Solid and Hazardous Waste Management: UNIT II 2019

UNIT- II Basic Elements in Solid Waste Management: Elements and their inter relationship –
principles of solid waste management- onsite handling, storage and processing of solid waste

Collection of Solid Waste: Type and methods of waste collection systems, analysis of collection
system - optimization of collection routes– alternative techniques for collection system.

Collection of MSW
The functional element of collection includes gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials
and their transport to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. Collection programs in
different communities vary greatly depending on waste types collected, community
characteristics, economics, and the desires of their residents. Data concerning waste sources,
waste composition, and total volumes are critical for the proper planning of a collection program.

2.0 Basic Elements in Solid Waste Management: They are grouped into six functional
elements:

waste generation;

waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source;

collection;

sorting, processing and transformation;

transfer and transport; and

disposal;

disposal.

The complete set of functional elements will apply in urban centres managed by municipal
authorities but not all of them will be relevant in rural areas.

2.1 The below figure shows the elements and their inter relationship in Solid Waste
Management

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Fig: Elements and their inter relationship

Source: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/SWMTR/content1.html [Functional elements of

waste management]

2.2 Principles Of Solid Waste Management

Waste Generation: Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as
no longer being of value (in their present form) and are either thrown away or gathered together
for disposal. Waste generation is, at present, an activity that is not very controllable. Reduction
of waste at source, although not controlled by solid waste managers, is now included in system
evaluations as a method of limiting the quantity of waste generated.

Waste Handling, Sorting, Storage, and Processing at the Source: Waste handling and sorting
involves the activities associated with management of wastes until they are placed in storage
containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the
point of collection. Sorting of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage
of solid waste at the source. For example, the best place to separate waste materials for reuse and
recycling is at the source of generation.

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Table: Description of the functional elements of solid waste managements

Functional element Description

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being
of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal
On- site handling, Those activities associated with the handling, storage, and processing
Storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation
Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the
hauling of wastes after collection to the location where the collection
vehicle is emptied.
Transfer and transport Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastes from the
smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2)
the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distance to
the disposal site.
Processing and recovery Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the
efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable
materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes
including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill
site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment plants
incinerator residue compost, or other substances from the wires solid
waste processing plants that are of no further use.

2.2.1 On-site handling

On- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude, individual belief and ultimately
affects the public health. It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are
placed in the containers used for their storage before collection. This may take place at any time
before, during or after storage.

Importance of on- site handling of solid waste

• reduce volume of waste generated

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• alter physical form
• recover usable materials
On- site handling Methods
• sorting
• shredding
• grinding
• composting

On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires facilities for temporarily
storing of refuse on the premises. Individual house holder or business man has responsibility for
onsite storage of solid waste. For individual homes, industries, and other commercial centers
proper onsite storage of solid waste is the beginning of disposal. Because unkept or simple
dumps are sources of nuisance, flies, smells and other hazards. There are four factors that should
be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste. These are the type of container to be used, the
location where the containers to be kept, public health, the collection method and time.

1. Storage container
Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in
properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans (waste bins). The cans or
receptacles can be constructed from galvanized iron sheet or plastic materials. They should have
tightly fitting covers. They must be of such size that, when full, can be lifted easily by one man.
They should be located in a cool place over platforms, at least 30 centimeters above ground
level. After putting in garbage, they should be kept covered. The bins must be emptied at least
daily and maintained in clean conditions. A typical example of garbage can, constructed from
galvanized iron sheet, dimensions: diameter 45 cm and height 75 cm, is shown in Figure below.

An adequate number of suitable containers should be provided with proper plat forms with
receptacles stand. The number may depend on the amount, type and establishments where the
need arise. Suitable containers shall be water tight, rust resistant, tight fitting covers, fire
resistant, enough size, light in weight, side handle and washable.

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Fig: Typical Garbage Can with Tightly Fitting Cover (Source: Gabre-Emanuel Teka (1997):
Solid waste disposal from food premise; In Food Hygiene)

2. Container size (capacity)

Consideration should be given for the size of the loaded container that must be hauled the
collection vehicle or to the disposal site.
Therefore, container size for the following:-
• ash up to 80 to 128 litter
• mixed refuse should not exceed 120 to 128 litter
• rubbish up to 200 liter
• office waste is 10-20 liter
• kitchen waste is 40 liter
• garbage is 48 to 80 liter
Plastic liners for cans and wrapping for garbage reduce the need for cleaning of cans and bulk
containers, keep down odors, rat and fly breeding. Galvanized metal is preferable for garbage
storage because it is resistant to corrosion. Plastic cans are light in weight but are easily gnawed
by rats. Bulk containers are recommended where large volumes of refuse are generated, such as
at hotels, restaurants, apartment houses, shopping centers. A concrete plat form provided with a
drain to an approved sewer with a water faucet at the site to facilitate cleaning.

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2.3 On- site processing
On-site processing is intended to improve disposal options, recover valuable resources, and
prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy. Obviously an engineer would want to
evaluate various processing options for the system’s impact on the local and global environment,
reliability, safety to workers and the local community, ease of operation, efficiency, economics,
and, aesthetics (noise, odors, litter, increased traffic).

Some of the objectives of solid waste processing include:

1) Component separation (hand sorting, screening, magnetic separation, air classification for
lighter materials such as paper and plastic). Remember though, as stated earlier, it is much more
efficient to separate wastes at the source.

2) Volume reduction (baling, shredding, incineration).

Incineration may reduce volume by more than 90%. However, engineers should realize that
incineration is not a popular option by many local communities. However, a community may be
more acceptable to unpopular alternatives such as incineration if they are combined with an
aggressive source reduction/recycling program that eliminates the potential production of
hazardous air emissions, and the risk associated with these emissions is equally shared between
wealthy and poor residents.

3) Size reduction (Shredding, grinding)

4) Resource recovery (composting, energy recovery, material recovery)

A number of processing technologies have been developed for solid waste management and
one of the jobs of the engineer is to select and design the most sustainable and cost effective
for a given community. And of course, the engineer needs to listen to the input of local
residents. It should be noted that a lot of good ideas for solid waste processing have proven to
be inadequate when built to full-scale.

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2.4 Collection of Solid Waste:

• Type and methods of waste collection systems,
• analysis of collection system -
• optimization of collection routes–
• alternative techniques for collection system.
Collection Service
Different types of Collection services are given to residential, commercial and industrial areas.
Collection services for Residential areas depend up on the type of dwelling (low rise, detached,
attached, high rise apartment etc.) The most common types of Residential Collection services
include the following.
1. Curb
In this system the homeowner is responsible for placing the containers to be emptied at the
curb (road side) on collection day and for returning the empty containers back to his house.
2. Alleys
This is collection of waste from the alley ways beside houses. Who will take the containers to
the collection vehicles could be arranged between the owner of the house and the collection
crew (the organization).
3. Set-out
Waste containers are set out from the homeowner’s property by additional collection crews that
go with the collection vehicle. The owner of the house is responsible for returning the empty
containers to their storage location.
4. Backyard/setout set-back
Collection crew that goes with the collection vehicle are responsible for bringing out stored
solid waste form the dwelling units and other activities related to collection. It is the only
satisfactory system in which the house holder does not get involved.

Methods of Loading the Solid waste to Vehicles

The method of loading of solid waste on to the vehicles is usually accomplished in many
different ways. This also depends on the economy, organization and technological level of the
society. Nevertheless, the methods used are:

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Direct lifting and carrying of loaded containers to the collection vehicle for emptying
Rolling loaded containers on their rims or rollers to the collection vehicle
Use of small lifts for rolling loaded containers to the collection vehicle
Use of large container into which waste from small containers are emptied and finally lifted by
mechanical means.

2.4.1 Types of Collection Systems

Solid waste collection systems may be classified from several points of view. These are:
1. Mode of operation
2. Equipment use
3. Type of waste collected
1. Mode of operation
Solid waste collection systems are classified according to their operation in to two categories.
These are:

Hauled container system: is a system where the containers used for storage of wastes
are hauled to the disposal site, emptied and returned. This system is ideally suited for the
removal of wastes from sources where generation rate is high. There are three main types
of hauled container systems:
1. Hoist truck system
2. Tilt-frame container system
3. Trash-trailer system

Stationary container system : where the containers used for the storage of waste remain
at the point of generation, except for occasional short trip to the collection vehicle.
There are two main types Stationary Container Systems
1. Mechanically loaded systems
2. Manually loaded systems

The collection equipment may be either automated or semi-automated. Trucks with mechanical
or hydraulic lifting systems require wheeled carts. The number of collection vehicles needed for
a community can be estimated by the equation (Vesilind et al., 2002);

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ܰ=ܵ‫ܨ‬/ܹܺ
Where N is the number of collection vehicles needed, S: is the total number of households
serviced, F: the number of collections per week, X: the number of customers a truck can service
per day and W: the number of workdays per week.

2. Equipment used
Some of the equipments used are containers, machineries, hand tools etc. Containers for hauled
systems or operation have various sizes and shapes. Basically, since the system is used to haul
wastes from sources where the route of generation is high, large containers are provided.

Hauled containers system requires only one track, and one driver, to accomplish the collection
cycle. But each container picked up must be returned back requiring a round trip travel.
Therefore, when using this system:
o Container size and utilization are of great economic advantages.
o Compressing waste to haul long distance has good advantage.

3. Type of waste collected

The collection of solid waste is not a single process. There are at least five different phases.
Namely:
Phase one: Generated waste in the premises (house, industry etc) to dust bin
Phase two: From temporary storage (dust bin) to collection track
Phase three: Truck moves from house to house or collection center to collection center
Phase four: Collected waste to disposal site or transfer station
Phase five: Waste sorted for resource recovery or other management.

The individual home owner must transfer whatever he considered waste to the refuse can or bin
which may be located inside or outside the house. The owner or collection crew moves the waste
to the collection truck. The truck must collect waste from many homes in the most efficient and
economical way possible. Collected waste may be taken to a transfer station where large volume
will be collected and transported using bigger transport means (train, large compactor truck,

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chains of tractor wagons) or the waste will be sorted for possible resource recovery or recycling
program. Finally, what is supposed to be disposed will be taken to a disposal site.

Planning of solid waste collection program.

a. Routing system of collection

There are two types of routing system. These are:

1. Micro routing: the routing of a vehicle within its assigned collection zone concerned with how
to route a truck through a series of one or two way streets so that the total distance traveled is

minimized very difficult to design and execute

2. Macro routing: large scale routing to the disposal site and the establishment of the individual

route boundaries.

b. Modes of operation in solid waste collection

1. Hauled container system- the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the
disposal site, emptied and returned.

2. Stationary container system - the containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point
of generation except for occasional short trip to the collection vehicles.

c. Unit operations

1. Pick-up - refers to the time spent driving to the next container after an empty container has
been deposited.

2.Haul - represents the time required to reach the disposal site starting after a container whole
contents are to be emptied has been loaded on the truck plus the time spent after leaving the
disposal site until the truck arrive at the location where the empty container to be deposited.

3. At site- refers to the time spent at the disposal site and includes the time spent waiting to
unload as well as the time spent in a loading.

4. Off-site - includes the time spent on activities that are non-productive from the point of view
of the overall collection system.

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2.5 Analysis of Collection System

To establish labor and vehicle requirement for various collection systems and methods, the unit
time required to perform each task must be determined. By separating the collection activities
into unit operations, it is possible to:

Develop design data and relationship that can be used universally

Evaluate both the variables associated with collection activities and the variables related
to, or controlled by, the particular locations.
On the basis of previous or known activities involved in the collection of solid waste there are
four unit operations that need to be defined. These unit operations are:
1. Pick-up
2. Haul
3. At-site
4. Off-route/site

1. Pick up
1.1. Pick-up as related to hauled container system operated in the conventional mode refers to
the:
Time spent in driving to the next container after an empty container has been deposited.
time spent in picking up the loaded container
time required to re-deposit the container

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1.2. Pick-up as related to the exchange container mode refers to the:
Time required to pick-up a loaded container and to deposit a container at the next location
after its content have been emptied.

1.3. Pick-up for stationary container system refers to:

The time spent loading the collection vehicle beginning with the stopping of the vehicle prior to
loading the content of the first container and ending when the content of the last container to be
emptied have been loaded.

2. Haul
For hauled container system:-
Hauling solid waste represent the time required to reach the disposal site starting after a
container whose content are to be emptied has been loaded on the truck, plus the time spent after
living the disposal site until the truck arrives at the location where the empty container is to be
deposited. However, it does not include time spent at disposal.

For stationary container system:

The time required to reach the disposal site starting after the last container on the route has been
emptied, or the collection vehicle is filled, plus the time after leaving the disposal site until the
truck arrives at the location the first container to be emptied on the next collection route.

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3. At site
This refers to the time spent at the disposal site and includes the time spent waiting to load as
well as the time spent unloading.

4. Off- Route
This include the time spent on activities that are non productive from the point of view of the
overall collection system or operation. Many of the activities associated with off-rout time are
either necessary or unnecessary.
a. necessary time is:
Time spent checking in and out in the morning and at the end of the day
Time lost due to unavoidable congestion
Time spent on equipment repair (tire, engine etc).
b. unnecessary time includes:
Time spent for lunch in excess of the time allowed
Time spent on an unauthorized break
Time spent with friend etc

2.6

2.6.1 Mathematical Analysis:

Solid waste collection needs a lot of thinking and statistical and mathematical data to base the

program. The following formulae are examples.

1. Haul container system

The time required per trip, which also corresponds to the time required per container, is equal

to the sum of:

The pick up

At site

And haul times

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THCS= Phcs + s+ h

Where Thcs= Time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip

Phcs= pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip

s = at site time/trip

h= Haul time/trip

For hauled container system, pick up and at site are relatively constant, but the haul time
depends on speed and distance

From experience, haul time may be approximated by:

h = a+ bx

Where:

h = Total haul time, h/trip

a = Empirical constant h/trip

b= Empirical constant h/miles

x = Round trip head distance miles/trip

Therefore: Thcs = Phcs + s + a + bx

And the pick-up time for haul container system (PHCS) per trip for the haul container system is:

Phcs = pc + uc + dbc

Where: Phcs = pick-up time per trip

pc = time required to pick up loaded container

uc = time required to unload empty container

dbc = time required to drive between container location

Note: If average time required between containers is unknown use equation h = a + bx.

The number of trips that can be made per vehicle per day with a hauled container system can be
determined by:

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Nd = [H (1-W) – (t1+t2)]/Thcs

Where: Nd = No of trips per day

H = Length of work day h/day

W= Off-route factor, expressed as a fraction

t1=time required to drive from dispatch station to the first container location.

t2=time to drive from the last container location to the dispatch station.

Thcs= Time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip

Note: W = off route factor varies from 0.10 – 0.25. Factor of 0.15 is representative for most

operation.

The number of trips required per day can be estimated by the following expression:

Nd=Vd/cf

Where: Nd= Number of trips per day

Vd = daily waste generation yd3 per day

c = Average container size, yd3/trip

f = Weighed average container utilization factor. (The container utilization factor is the fraction
of the container volume occupied by solid waste. Because this factor will vary with the size of
the container, a weighed container utilization factor should be used.

Example: 1. Analysis of hauled container system

Solid waste is to be collected from a new industrial area using large containers. Based on the
traffic studies, the average time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from
the last container location to the garage each day will be 15 and 20 min, respectively. The time
required to pick up the loaded container and to deposit empty container is about 0.4 h/trip.
Collection vehicles spent an average of 10 min, to unload the containers at the disposal site. The

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average time required to drive between containers is 6 min and the one way distance to the
disposal site is 15.5 mi. Determine the number of trips per day based on an 8 hours workday?
Assume the off-route factor, W, is equal to 0.15, and haul speed constants (a, and b) as 0.016 and
0.018 h/trip respectively.

Solution:

1. Determine the pickup time per trip

Phcs = pc + uc + dbc

Pc + uc = 0.4 h/trip (given)

dbc = 0.1 h/trip (given) (6 min= 0.1h)

Phcs = 0.4 h/trip + 0.1 h/trip = 0.5 h/trip

2. Determine the time per trip

Thcs = Phcs + s + a + bx

s = 0.1 h/trip

a = 0.016 h/trip

b= 0.018 h/mi

x = 2 × 15.5 = 31 mi/trip

Thcs = 0. 5+ 0.1 + 0.016+ 0.018 (31) = 1.134 h/trip

3. Determine the number of trips that can be made per day

Nd = [H (1-W) – (t1+t2)]/Thcs

H = 8 h/day (given)

W= 0.15 (given)

t1= 0.15 min= 0.25 h (given)

t2= 0.20 = 0.33 h (given)

Thcs= 1.134 h/trip

Nd = [8(1-0.15) – (0.25+0.33)]/ 1.134] = 5.48 trips/day ~5 trips/day

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2. Stationary Container System

(For mechanically loaded vehicle)

For system using self loading collection vehicles, the time per trip could be found using the
following equation.

Tscs = (Pscs + s + a + bx)

Where Tscs= Time per trip for stationary container system, h/trip

Pscs. = pick up time per trip for stationary container system, h/trip

s. = at site time/trip

a. =Empirical constant h/trip

b. =Empirical constant h/mi

x. =Round trip haul distance mi/trip

For stationary container system, the pickup time is given by:

Pscs = Ct (uc) + (np – 1) (dbc)

Where: Pscs = pickup time per trip of stationary container system

Ct = No. of containers emptied per trip

Uc = Average unloading time per container

np = No. of containers per pick up location per trip

dbc= average time spent driving between container locations h/container

The number of containers that can be emptied per collection trip is related directly to the volume
of the collection vehicle and the compaction ratio that can be achieved. Thus:

Ct = vr/cf
Where Ct = No. of containers emptied per trip

v = volume of collection vehicle yd3/trip

r = compaction ratio

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c = container volume

f = weighed average container utilization factor

The number of trips required per day can be estimated by using:

Nd=Vd/vr
Where: Nd = No. of collection trip per day

Vd= daily waste generation

v = volume of collection vehicle yd3/trip

r = compaction ratio yd3/container

Solid waste is collected from a locality using a stationary container system,

provided with two containers each of size 4 cubic meters and utilization factor
of 0.75, at each location. The truck takes 20 min to reach to first container from
garage. Six minutes are spent for unloading each container into the truck and
average time taken by the truck to cover the distance between consecutive
container locations is also 6 minutes, the round trip haul distance is 60 km and
the truck takes 15 minutes to reach the garage from last container location.
Estimate the required capacity of the truck if the number of trips to disposal site
per day is 2 (8 hours workday). Speed limit of truck is 40 kmph and collection
vehicle compaction ratio is 2.5.

Solution:

Container utilization factor = 0.75

Average number of containers at each location = 2

•Collection vehicle compaction ratio = 2.5

•Container unloading time = 0.1h/container (uc);

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•Average drive time between container location = 0.1h;

•One way haul distance = 60km

•Speed limit = 40 kmph

•Time from garage to first container location 33h

•Time from last container location to garage = 0.25h

•Number of trips to disposal site per day = 2 (Mdc);

•Length of working day = 8h;

(a) Determine the time available for each trip

L = 8h

W= 0.15 (assumed) (Varies in btwn 0.1-0.25)

t1 = 0.33h

t2= 0.25 h

Nd = 2

Nd = [H (1-W) – (t1+t2)]/Thcs

Thcs = [H (1-W) – (t1+t2)]/ Nd

Tscs= [{8× (1-0.15)} –(0.33+0.25)]/ 2

Therefore,

Tscs ~ 3.1h

(b) Determine the pick-up time per trip, PTscs

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Tscs = PTscs + s + a + bx

s= 0.1

a = 0.016

b = 0.011

x = 60 km

PTscs = 3.1 – [0.1 + 0.016 + 0.011×60] = 2.3 h/trip

(c) Determine the number of containers emptied per trip, Ct

PTscs = 2.3 h/trip

uc= Container unloading time = 0.1 hr/container (for scs) ;

dbc = 0.1 hr

Ct= number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip

np = number of container pick-up locations per trip, locations/trip= Ct /2 (as 2 containers/location)

[ 1 location = 2 containers; Therefore, np locations = 2 np containers So, Ct = 2 np , i.e. np = Ct /2]

PTscs = Ct uc + (np- 1) dbc

2.3 = Ct × 0.1 + (0.5Ct – 1) × 0.1

Ct= 16 containers/trip

(c) Determine the required capacity of the collection vehicle, Vv

Ct = (Vv × r)/ (c × f)

Ct = 16 containers/trip

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r = compaction ratio = 2.5

c= container volume, m3/container = 4m3

f = weighted container utilization factor = 0.7

Vv =17.9~ 18 m3

Developing collection routes

Detailed route configurations and collection schedules should be developed for the selected
collection system. Efficient routing and rerouting of solid waste collection vehicles can
decrease costs by reducing the labor expended for collection. Routing procedures usually
consist of two separate components. These are micro routing and macro routing.

Macro routing, also referred to as route balancing, consists of dividing the total collection area
into routes sized so they represent one day’s collection for one crew. The size of each route
depends on the amount of waste collected per stop, distance between stops, loading time, and
traffic conditions. Barriers, such as railroad embankments, rivers, and roads with heavy
competing traffic, can be used to divide route territories. As much as possible, the size and shape
of route areas should be balanced within the limits imposed by such barriers.

For large areas, macro routing can be best accomplished by first dividing the total area into
districts, each consisting of the complete area to be serviced by all crews on a given day. Then,
each district can be divided into routes for individual crews.

Using the results of the macro routing analysis, micro routing can define the specific path that
each crew and collection vehicle will take each collection day. Results of micro routing analyses

can then be used to readjust macro routing decisions. Micro routing analyses should also include
input and review by experienced collection drivers.

Micro routing analyses and planning can do the following:

increase the likelihood that all streets will be serviced equally and consistently

help supervisors locate crews quickly because they know specific routes that will be taken

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provide theoretically optimal routes that can be tested against driver judgment and experience
to provide the best actual routes.

2.6.2 Alternative techniques for collection system.

Automated Collection
Usually only one driver required works best:

o without on-street parking, low hanging wires, narrow streets

• Where commitment to preventative maintenance

• Where commitment to educating public

City-Run Collection

• More control over collection

• City owns and operates all equipment
• City manages personnel

Private Collection

• City gives contract to firm(s) as a set fee based on bidding process, users are billed
directly

Non-Exclusive Franchises

• Multiple contractors competing for service in community

Exclusive Franchises

One contractor is responsible for a given area

Advantages

• No capital expenditure for city

• Long-term lower costs
• Impose order on collection (exclusive franchise)
• Regular pickup schedules (exclusive franchise)
• Trash cans/trucks on street one or two days per week (exclusive franchise)

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• Lower costs due to improved routing and technology (exclusive franchise)

Disadvantages

• Difficult to compete with large haulers

• Leads to domination by a few haulers (exclusive franchise)
• Citizens provide a profit to waste hauler
• City can become overly dependent
• Requires oversight by city

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Collection Frequencies

Favoring
Alternative Potential Advantages Potential Disadvantages
Conditions
Cold to
Once per week Less expensive, Requires Improperly stored waste can
moderate
or less less fuel create odor and vector problems
climate
Reduces litter, Reduces More expensive, Requires more
Twice per week Warm climate
storage requirements fuel
More than twice Reduces litter, Reduces More expensive, Requires more Dense
per week storage requirements fuel population

Analysis
1. Analysis of collection time
Y = a + b + c(d) + e + f + g

Where:

Y = total collection time

a = garage to route time
b = actual time collecting waste
c = number of trips to disposal site
d = time to drive fully loaded truck to disposal facility, unload and return to collection area
e = time to drive to garage at the end of the trip
f = official breaks, including bathroom visits
g = other lost time such as traffic jams, breakdowns
f +g = off route time, usually a fraction of Y

• a, d, and e are a function of distance and speed

• b is a function of the number of customers, time per customer, number of loads (full or
partial)
• c is a function of the capacity of the vehicle and its compaction ratio

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Solid and Hazardous Waste Management: UNIT II 2019
2. Analysis of number of vehicles required

N = SF/XW

Where: N = number of vehicles required

S = total number of customers served per week
F = collection frequency
X = number of customers truck can serve per day
W = number of work days per week

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