 – C&D Waste Processing Flow Chart: .................................................................................. 30
Figure 4-9 – Cradle to Grave Stakeholders ........................................................................................... 36

Overview of C&D waste management

1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Toolkit
The objective of this toolkit is
• To aid the trainer with background reading material in an easy to adapt and
customize training programs to different stakeholders.
• To aid the stakeholders to comprehend their roles in implementing these rules.
The scope of this training kit is to provide reading material for capacity builders and
stakeholders in the area of C&D Waste Management as per C&D Waste Management Rules
2016,
1.2 Historical Background of Construction Waste Management:
Recycling of demolition waste was first carried out after the Second World War in Germany
to tackle the problem of disposing large amount of demolition waste caused by the war and
simultaneously generate raw material for reconstruction.Considerable research has been
carried out in U.S.A, Japan, U.K, France, Germany, Denmarkand in other developed
countries for recycling concrete, masonry, bricks, bituminous and other constituents of
waste from Construction Industry.
In India Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee, and Central Road Research
Institute (CRRI), New Delhi have done studies to assess and demonstrated possibility of
using construction waste to substitute new materials of recycling.
According to Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), study,

70% of the construction industry is not aware of recycling techniques and concludes the
need for quality standards for recycled aggregate materials and recycled aggregate concrete
to help setting targets for quality products and assure the user of a minimum quality
requirement, thus encouraging him to use it.
The C&D rules takes into account the historical perspective of the problems of C&D waste
disposal and methods deployed to manage them, both locally and globally.

1.3 Indian Scenario of C&D Waste Processing
In India, it is very common to see huge piles of C&D waste, stacked alongside of major roads
resulting in traffic jams, congestion and disruption & chocking of drains. Around 30% of the
total municipal solid waste generated in the country comprises of C&D waste.
TIFAC has conducted a techno-market survey on 'Utilization of Waste from Construction

Industry' targeting housing/building and road segment. The total quantum of waste from
construction industry is estimated to be 12 to 15 million tons per annum out of which 7-8
million tons are concrete and brick waste.
As per the Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), the
Indian Real Estate Industry alone is facing a shortage of aggregates to the extent of 55,000
million cum. In addition, 750 million cum of aggregates would be required to achieve the
targets of road construction sector, which will lead to tremendous pressure on natural
resources.
The C&D Waste generated in each city would reflect different characteristics based on each
city’s growth pattern and lifestyle. While retrievable items such as bricks, wood, metal, titles
are recycled, the concrete and masonry waste, accounting for more than 50% of the waste
from construction and demolition activities, are not being currently recycled in India.

Figure 1-1 – Dumping of C&D Waste in Public Places
The traditional practice in India is to dispose of this waste in landfills or illegally dump in
rivers and water bodies. Faced with growing environmental concerns and lack of landfill
space, most cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Pune are opting for recycling and
recovery of materials from C &D waste.
1.4 Effects of C&D Waste
Construction activities occur to build/rebuild new structures or old structures. Demolition

activities are growing due to old structures needing restructuring or replacement with time
to make way for vertical structures or flats in line with growing needs of the society. All such
activities generate C&D waste.
Disposal of such debris in a safe environment is a big challenge for the builders, developers,
and owners. When on one hand the disposal of debris is a challenge, then, on the other
hand, there is an acute shortage of naturally available aggregates for the construction of
buildings. Reduction of this demand is possible only with the reusing or recycling of waste
generated from the construction activities.
Construction, renovation, and demolition projects create environmental and economic

problems in addition to waste. These include depletion of already diminishing natural
resources, air and water pollution from waste that is improperly disposed of, and, for many
state and local governments, pressure on premium landfill space and taxpayer money. As
virgin materials become scarcer and more costly, some increased recycling of construction,
renovation, and demolition waste has occurred, but most of these materials continue to be
discarded. Moreover, many types of construction materials and demolition waste contain
persistent, bio-accumulative toxins (PBTs) and other hazardous substances.
Typically, demolition activity is undertaken by specialized demolition contractors who bring

their own equipment and personnel and transport the residual waste. The property owners

pay fee to the demolition contractors, which is decided based on the recoverable value of
recycled materials – steel, wood, glass, pipes etc. by demolition contractors.
The environmental impacts of unmanaged C&D waste are evident. Waste to resource
approach towards recycling C&D waste brings great benefit.
Environment and Social Impacts of Unmanaged C&D Waste include:
 Impose strain on landfill needs;

 Hazardous portion of waste, such as asbestos, could lead to potential harm to the
environment and public health issues;
 Illegal dumping affecting the bio-habitat of dump area and creates potential public
health issues such as mosquito breeding;
 Potential high value of recycled material not tapped and gets buried in landfills or
illegal dumps leading to economic loss;
 Increasing quantity of C&D Waste leads to un-sustainable situation;
 Reliance on mines and natural sources for building material leads to escalating price,
un- sustainable supply and high transportation costs;
To address the problems of resource depletion, increasing demand for building materials,
societal awareness on pollution effects (dust, pollution due to traffic congestion owing to
roadside disposal) of C&D these rules were framed.
1.5 Rationale for C&D rules:
India’s population living in cities and urban areas increased from 14% at the time of
independence to 27.8% during 2001, again it has increased from 27.8 percent in 2001 to
31.16 percent in 2011. The increased urbanization and scarce land created opportunity and
demand for multistoried housing flats in place of independent houses. The demolition of old
structures generates C& D waste besides new construction requiring building materials
creating the need to manage demolition waste through 3R’s principles and planned
disposal.
The rules are framed to address
• The current common practice to pile C&D waste in the road or illegally dump in less
populated areas causing traffic congestion.
• C&D waste from individual households finding its way into nearby municipal bins

• To avoid missing of this waste with municipal waste making it heavy, and degrading
its quality in MSW processing such as composting or energy recovery etc.
• To prevent clogging of surface drains blocking free flow of water runoff and
obstructing them.
• To create a framework for organized storage, collection, reuse or disposal waste
generated.
• To meet the demand for aggregates in the housing and road sectors through
recovery of materials from C& D waste to reduce significant gap in demand and
supply.
• To reduce resource depletion due to sand mining which is becoming a major source
of problem. Recycling of aggregate material from construction and demolition waste
will reduce the demand-supply gap in both these sectors.
1.6 Chronology of evolution of C&D Waste Rules
C&D waste is one of the major components of MSW and is a major hindrance in waste
processing when mixed with MSW and delivered at the processing facility. C&D waste finds
a brief mention in Schedule III of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000 and the ‘‘Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management’’ of the MoUD, 2000
has a chapter on C&D waste which lays down basic guideline on its handling.
Municipal CorporationofGreaterMumbaihasnotified Construction&Demolition and Desilting

Waste (Management & Disposal) Rules 2006.
The Delhi government has decided to mandate recycled products from C&D waste in
prospective contracts for building works and road works. Following the verdict, all Delhi
government authorities are required to incorporate a clause in their tenders: It mandates
use of a minimum of two percent recycled products in all future contracts for building works
and ten percent recycled products for road works. Five percent use of such products is
expected for non-structural applications during examining and approving building plans.
To address the growing problem of C&D waste, and have uniformity in approach to address
the issue which is being randomly and separately being addressed by each state, C&D Waste
Management Rules 2016 were enacted by MOEF&CC vid Gazette notificationG.S.R. 317(E)
Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (ii).
Key highlights of the recent developments:
• Mandatory for large cities to setup recycling plant within 18 months and smaller
cities within 2-3 years.

• Generators of waste are required to pay notified collection and processing fees.
• Imposition of heavy penalties on illegal dumping of C&D Waste.
• Use of Construction & Demolition waste 20% to 100% is allowed in construction. IS-
383 standard code revised.
• Introduction of Centralized Helpline number including Mobile App in Delhi.

Features of C&D Waste Rules-2016
The Government has notified Construction & Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
for the first time. These rules shall be called the “Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016” (Rule – 1).The guiding principle of these Rules is to recover,
recycle and reuse (3R’s) the waste generated through construction and demolition.
Segregating construction and demolition waste and depositing it to the collection centers
for processing will now be the responsibility of every waste generator.
Cities with a population of more than one million will commission processing and disposal
facility within 18 months from the date of final notification of these rules, while cities with a
population of 0.5 to 1 million and those with a population of less than 0.5 million will have
to provide these facilities within two years and three years respectively. (Rule – 13)
Monitoring shall be made by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) 3 times a year i.e.once
in 4 months for cities having population more than one million. Cities with population of
0.5-1 million and less than 0.5 million shall be Monitored by SPCBs 2 times a year i.e.once in
6 months. (Rule – 13)
“Permission for construction will be given only when the complete construction and
demolition waste management plan is presented”, large generators of waste will have to
pay relevant charges for collection, transportation, processing and disposal, as notified by
the concerned authorities.
The following are the important features of the Construction & Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016.
1.7 Application (Rule – 2)
- Applies to everyone who generates construction and demolition waste.
1.8 Duties of waste Generators (Rule – 4)
- Every waste generator shall segregate construction and demolition waste and deposit
at collection center or handover it to the authorized processing facilities.
- Shall ensure that there is no littering or deposition so as to prevent obstruction to the

traffic or the public or drains.

- Large generators (who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons
per project in a month) shall submit waste management plan and get appropriate
approvals from the local authority before starting construction or demolition or
remodeling work,
- Large generators shall have environment management plan to address the likely
environmental issues from construction, demolition, storage, transportation process
and disposal / reuse of C & D Waste.
- Large generators shall segregate the waste into four streams such as concrete, soil,
steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar,
- Large generators shall pay relevant charges for collection, transportation, processing
and disposal as notified by the concerned authorities;
1.9 Duties of Service providers and Contractors (Rule –5)
- The service providers shall prepare a comprehensive waste management plan for
waste generated within their jurisdiction, within six months from the date of
notification of these rules,
- Shall remove all construction and demolition waste in consultation with the
concerned local authority on their own or through any agency.
- Accidents if any during the process shall be Reported to Local authority on time
(FORM-V)(Rule – 14)
1.10 Duties of State Government and Local Authorities (Rule –6 & 9)
- The Secretary, Urban Development Department in the State Government shall

prepare state’s policy with respect to management of construction and demolition of
waste within one year from date of final notification of these rules.
- The concerned department in the State Government dealing with land shall provide
suitable sites for setting up of the storage, processing and recycling facilities for
construction and demolition waste with one-and-a-half years from date of final
notification of these rules.
- The Town and Country planning Department shall incorporate the site in the
approved land use plan so that there is no disturbance to the processing facility on a
long term basis.
- Shall procure and utilize 10-20% materials made from construction and demolition
waste in municipal and Government contracts.

- Local Authority shall place appropriate containers for collection of waste, removal at
regular intervals, transportation to appropriate sites for processing and disposal.
- LA shall seek detailed plan or undertaking from large generator of construction and
demolition waste and sanction the waste management plan;
- Seek assistance from concerned authorities for safe disposal of construction and
demolition waste contaminated with industrial hazardous or toxic material or nuclear
waste if any;
- LA shall give appropriate incentives to generator for salvaging, processing and or

recycling preferably in-situ;
- LA shall establish a data base and update once in a year,
- Million plus cities (based on 2011 census of India), shall commission the processing
and disposal facility within one-and-a-half years from date of final notification of
these rules
- 0.5 to 1 million cities, shall commission the processing and disposal facility within two
years from date of final notification of these rules
- For other cities (< 0.5 million populations), shall commission the processing and
disposal facility within three years from date of final notification of these rules
- Shall review and issue instructions to the in- charge of the facility if any accidents
reported by in charge of the processing facility (Rule – 14). Checklist of safety
concerns are included in annexure-1 for reference.
1.11 Duties of CPCB, SPCB or Pollution Control Committee (Rule –8 & 10)
- The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare operational guidelines related to
environmental management of construction and demolition waste.
- SPCB shall grant authorization to construction and demolition waste processing

facility (Form-III)
- Monitor the implementation of these rules by the concerned local bodies
- Submit annual report to the Central Pollution Control Board and the State
Government. (Form IV)
1.12 Standards for products of construction and demolition waste (Rule –11)
- The Bureau of Indian Standards need to prepare code of practices and standards for
products of construction and demolition waste

- Indian Roads Congress need to prepare standards and practices pertaining to

products of construction and demolition waste in roads construction.
1.13 Duties of Central Ministries (Rule –12)
- The Ministry of Urban Development, and the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry
of Panchayat Raj, shall facilitate local bodies in compliance of these rules;
- The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall review implementation
of these rules as and when required.
1.14 Facility for processing / recycling facility (Rule –7)
- The operator of the facility shall obtain authorization from State Pollution Control
Board or Pollution Control Committee.(Form-I)
- The processing / recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas,
water bodies, monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural,
historical or religious interest.(Schedule-I)
- The processing/recycling facility exceeding five Tones per day capacity, shall maintain
a buffer zone of no development around the facility.
- The operator of the facility shall submit the annual report to the State Pollution
Control Board (Form II).
Table 2-1 – Schedules in C&D Waste Management Rules-2016
Criteria for Site Selection for Storage and Processing or Recycling Facilities
Schedule I :
for construction and demolition Waste [See Rule 7(1)]
Application of materials made from construction and demolition waste and

Schedule II :
its products [See Rule 7(3)]
Schedule III : Timeframe for Planning and Implementation [See Rule 13]

Implementation Guidance Framework
This chapter is designed to provide a framework for implementing C & D rules 2016 with
respect to activities of government, public & private agencies and other stakeholders within
the timelines targeted under the rules. Implementation C & D waste management rules can
be visualized as four parallel work elements in three time frames based on cities population.
The four parallel work elements are visualized to be executed by:
• Central Governmental ministries and government agencies having the macro role of
overseeing overall implementation, providing guidance, assessing and reviewing the
relevance of policy through agencies as given in figure below.
• State/Regional local level governmental agencies playing the regional and local role
of formulating local policy, action plan and modalities of implementing action plan.
• Infrastructure development and operational agencies assessing, establishing and
operating collection, processing facilities besides marketing processed products.
• Opinion makers, community leaders, NGOs and other awareness generation and go-
between actors among generators and government agencies to ensure generators
follow the rules and processors process in safe and environmentally compliant
manner.
1.15 Stakeholders involved in the implementation of C &D waste management:
This can be understood from the chart below.
FACILITY
CENTRAL STATE LEVEL/LOCAL GENERATORS
DEVELOPERS/OPER
AGENCIES AUTHORITY ATORS
• Secretary In- •Large
• MoEFCC • Public scale(>20T/d or
charge, Urban
• CPCB Development >300T
/Project/Month)
• MoUD • SPCB • Private
• MoRD • Municipal
• Small scale
Corporation
• MoPR • Town & Country • Public-Private
• BIS Planning Partnership
• IRC Department
The implementation of the rules requires understanding of activities to be performed by

each of these stakeholders and comprehension of interdependency on each other. The
chart below provides the activities to be undertaken by key stakeholders. The activity
progress information flow from one stakeholder to the other is indicated by color coding of
text and directional arrows. It may be noted Facility Planner, Developer and operator are
indicated separately for ease of understanding but all three roles may be performed by
single contractor or government agency.

ACTIVITY CHART FOR IMPLEMENTING C & D WASTE RULES 2016
C&D Waste Facility Planner:
Central Government/CPCB/MOEF: Implementation Tasks • Prepare and seek approval for DPR from regulatory agencies
and for utilities like electricity and water.
• . • Review policy changes needed. • Identify fund sources (Bonds, loans from multilateral agencies,
• Monitoring implementation of • Disseminate best practices and learnings
o Regional policy and action banks, grants from central government)
from different states by CPCB.
plan • Project financial closure.
o Progress of implementation • Formulate Standards for recycled
materials and road construction by BIS
Assess issues being faced and provide C& D Waste Processing Facility Developer.
and IRC
direction in implementation • Land Development.
• EPC of facility
GENERATOR:
State/Municipal Authority implementation Tasks • All generators: Collect within the premises and handover to facility for
processing.
• Formulate and promulgate regional policy and local city wise action plans. Small scale generatorspay storage + collection + transportation fee
• Identify and notify land for processing and collection centers.
Large scale generators:
• Notify land use change plan by town planning departments.
• Segregate concrete, soil, steel, wood & plastics, bricks & mortar
• Designate centers for collection and processing along with quantum of waste likely from • Submit waste management plan
each center. • Approval from local authority
• Define responsibilities of • Pay relevant fee (storage+ collection+ transportation + processing &
o local government officials Disposal)
o small and large generator
• Assess severity of C&D waste effects and need for more stringent rules.
C&D Waste Operator
• Develop local language awareness material and campaign programs for deposition and
handling of wastes. Demonstrate follow of standard operational procedures ( Eg: ISO
• Assess and notify waste disposal Fee. 9000 certification)
• Decide facility operation mode: Public/private/ public-private mode. Follow regulations prescribed by SPCB and other agencies.
Report :
• If Private of PPP mode is chosen develop terms of reference and tender/bid documents
Accidents
• Design and notify incentive schemes for
Pollution status (air quality, noise, water pollution, solid and
o Recycling and salvaging of materials. HW generation)
o Use of materials made of C&D waste. Annual report of quantum of waste collected and processed
• Penalties to be charged Maintain records of
o For violations by generators • Water and energy use
o For violation of TOR by Facility developer and operator. • Inspection reports by SPCB
•
Capacity Building Programme on waste •management
Compile annual reports submitted by operator to SPCB/ Secretary who in turn will submit to Accidents rules Page 16 of 54
CPCB. • Community complaints
Agencies,planning collection centers needs to undertake a forecast study about the likely C&D
waste generation in each area and accordingly design the facility. A new residential area may not
need the facility for next 15-20 years and an old or upcoming area may require the facility and
hence this aspect needs to be addressed keeping local conditions in mind.
As per the rules the C&D waste needs to be stored within their premises and either deposited at
collection center on their own or through facility arranged by local public/private agency for a fee.
Since the criteria is waste needs to be stored within one’s premises how it will be stored is left to
the generator with a mandate that the waste does not cause littering, blockage of drains and not
obstruct traffic. Also, the amount of waste for minor or moderate repairs in existing buildings to
complete destruction varies no standardized bin sizes can be advocated.
1.16 Tools for effective implementation of C & D Rules 2016
For effectively implementing the activities outlined in the chart above
• Operators can use form-I to seek approval of local authority and authorities can issue
permission in Form –II. For aggregating information at local to state level Form-III and then
from state to central level Form-IV can be used to enable policy makers to review progress
and make amendments to policy or give directions.
• Checklists can be used to monitor progress of work for each hierarchical level. Templates
outlining key monitoring elements are developed as checklists and presented below which
can be further refined based on local conditions.
CHECKLIST FOR CENTRAL LEVEL AGENCIES

Activities to monitor Yes No
Regional policy has been framed
List of city wise action plans outlining areas identified and notified by town
and country planning department.
Copy of letter stating chosen method for developing process ( public/
private/ public-private)
Terms of reference, bidding method and process developed
Copy of letter of award of contract to developer and operator
DPR approval letter by SPCB and other agencies submitted by developer
Land allotment for Collection & processing done
List of NGOs, community leaders identified
Public awareness and campaigns in regional level promoted
Fee charges for collection fixed
Subsidy framework and quantum fixed for use of processed material done
List of officials designated with responsibility for each city

CHECKLIST FOR STATE LEVEL AGENCIES

List of approved designated centres by
Responsibilities of local authorities fixed
Stringency of existing rules sufficient
Location specific bye-laws required for -------- city
Awareness and campaign plans of each city and budget allocated
Fee of disposal fixed
Subsidy quantum and mode of disbursal framed
Collection & treatment through Public/ private/ public-private agency
Penalties for violation of contract fixed
CHECK LIST FOR LOCAL CITY/ MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AUTHORITY /SPCB

Quantity of waste generation estimated in ------ locality
Tender has been floated
DPR prepared/reviewed
DPR approved
Responsibilities of generator fixed
Find raising formalities carried out
Land allotted for the facility
Land development completed
EPC started
Construction and commissioning completed
Inspection by SPCB
1.17 Time frames for C & D waste management implementation
These checklists needs to be looked in conjunction with desired time frame for implementing the
rules as given in table below to appreciate interdependencies among various stakeholders and the
need to work in coordinated manner to ensure timely, qualitative and quantitative completion of
development of collection and processing facilities..
Compliance criteria Cities with Cities with Cities with population
population of 01 population of 0.5- of less than 0.5 million
million and above 0.1 million
Formulation of policy by 12 months 12 months 12 months
state Government
Identification of sites for 18 months 18 months 18 months
collection & processing
facility
Commissioning & 18 months 24 months 36 months
implementation of the
facility
Monitoring by SPCBs 3 times a year- 2 times a year-once 2 times a year-once in
once in 4 months in 6 months 6 months
C&D Waste Definition, Characteristics, Generation & Quantification –

Sources and Constituents
1.18 Definition of C&D Waste
As per Rule 3 (c) "construction and demolition waste" means the waste comprising of
building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair and
demolition of any civil structure;
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste is generated whenever any construction or demolition
takes place. These wastes consist of mostly inert and non-biodegradable material like concrete,
tiles, brick aggregates, plaster, wood, plastics, gypsum, glass, metals, solvents, asphalt, asbestos,
excavated soil & rock particles etc, many of which can be recycled. These wastes are heavy, bulky
and occupy considerable amount of space when dumped without processing. Conventionally these
wastes excluding metal and wood are regarded as a material with limited economic potential, but
actually these wastes provide an ideal solution to minimize the problems of virgin material
exhaustion ( Eg: Sand, aggregates etc).
During construction activity, excessive cement mix or concrete left after work is over due to
rejection/ demolition caused by change in design or wrong workmanship etc. Construction wastes
are mainly leftovers from new construction materials like Excavated material such as rock and soil,
Waste asphalt, broken bricks, concrete, plasterboard, timber and vegetation during construction
and all other wastes includes from construction activities on a typical construction site.
Figure 4-1 – Demolition & Construction Waste

1.19 C&D Wastes generated from different type of sources:
C&D Waste
Type of Waste
Excavation Roadwork Demolition Construction

Soil Waste Waste &Other Wastes
 Excavation
Building  Construction
Activity  Road
Demolition  Excavation
 Railroad  Renovation
Activities;
 Airport  Refurbishment
Such as
 Runway
Sources
 Residential  Demolition
 Construction  Roadwork and
 Educational
 Renovation  Other
 Health care
 Demolition Construction
 Industrial
Activity Related
building
Activities
 Concrete with  Concrete,

Iron  Wall
 Concrete materials
without iron (brick,
 Plantsoil  Concrete briquet,
 Roofing
Components
 Soil  Broken stone)

asphalt Construction
 Sand  Stucco
 Paving and Roofing
 Gravel  Sand
Stone Cover (wood,
 Rock tile, isolation  Pebble
 Clay  Sand  Wood
 Pebble material)
 Wall Materials  Plastics
 Railway  Ceramics
Traverse (brick, briquet,
stone)  Metals
d  Paper and
 Stucco
 Carton
Figure 4-2 – Sources of C&D Waste

1.20 C&D Waste Components and Quantification:
C&D waste can be classified into two components;
Table 4-1 – Components of C&D Waste
1. Major components includes, 2. Minor components includes,

• Cement concrete • Conduits,
• Bricks • GI pipes/Iron pipes/Plastic pipes
• Cement plaster • Electrical fixtures,
• Steel from RCC • Panels,
• Doors & windows • Asbestos and contaminated soil,
• Roofing support systems • Glass.
• Rubble • Plastic carry bags, sachets of
• Stones & Clay (Soil from tobacco and other plastics,
excavation) Clothes, Cement bags, gunny
• Timber etc. bags, Thermocol, etc.
Demolition waste are mainly the collection of all construction materials from a building after
removal of salvageable components like doors and windows. Demolition wastes are much larger in
volume than the construction wastes. According to Danish Environmental Protection Agency
(DEPA), 2003, 30% of the total waste generated was C&D waste. Of this 70-75% waste generated
was from demolition activity, 20-25% from renovation and remaining 5-10% from new building
developments
In India the following amount of C&D Wastes generated during different activities.
 Demolition of Pucca and Semi-Pucca buildings on an average generates 500 and 300 kg. Per
Sq.m. Respectively.
 Estimated waste generation during construction is 40 to 60 Kg. per Sq.m.
 Waste generation during renovation/ repair work is estimated to be 40 to 50 kg. Per Sq.m.
The disposal of C&D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and
embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation and other environmental impacts associated with
producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Concurrently, the number of C&D
landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased
fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.

1.21 Physical Composition of Construction & Demolition Waste:
Architectural salvage:
Doors and door
frames
Windows and frames
Roofing:
Millwork
Shingles Non-Ferrous Metals:
Commercial Wiring/conduit
membrane
Plumbing
Wood, metal, slate (pipes, fixtures)
Asphalt HVAC
Furniture and Furnishings:
Ceiling tiles (ductwork, motors)
Office furniture
Gypsum Wallboard
Partition systems
Medical/lab equipment
Wood:
Reception/casual furniture Aggregate:
Dimensional lumber
Lockers/athletic Concrete (with &
Panels equipment without rebar)
(plywood, OSB, MDF
Brick
)
Concrete block
Engineered beams
(Glu-lam, etc.) Land clearing
residuals:
Carpeting:
Ferrous Metals: Trees, stumps, brush
Broadloom
Structural steel Soil
Carpet tiles
Steel framing
members
Porcelain fixtures
Figure 4-3 – Physical Composition of C&D Waste
1.22 Characteristics&Quantity Estimation of C&D Waste:
It is commonly understood that C&D waste can be considered a resource and can be reused on-site
or elsewhere, or recycled. Central Pollution Control Board has estimated current quantum of solid
waste generation in India to the tune of 48 million tons per annum out of which, waste from
construction industry only accounts for more than 25%. Management of such high quantum of
waste puts enormous pressure on solid waste management system.
C&D waste can be characterized based on the source of generation or the components of the waste
as shown in following figures.
Characterization of Building-related
C&D waste in USEPA, June, 1998
5%3%
15% 33%
21%
23%
Non Residential Demolition Residentional Renovation

Non Residentional Renovation Residential Demolition
Residential New Construction Non Residential New Construction
Figure 4-4 –Characterization of Building-related C& D waste in USEPA, June, 1998
Estimate of C&D waste:
TIFAC calculated waste from the construction industry accounting for 25 percent of solid waste or
12 to 14 million tons per annum. Methodology for C& D waste estimation is given in annexure-2.
Though it is very difficult to predict the characteristics of C&D Waste, it can broadly be categorized
as mixture of following materials:
Table 4-2 – Typical composition of Indian C&D waste
Material Composition
Soil, Sand & Gravel 36%
Brick &Masonary 31%
Concrete 23%
Metals 5%
Bitumen 2%
Wood 2%
Others 1%
Source: Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council, Department of Science
and Technology, Government of India, 2001

Metals Bitumen Wood Others

2% 2% 1% Soil, Sand &
5%
Gravel
36%
Concrete
23%
Bricks & Masonry

31% i
Figure 4-5 – Typical C&D Waste Composition in India
1.23 C&D Waste Processing and Recycling opportunities
Reuse and recycling of C&D waste is one component of a larger holistic practice called sustainability
or green building construction being practiced in most developed countries. Re-utilization or
recycling is an important strategy for management of such waste.
Construction and demolition waste can be used in the following manner:
• Reuse (at site) of bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc. to the extent possible
and depending upon their condition.
• Sale / auction of material which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint or change in
design.
• Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by recycling industries.
• Rubble, brick bats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc. can be used for building activity, such as,
leveling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute of heavy moving loads.
• Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-lying areas.
• Fine material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as cover material over sanitary landfill.
• Use as a granular sub-base (the layer above compacted earthen sub-grade) in road
construction.Sub-base is generally constructed using non-plastic moorum. Processed C&D waste
(after sizing and sieving) can be used in road pavement for sub-base construction.

C&D waste being a free draining material, its proper particle gradation can be used in place of
moorum.
1.24 Economic Benefits of Using C&D Waste Recycled Products:
1. Use of recycled aggregate up to 30% does not affect the functional requirements of the
structure as per the findings of the test results.
2. Various tests conducted on recycled aggregates and results compared with natural
aggregates are satisfactory as per IS 386.
1.25 Environmental benefits of recycling C&D waste
The environmental benefits of recycling C&D waste are considerable. By assessing carbon di oxide
and energy use at a large scale recycling plant, researchers have shown that, over its 60 year life
span, the carbon di oxide emissions prevented will be ten times as much as those produced, and
eight times as much energy will be saved, than is used .
It eases the production and emission of greenhouse gas and other pollutants by reducing the need
to extract raw materials and transporting the materials long distances. It reduces the need for new
landfills and the costs involved in it. Recycling saves energy and also reduces the environmental
impact. It creates employment opportunities in recycling industries. A lot of money can be saved by
reducing the project disposal costs, transportation costs and the cost of new construction materials
by recycling old materials onsite.
1.26 Two Pillars of C&D Waste Stream Utilization:
1. Reusing of C& D Waste: It does not require any further processing to convert into a useful
product. The items which are usable directly are screened out from the debris and put into
the possible use without further processing.
2. Recycling of C&D Waste: Once the waste generated from construction and demolition
activities has been segregated and reusable items are taken out, the leftover is available for
further processing i.e. recycling into next useful stage.
1.27 RECYCLING OF WASTE CONCRETE
Recycling of waste concrete is done to reuse the concrete rubble as aggregates in concrete. The
recycled aggregates have less crushing strength, impact resistance and specific gravity and has
more absorption value as compared to fresh aggregates.

1.27.1 Necessity of Concrete Recycling:

Millions of tonnes of waste concrete is generated every year around the world due to following
reasons:
• Demolition of old structure,

• Destruction of buildings and structures during earthquakes and wars,
• Removal of useless concrete from structures, buildings, road pavements etc.
• Waste concrete generated due to concrete cube and cylinder testing, destructive methods
of testing of existing structures etc.
1.27.2 Advantages of Concrete Recycling:

Usually demolished concrete were shipped to landfills for disposal, but due to greater
environmental awareness, the concrete is being recycled for reuse in concrete works. There are a
variety of benefits in recycling concrete rather than dumping it or burying it in a landfill. Keeping
concrete debris out of landfills saves space there.
1.27.3 Other Benefits of Recycling of Concrete are:

• Local Product – Local Sources
• Reduces Truck Traffic
• Alternative to a Non-Renewable Resource
• Cost Savings
• No Disposal Fees
• Better Trucking Utilization (Reduced Costs)
Using recycled material as gravel reduces the need for gravel mining. There are also economic
benefits. Recycled concrete is a construction material that the community does not need to pay for;
those who generated the concrete waste pay a fee to have it recycled.

Figure 4-6 – ProcessofWasteConcreteRecycling
1.27.4 Quality of recycled aggregate and its concrete:

The strength of recycled aggregate concrete is about 10 to 15 per cent less as compared to
concrete with fresh aggregate. However suitable mix designs may be made and reliable results
obtained. The mix requires slightly higher quantity of cement or using admixtures to reduce water
requirement.
Recycled aggregate concrete can be safely used as plain concrete. With proper corrections in mix
design, it can be used for R.C.C. works also.
1.28 Process of C&D waste Recycling
Crushing and screening systems start with primary jaws, cones and/or large impactors taking rubble
from 30 inches to 4 feet. A secondary cone or impactor may or may not need to be run, and then
primary and secondary screens may or may not be used, depending upon the project, the
equipment used and the final product desired.
A scalping screen will remove dirt and foreign particles. A fine harp deck screen will remove fine
material from coarse aggregate. Further cleaning is necessary to ensure the recycled concrete
product is free of dirt, clay, wood, plastic and organic materials. This is done by water floatation,
hand picking, air separators, and electromagnetic separators.

Occasionally asphalt overlay or patch is found. A mixture of asphalt and concrete is not
recommended but small patches are not detrimental. The more care that is put into the quality, the
better product you will receive.
With sound quality control and screening you can produce material without having to wash it as
with virgin aggregate which may be ladened with clay and silt.
• Screening & • Aggregate

Crushing Washing &
Equipment Size
2.Dry & Separation
1.Screeni
Wet
ng &
Processi
Crushing
ng
4.Casting 3.RMC
• Cast • Ready-Mix
Products Concrete
Plants Plant
Figure 4-7 – Cycle of C&D Waste Processing
Usually demolished concrete were shipped to landfills for disposal, but due to greater
environmental awareness, the concrete is being recycled for reuse in concrete works. There are a
variety of benefits in recycling concrete rather than dumping it or burying it in a landfill. Keeping
concrete debris out of landfills saves space there. Other benefits of recycling of concrete are (a)
Local product local sources. (b)Reduces truck traffic. (c) Alternative to a non-renewable resource.
(d) Cost savings. (e) No disposal fees. (f) Better trucking utilization (reduced costs).
Using recycled material as gravel reduces the need for gravel mining. There are also economic
benefits. Recycled concrete is a construction material that the community does not need to pay for;
those who generated the concrete waste pay a fee to have it recycled.
The strength of recycled aggregate is same as compared concrete with fresh aggregate. However
suitable mix designs may be made and reliable results obtained. The mix requires slightly higher
quantity of cement or using admixtures to reduce water requirement. Recycled aggregate concrete
can be safely used as plain concrete. With proper corrections in mix de-sign, it can be used for
R.C.C. works also.

1.29 Machineries for Recycling
Once the structure is demolished as per the plan in an Engineering manner, use of appropriate
equipment and machinery is essential in the recycling process. Such equipment may be jaw
crushers, magnetic separators, vibratory screens, washing equipment.
The new recycling plant consists of the following technologies:
1. Feed hopper
2. Pre Screening
3. Washing & Aggregate cleaning
4. Trash Screen for removal of light weights
5. Sizing Screen for washed Aggregate
6. Hydro cyclone system for Sand washing
7. Water Management system for recycling of process water
Among the major & minor components of C&D Waste, the most unpredictable and difficult
materials are Clay (Soil) and all types of floating materials like plastic carry bags, sachets, thermocol
etc. Recycling Technology has provided the solutions to tackle these difficult materials and make
C&D Waste an acceptable quality product for re-use.

1.30 C&D Waste Processing Flow Chart:
Collection and transportation

of C& D Waste
Receiving of C&D waste
MSW
Removal of Iron, Al,
Recycling/Processing &
Wood, Plastics, etc.
disposal facility
Processing of C&D Waste

[Hammering, Crushing, Process Waste Can be used as
Washing, size Separation & Landscaping Soil
Physicochemical Processes]
Recycled products
Recovery
Figure 4-8 – C&D Waste Processing Flow Chart:
In view of significant role of recycled construction material and technology in the development of
urban infrastructure,
The following products can be recovered from recycling:
1. Recovery of washed sand for construction

2. Recovery of 2-3 sizes of mixed Aggregates
3. RMC made with recovered material
4. Value-added products like Kerb Stones, Pavement Blocks and Concrete Bricks etc.
These products made from recycled material were tested in various laboratories and found to be
suitable for specified purposes. Today, these products are actually being sold in the market bringing
extremely high return to the investor.

1.31 Products from C&D Waste Processing:
Recycled Sand Recycled Aggregate
Trash such as Plastic, Wood and Chips etc. removed

1.32 C&D Waste Recycled Products& its Applications
Table 4-3 – Different Products obtained from C&D Waste Processing
S.
Product Name Image specimen Uses
No.
1. • Most versatile
construction material.
Ready Mix Concrete. • Used in all kind of

construction activities.
2. • Used in construction of
buildings and houses,
especially compound
walls.
Hollow Bricks
• Provides heat insulation.
3. • Parking Pavements.
• Pedestrian Pathways
Pavement blocks • Passageway
4. Tiles
(i) Chequered Tile

(ii) Brick Tile
(iii) Dumble Tile

• Pedestrian subways
• Special effects in drive

ways
• Creative items like

(iv) Wall Tile artifacts
(v) Interlocking Tile
(vi) Tech Tile
5.
Kerbstones

6. • Used for the load

bearing layer
immediately below
Granular Sub Base
the pavement layer.
(GSB)
• Provide strength and
support to the
overlying pavement.
7. • Used for construction

and landfilling
purpose.
Manufactured Sand
8. Aggregates
• Sold as per customer
requirements.
(i) 5mm to 10 mm
• Sold as per customer

requirements.
10mm to 20
(ii)
mm
9. • Can be sold for land

filling purpose.
Loose soil/Excavated
• Also, further reuse
Soil
options are being
explored for the same.

1.33 Uses of C&D Waste Recycled Materials
Rapid infrastructural development such as highways, airports etc. and growing demand for housing
has led to scarcity & rise in cost of construction materials. Most of waste materials produced by
demolished structures are disposed off by dumping them as land fill. Dumping of wastes on land is
causing shortage of dumping places in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to start recycling and
re-use of demolition and concrete waste to save environment, cost, and energy.
1.34 Potential uses for materials commonly found in concrete debris
Table 4-4 – Potential Uses of Materials Segregated from C&D Waste Processing
Material Potential use

Asphalt Road sub-base fill
Concrete Crushed and mixed to make new asphalt cement blocks, crushed and screened
aggregate can be used in asphalt concrete
Dirt Landscaping landfill cover
Metal Scrap metal dealers
Wood Timber/wood pulp shredded for fuel, animal, bedding, landscaping,
manufactured building products and compost
Brick Masonry crushed for ornamental store
Glass Fiberglass insulation sandblast, aggregate in asphalt reflective beads
Gypsum Soil amendment, gypsum board, absorbent media
Plastic ABS, plastic lumber, PVC, Highway barriers
Polystyrene Insulation
Porcelain Crushed for aggregate
Corrugated Paper mills, Fuel pellets
Cardboards
Carpet Landfill cover
Roofing Asphalt paving
Shingles

1.35 C&D Waste Cradle to Grave - Stakeholders:
Role of C&D Waste C&D Waste

generator generation
Role of State
Government
Designated
Collection
Points
Role of Regulatory
Collection &
authorities
Transportation
Role of
Operator
of the
C&D Waste
Facility
Processing Role of Central
Government
Role of BIS
Recycled
& IRC
Products
Figure 4-9 – Cradle to Grave Stakeholders

General Terms & Definitions as specified in the Rules (Rule – 3)

The following are the general terms & definitions given in C&D Waste Management Rules-2016
(a) “ACT’ means the Environment ( Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) "construction" means the process of erecting of building or built facility or other structure,
or building of infrastructure including alteration in these entities,;
(c) "construction and demolition waste" means the waste comprising of building materials,
debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair and demolition of any
civil structure;
(d) “de-construction” means a planned selective demolition in which salvage, re-use and
recycling of the demolished structure is maximized;
(e) “Demolition” means breaking down or tearing down buildings and other structures either
manually or using mechanical force (by various equipment) or by implosion using explosives.
(f) “form” means a Form annexed to these rules;
(g) “local authority” means an urban local authority with different nomenclature such as
municipal corporation, municipality, nagarpalika, nagarnigam, nagarpanchayat, municipal
council including notified area committee and not limited to or any other local authority
constituted under the relevant statutes such as gram panchayat, where the management of
construction and demolition waste is entrusted to such agency;
(h) “ schedule” means a schedule annexed to these rules;
(i) “service provider’ means authorities who provide services like water, sewerage, electricity,
telephone, roads, drainage etc. often generate construction and demolition waste during
their activities, which includes excavation, demolition and civil work;
(j) “waste generator” means any person or association of persons or institution, residential
and commercial establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and Harbour and
Defence establishments who undertakes construction of or demolition of any civil structure
which generate construction and demolition waste.

ANNEXURES

1.36 Annexure– I: C&D Waste Materials Checklist
The following checklist template will be useful when planning to salvage, reuse and recycle
demolition materials
Demolition Materials Comments and Concerns

Air conditioning equipment CFC
Air conditioning: Computer room packages CFC
Air conditioning: Mini central systems CFC
Air conditioning: Window units CFC
Aluminum: Handrails, other
Appliances, white goods
Asbestos Containing Materials: Insulation, floor and
ceiling tile, floor and wall coverings, roofing felt and
shingles, wall board, siding, ductwork, adhesives,
Asbestos: Various possible materials Testing, removal
Asphalt
Asphalt: Paving
Asphalt: Shingles
Batteries
Brass
Brick
Bronze
Cabinets
Cable: Various
Cardboard
Carpet, padding and backing
Cast iron: Radiators, pipes, other
Clay tile blocks
Compressors CFC
Computer equipment
Computers, monitors
Concrete
Concrete masonry units
Decking: Wood
Door frames: Wood, metal
Doors: Heavy vault
Doors: Thin panel and various Non-rated
Doors: Wood, Metal
Ductwork
Earth
Electric switchgear, feeder cables, conduit
Electrical equipment PCB
Electrical: Cable
Elevator cabs, machinery, shaft equipment, rails
Fabric
Fiberglass
Fire suppression equipment
Fixtures & fittings: Plumbing
Fixtures:Electrical
Flooring:Carpet
Flooring:Wood
Fuelstoragetanks
Furniture:Metal
Furniture:Reusable
Furniture:System Canberemanufactured
Furniture:Wood
Glass:Interiorandexterior
Glass:Plate
Glass: Wired,laminated
Glazingcompound: Asbestos,leadpossible Testing
Guttersandflashing
Gypsumblocks
Gypsumboard
Hardwood
Hazardousmaterials
Heavytimbers
Insulation ACBM
Interiorairhandlersandcontrols
Kraftpaper
Lamps:Fluorescent Mercuryretrieval
Lead:Paint Testing,removal
Lead:Roofing
Lead:Flashing
Lead:Piping
Lightbulbs
Lightfixtures:Decorative
Lightfixtures:Fluorescentandutilityfixtures
Lightfixtures:Vintagefluorescent, incandescent PCBBallasts
Marble: Toiletpartitions
Marble:Walls
Metal:Brass
Metal:Bronze
Metal:Cable
Metal:Castiron
Metal:Conduit
Metal:Copper
Metal:GalvanizedSteel
Metal:Miscellaneous
Metal:Steel
Mirrors
Paper
Partitions,demountablepanels
Partitions:Aluminumtracks,miscframing
PBX/telephoneequipment, conduit,cables
Petroleumproducts

1.37 ANNEXURES – II (Tipping Fee & Containers Specifications)
TIPPING FEES TO BE PAID BY AUTHORIZED AGENCY FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTE AT DESIGNATED

DISPOSAL SITES:
C&D WASTE VOLUME ILLUSTRATIVE RATES,

(Rs/Container)
Container (<3 m3 ) 90
Container (6 m3 ) 180
Container (9 m3 ) 270
Container (>12 m3 ) 360
SPECIFICATIONS OF TYPICAL CONTAINERS TO BE USED FOR STORING C&D WASTE
Model
Container Specification Hook Loader Dumper Placer
Container Type Closed Closed
Volume (m3)# 9 12-16 1.5*, 2.5-3.5**, 4.5-
5***
Material Of Construction Commercial Mild Steel of Appropriate IS specification
(Not less than 3mm for walls/sides and not less than 4mm
for floor/bottom)
Recommended Chasis 16-25 T GVW 7*, 9**, 12*** T GVW
Lifting Arrangement Rear lifting Rear lifting
# Dimensions of the containers to adhere to the RTO norms. Total loading not to exceed GVW. The
containers shall have integral securement system to ensure that the rear end of the container is well
secured with the vehicle chassis.
Illustrative Pictures of Different Containers & Vehicles:
TypicalContainers

TypicalHookLifts
TypicalDumperPlacers

1.38 ANNEXURES – III :Quantity Estimation of C&D Waste
Quantity Estimation of C&D Waste:
The following formulae can be used to estimate the quantity of C&D Waste
Formula: A x Gave x 0.0005 = Q
Where,
A=Project Square Footage
Gave=Weighted Average Generation Rate (Refer below Table)
Qp = Total Project C&D Waste
0.0005 = Conversion Factor from lbs to tons
WeightedAverageC&DWasteGenerationRates
S.No Type Residential (lbs/sq.ft) Non-Residential (lbs/sq.ft)

1. New Construction 4.38 3.89
2. Renovation Varies 17.67
3. Demolition 115.00 155.00
(Source: Franklin Associates, “Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition
Debris in the United States,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Jun. 98, p. 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-
8, 2-9, 2-10, and A-5.)

1.39 ANNEXURE–IV :Case studies of Delhi, Ahmedabad and Mumbai
Delhi: Delhi produces about 4,000 to 4,600 tons of C&D waste per day. The
inert but bulky waste is either disposed in city landfills or dumped in open
spaces, water bodies and flood plains. Typical construction waste in Delhi
consists of Concrete (23%), Soil and sand (36%) and bricks and masonry
(31%)ii.The Municipal Corporation of Delhi, working in cooperation with the
private sector, established a C&D recycling plant with the aims of diverting
waste from landfill and developing the market for C&D waste. The plant, a
public private partnership in operation since the end of 2009, had an original
design capacity of 500 tonnes per day that was expanded in 2014 to 2000
tonnes per dayiii. Incoming material is inspected and weighed. Plastics, metals,
wood and certain other materials are separated out by both manual and
mechanical means. The remaining waste is again separated, this time sorted
into whole bricks for internal use and sale, large pieces of concrete and mixed
C&D waste that is managed using dry processing to crush and grade the
concrete and C&D waste and also wet processing for mineral processing and
washing. The plant recovers products such as sand, stone and ready-mix
concrete and uses these to manufacture other value-added products such as
paving blocks and tiles, kerbstones and bricks. By early 2015, the plant had
sold well over a million tonnes of recycledproducts.
Hoppe
r
Wastewater
Crushe
Manageme
Washer/Aggrega
te
Conveyo
Figure 1.3 - C&D Waste recycling plant in Delhiiv
The second 500 TPD capacity of C&D Waste recycling plant in Delhi
(presently under commissioning process) will experience a quantum jump in
technological advancement in C&D Waste recycling as compared to the first
plant due to space constraints.
Mumbai: Mumbai generates about 2300 metric tons of construction waste

every day. In September 2005, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
issued the Demolition and Desilting Waste (Management and Disposal)
Guidelines. The Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) and City
Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO then came up with a
decentralized solution for recycling debris into construction material such as
bricks and interlocking pavers. An electric-powered machine basically used in
pharmaceutical and chemical industries has been modified for the purpose.
Cement and water are other inputs. The debris is sourced from construction
sites and is broken down into particles, 30-40 millimeters (mm) in diameter.
The particles are then powdered down by a pulverizingmachinev.
Special screens enable the machine to ground the particles to desired levels of
fineness. Coarse aggregates around 10 mm in diameter, for example, require
screens with large gaps. The dust controller sections of the machine filter out
unwanted light materials like wood particles and sundry other organic items.
Cement and water is then added to the pulverized material to mould it to a
brick-like shape. Moulded bricks are then cured (hardened by repeated wetting
and drying) for 14 days and then sun-dried. Laboratory tests show compressive
strength of blocks at 59 kg per square centimeters which is quite high
compared to burnt clay bricks and water absorption ration at 9.8% well below
the allowed limit of 10%. Transverse strength is higher than natural aggregates
products.
YUVA gets its debris free and people who supply the waste are given
discounts on the products. Two community centers in Rapar, Gujarat, one such
centre in Mumbai, and a few otherbuildings in the country’s financial capital
have already used the recycled debris.
Pune: Pune Municipal Corporation has recently decided to reserve 18 acres of

open land in the Yeolewadi village, around 20 km from the city, to set up a
modern construction and demolition (C&D) waste processing plant, with a 100
tonnes per day (TPD) capacity. According to Pune Municipal Corporation
(PMC) statistics, with rapid urbanization and constantly increasing C&D, the
city generates an average of 125 tonnes of such waste every day, which has
been contributed to heavily by the recent demolitions drives. This plant will
reprocess C&D debris and re-use it in brick production. Cement, bricks, tar,
etc. will be segregated and processed with modern machinery. The plant is
expected to be set up in co-ordination with a privateentity.

Gurgaon: According to the members of a citizens’ group in Gurgaon named

MalbaHatao, the municipal commissioner of the city has promised to earmark a
site wherein a construction waste recycling plant can be set up soon along with
allotment of multiple transit dumping sites across the city in coordination with
other civic agencies such as the Haryana Urban Development Authority
(HUDA) and the Department of Town and Country Planning(DTCP).
Ahemadabad: Ahemadabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has awarded the

work to Private agency to operate 300 TPD C&D waste processing plant 5
acres of land on PPP mode for 30 years. It is operational from October, 2013,
involved in collection & transportation of such waste from 24
designatedlocations.
Figure 1.4 – C&D Waste Processing plant & Recycled Products in Ahmadabad
The Clean India campaign of Govt. of India further reinforces the need of similar facilities across all major
cities, to get rid of illegal dumping of C&D Waste either in lands or in rivers or blocking large stretches of land
resources. The ever growing needs of construction land and construction material close to the heart of city
are going to be in high demand. Establishment of multiple numbers of small to medium capacity C&D Waste

recycling facility within close proximity ofdemolition and construction site, may provide a viable solution for
City Municipalities as well as to businesses interested in investing for a profitable venture from Waste
recycling.
1.40 ANNEXURE –V: FORM – I
See [Rule 7(2)] Application

for obtainingauthorisation
To,
The
MemberSecretary
Name of the local authority or Name of theagency :
appointed by the municipalauthority
Correspondenceaddress
TelephoneNo.
Fax No.
Nodal Officer and designation (Officerauthorized by the
competent authority or agency responsiblefor operation of
processing or recycling or disposalfacility)
Authorization applied for (Please tickmark) Setting up of processing
orrecycling facility of
construction and
demolitionwaste

Detailed proposal of construction and demolitionwaste processing

or recycling facility to include thefollowing
Location of site approved and allotted bythe
CompetentAuthority.
Average quantity (in tons per day) andcomposition of
construction and demolition waste to be handled at the
specific site
Details of construction and demolition waste processing or
recycling technology to be used.
Quantity of construction and demolition waste to be processed per
day.
Site clearance from Prescribed Authority.
Salient points of agreement between competent authority or local
authority and operating agency (attach relevant document).
Plan for utilization of recycled product.
Expected amount of process rejects and plan for its disposal
(e.g., sanitary landfill for solid waste).
Measures to be taken for prevention and control of
environmental pollution.
Investment on project and expected returns.
Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the
processing or recycling plant.
Any preventive plan for accident during the collection, transportation
and treatment including processing and recycling should be informed
to the Competent Authority (Local Authority) or Prescribed Authority
Date: Signature of Nodal Officer

1.41 ANNEXURE-VI: Form-II
See ( Rule (7) (3) )
Format for Issue of Authorization to the Operator
To,
Ref : Your application number Dt. …………
The -------------------State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee after examining the
proposal hereby authorizes ------------- having theiradministrative office at--------------------- to set up and
operate construction and demolition waste processing facility at --------------------on the terms and
conditions (including the standards to comply) attached to this authorization letter.
1. The validity of this authorizationis till-------------. After expiry of the validity period, renewal of
authorization is to be sought.
2. The------------------------- State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee may, at any
time, for justifiable reason, revoke any of the conditions applicable under the authorization and
shall communicate the same in writing.
3. Any violation of the provision of the construction and demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
shall attract the penal provision of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986).
Date:
Place:
(MemberSecretary)
State Pollution Control Board/
Pollution Control Committee

1.42 ANNEXURE-VII: Form –III
See ( Rule 8(2) )
Format of Annual Report to be submitted by Local Authority to the State Pollution ControlBoard
(i) Name of the City orTown…………………….

(ii) Population…………………
(iii) Name and address of local authority or competentauthority
Telephone No:………………………………
Fax:………………………………………….
Email ID:…………………………………….
Website:……………………………………..
(iv) Name of In-charge or Nodal Officer dealing with construction and

demolitionwastes management with designation………………………………………………
1. Quantity and composition of construction and demolition waste includingany deconstructionwaste
(a) Total quantity of construction and demolition waste generated during the whole
yearin metricton
Any figures for lean period and peak period generation per day……………………….
Average generation of construction and demolition waste(TPD)
Total quantity of construction and demolition waste collected perday
Any Processing / Recycling Facility set up in the
city…………………………………………………..Status of thefacility
(b) Total quantity of construction and demolition waste processed / recycled (in
metricton)
Non-structural concrete aggregate :
Manufactured sand :
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) :
Paving blocks :
GSB :
Others, if any, please specify :
(c) Total quantity of Construction & Demolition waste disposed by land fillingwithout
processing (last option) or filling low lyingareas
No of landfill sitesused :
Areaused :
Whether weigh-bridge: Yes No
Facility used for quantityestimation?
(d) Whether construction and demolition waste used in sanitary landfill (for solid waste)
asper ScheduleIII: Yes No
2. Storagefacilities
(a) Area orlocation or plot or societies covered for collection of Construction and Demolitionwaste
(b) No. of large Projects (including roadways project)covered
(c) Whether Area or location or plot or societies collection is Practiced (if yes, whether done by
Competent Authority or Local Authority or through Private Agency or Non- Governmental
Organization)
(d) StorageBins:--
Specifications (Shape & Existing Proposed
Size Number) Number for future
(i) Containers or receptacle(Capacity) :

(ii) Others, pleasespecify :
(e) Whether all storage bins/collection spots are

attendedfor daily lifting : Yes No
(f) Whether lifting of Construction &Demolition Waste from Storage bins is manual
ormechanical
(Please tick mark)pleasespecifymode : Manual MechanicalOthers,
and equipmentused (specifyequipment)
3.Transportation -------------------------------------------------
Existing Actually Required/Proposednumber

-------------------------------------------------
Truck :
Truck-Hydraulic :
Tractor-Trailer :
Dumper-placers :
Tricycle :
Refuse-collector :
Others (Pleasespecify) :
4. Whether any proposal has been made to improve Construction and Demolition waste
management practices
5. Have any efforts been made to involve PPP for processing of Construction & Demolition waste:
If yes, what is (are) the technologies being used, suchas:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processing /recycling Stepstaken
Technology (Quantity to beprocessed)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DryProcess :
WetProcess : Others, ifany,
Pleasespecify :
6. Whatprovisions are available to check unauthorized operations of:
Encroachment on river bank or wet bodies:
Unauthorized filling of low line areas :
Mixing with solid waste :
Encroachment in Parks, Footpaths etc. :
7. How many slums are provided with construction and demolition waste receptacles facilities:
8. Are municipal magistrates appointedfor taking penal action for non-compliance with these rules:
Yes No
[If yes, how many cases registered & settled during last three years (give year
wisedetails)]
Dated:
Signature of MunicipalCommissioner
1.43 ANNEXURE-VIII: Form–IV
See (Rule (8)(3) )
Format of Annual Report to be submitted by the State Pollution Control Board / Committees tothe
Central Pollution ControlBoard
To,
TheChairman,
Central Pollution ControlBoard,
PariveshBhawan, East
ArjunNagar, Delhi-110032
1. Name of the
State/Unionterritory:
2. Name & address of the State Pollution Control Board/PollutionControl Committee:
3. Number of municipal authorities responsible for management ofmunicipal solid wastes

in the State/Unionterritoryunder theserules :
4. A Summary Statement on progressmade by municipal authorities in respectof

Implementation of ScheduleIII] : Please attach asAnnexure-I
5. A Summary Statement on progress made by municipal authorities in respect of

Implementation of Schedule IV : Please attach as Annexure-II
Date:
Chairman or the Member Secretary
State Pollution ControlBoard/
Place: PollutionControlCommittee
1.44 ANNEXURE-IX: REFERENCES
1) :C&D Waste Management Rules-2016 by MoEF&CC, GOI

2) CPHEEO- 2016 : Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual Part- II, Chapter- 3, Section
3.7
3) Construction & Demolition and De-silting Waste (Management and Disposal) Guidelines
by MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF GREATER MUMBAI -2006
4) TIFAC – “Utilization of Waste from Construction Industry” 2001 Publication - India
5) IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Limited- Products Catalogue
6) CDE Asia Limited catalogue
7) Construction and Demolition Waste Management Guide by U.S Air force
8) Construction and Demolition Waste Management Pocket Guide by U.S Air Force

TOOL KIT ON C & D Waste Management

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TOOL KIT ON C & D Waste Management

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TOOLKIT FOR C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES-2016

TOOL KIT ON CONSTRUCTION &

Capacity Building Programme on Implementation

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 1 of 54

1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Toolkit ....................................................................................... 5

2.1 Application (Rule – 2) ............................................................................................................ 11

3.1 Stakeholders involved in the implementation of C &D waste management: ...................... 15

4.1 Definition of C&D Waste ....................................................................................................... 19

4.10.2 Advantages of Concrete Recycling: ............................................................................... 26

6.1 Annexure– I: C&D Waste Materials Checklist ....................................................................... 39

Figure 1-1 – Dumping of C&D Waste in Public Places ............................................................................ 7

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 4 of 54

Overview of C&D waste management

The objective of this toolkit is

1.2 Historical Background of Construction Waste Management:

According to Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), study,

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 5 of 54

1.3 Indian Scenario of C&D Waste Processing

TIFAC has conducted a techno-market survey on 'Utilization of Waste from Construction

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 6 of 54

Figure 1-1 – Dumping of C&D Waste in Public Places

1.4 Effects of C&D Waste

Construction activities occur to build/rebuild new structures or old structures. Demolition

Construction, renovation, and demolition projects create environmental and economic

Typically, demolition activity is undertaken by specialized demolition contractors who bring

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 7 of 54

Environment and Social Impacts of Unmanaged C&D Waste include:

 Impose strain on landfill needs;

1.5 Rationale for C&D rules:

The rules are framed to address

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 8 of 54

1.6 Chronology of evolution of C&D Waste Rules

Municipal CorporationofGreaterMumbaihasnotified Construction&Demolition and Desilting

Key highlights of the recent developments:

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 9 of 54

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 10 of 54

Features of C&D Waste Rules-2016

1.7 Application (Rule – 2)

- Applies to everyone who generates construction and demolition waste.

1.8 Duties of waste Generators (Rule – 4)

- Shall ensure that there is no littering or deposition so as to prevent obstruction to the

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 11 of 54

1.9 Duties of Service providers and Contractors (Rule –5)

1.10 Duties of State Government and Local Authorities (Rule –6 & 9)

- The Secretary, Urban Development Department in the State Government shall

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 12 of 54

- LA shall give appropriate incentives to generator for salvaging, processing and or

- LA shall establish a data base and update once in a year,

- SPCB shall grant authorization to construction and demolition waste processing

- Monitor the implementation of these rules by the concerned local bodies

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 13 of 54

- Indian Roads Congress need to prepare standards and practices pertaining to

1.13 Duties of Central Ministries (Rule –12)

1.14 Facility for processing / recycling facility (Rule –7)

Table 2-1 – Schedules in C&D Waste Management Rules-2016

Application of materials made from construction and demolition waste and

Capacity Building Programme on waste management rules Page 14 of 54

Implementation Guidance Framework

1.15 Stakeholders involved in the implementation of C &D waste management:

This can be understood from the chart below.