Outlines of Tests and Courses of Reading BA/B Sc Pass Course 1

Chemistry
B.Sc.: Elective
Outlines of Tests

Paper Title of Course Marks

A Physical Chemistry 50
B Inorganic Chemistry 50
C Organic Chemistry 50
D Practical Physical Chemistry 16
E Practical Inorganic Chemistry 17
F Practical Organic Chemistry 17
Total 200

Note: Medium of Instruction & ExaminationEnglish

Syllabi and Courses of Reading

PAPER A ; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. STATES OF MATTER
a) GASES:
Law of equipartition of energy, collision diameter, collision number, collision frequency
and mean free path ; viscosities, of gases, measurements, effect of temperature and
pressure on viscosities of gases; Critical phenomenon of geses and experimental
determination of Pc,Vc and Tc; Concept of molecular velocities of gases according to
Maxwells distribution law and comparison of various velocities.
b)LIQUIDS:
The properties of liquids like surface tension, viscosity, refractive index and
dipole moment ; Parachor reheochor and molar refraction as additive and constitutive
properties ; Measurement of refractive index and dipole moment; Magnetic susceptibility and
its measurement by Gouys balance.
c)SOLIDS:
Symmetry operations and Bravis lattices ; Concept of X-Ray diffraction, Braggs equation and
crystal structure analysis ; powder method of crystal structure analysis ; X-Rays
crystallography of sodium chloride crystal ; Heat capacities of solids.
2. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
Elementary treatment of Compton effect and photoelectric effect ; Brief discussion of result of
Bohrs model and its detects ; Sommerfields modification and evolution of arimuthal quantum
number, Dual nature of matter,verification of dual nature by Davisson and Germers
experiment ; Detail of hcisenbergs uncertainity principle; postulates of quantum mechanics ;
brief introduction of operators ; derivation of time independent schrodinger wave equation in
terms of polar coordinates and derivation of principle quantum number; energy equation for
free motion of particle in one dimensional box ; Eigen values and Eigen functions ;
normalization of wqave function ; probability functions, radial distribution probability density
functions.
3. CHEMICAL THEMODYNAMICS
Heat capacity as Cp and Cv: Difference in Cp and Cv towards atomicity: Temperature
dependence of heat capacities; Quantitative effect of temperature over enthalpy change and
internal energy change; Types of thermodynamical processes ; Isothermal reversible
expansion of ideal gases; Adiabatic process of ideal gases; Second law of thermodynamics,
Carnot cycle efficiency of heat engine and concept of entropy; Thermodynamic scale of
temperature entropy for phase transition, spontaneity and reversibility; Entropy change in
reversible and irreversible processes; Temperature dependence of entropy, Variation of
entropy with pressure and volume; Concept of free energy; Derivation of Gibbs and
Helmholtz equation; Standard free energy of formation; Partial molar quantities, Chemical
potential, variation of chemical potential with pressure and temperature. Fugacity;
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Thermodynamic of equilibrium, Reaction isochore; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; Molecular

basis of entropy and probalitiy.
4. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Concept of chemical equilibrium, Derivations of relationship between Kc, Kp, Kx and Kn;
Application of law of mass action to homogenous equilibria to explain the effect of volume
and pressure change on degree of dissociation of certain important reactions as dissociation
of PCL, N2 O4 and NH3. Application of law of mass action to heterogeneous equilibria;
Effect of adding inert gas to gaseous system at equilibrium; Quantative effect of temperature
on chemical equilibrium.
5. CHEMICAL KINETICS
Direction of kinetic expression of zero order, first order, second order (with same and
different concentration) and third order reactions (with same concentrations) with suitable
examples; Equation for half life periods and determination of rate constants; Methods of
measurements of order of reactions giving examples with different techniques; Derivation of
Arrhenius equation and measurements of Arrhenius parameters, Measurement of slopes of
Arrhenius plots for some important reactions; Bimolecular collision theory of uni-molecular,
gas phase reactions (Lindemann mechanism); introduction to transition state theory of
reaction rates.
6. SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS
Thermodynamic derivation of colligate properties at lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of
boiling point, depression of freezing point; Relationship between lowering of vapor pressure
with vTB and vTf Osmotic pressure and their determination; concept of semipermeable
membrane, Isotonic solution, theory of osmosis, laws of osmotic pressure, relationship
between vapor pressure and osmotic pressure. Abnormal colligative pressure; Abnormal
colligative properties describing association and disassociation of solutes; Fractional
distillation and idea of azotropes in detail; Concept of colloides; Classification of colloids;
Preparation of colloids, their properties with reference to dialysis electro dialysis,
sedimentation, precipitation, ultra filtrations; Suspensions and gels; Tyndal cone effect;
Macromolecules and micelles.
7. ELECTROBIOCHEMISTRY
Electrolytic conduction and its measurement; Specific, equivalent and molar conduction of
strong and weak electrolytes; Ionic motilities and their determination; Kohlrausch’s law and
its application; Faraday’s law (first and second) and their significance; Transport number,
Hittort’s rule, Determination of transference number by Hittort’s method. Applications of
conductance measurement, EMF of the chemical cells; Electrode potential and its
measurement with reference to Weston standard, glass electrode, calomel electrode and
quinhydrone electrode; Nerst equation; Thermodynamics of cells; Concentration of cells with
liquid junction and without liquid junction.
8. SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Introduction to absorption, Difference between physical and chemical adsorption, adsorption
of gases by solids; Different types of adsorption isotherms with special reference to Lanmuir
adsorption isotherm and its applications; Brief introduction to catalysis; Theories of catalysis;
Activation energy for catalyzed reactions. Kinetics of enzyme catalysis.

PAPER A : PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Determination of percentage composition by surface tension, viscosity and refractive
index method.
2. Determination of heat of solution for solids and liquids.
3. Quantitative measurement of colored salt of KMnO4, K2 Cr2 O7 in colorime’er

4. Verification of first law of Faraday by electroplating of CuSO4, NiSO4, Cr2 (SO4)3, Ag+CN
and Au + CN.
5. Conductometeric and potentiometric titration using conductivity bridge and pH meter.
6. Measurement of reduction potential using of Zn, Cu, Ag, Al etc, by using calomet
electrode.
7. Study of first order reaction:
a) Study of hydrolysis of methytacetate
b) Measurement of rate constant.
8. Verification of Langmuir Isotherm.
9. Thin layer chromatography
10. Measurement of molecular weight by; Depression of Freezing point.
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11. Determination of transition temperature of Na2, SO4, 10 H2O: Na2 CO3, 10 H2O: MgSO4,
7 H2O.

Recommended Books:
1. Adamson A.W. “Understanding Physical Chemistry” 3rd Ed., Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Company Inc.
2. Akhtar M.N. & Ghulam Nabi, “Textbook of Physical Chemistry” Ilmi Kutab Khana,
Lahore.
3. Bhatti H.N & K.Hussain, “Principles of Physical Chemistry” Carwan Book House, Lahore
4. Maron S.H. &B. Jerome, “Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry Macruthan publishing
Co., Inc New York.(Also Published by National Book Foundation).
5. Atikins P.W.& M.J.Clugston, “Principles of Physical Chemistry” Pitman Publishing
Company(1988)
6. Moore W.J. “Physical Chemistry” 5th Ed. Longmans Publishers.
7. Jones M. “Elements of Physical Chemistry” Additson-sesky Publishing company.
8. G.M.Barrow, International six Edition “Physical Chemistry”.
9. Ira.N.Levine fourth edition “Physical Chemistry”.
10. Alberty and Danials, Physical Chemistry”
11. Castallon “Physical Chemistry
12. Laidler & Meiser “Physical Chemistry”
13. Friemental “Chemistry in Action”
14. Francis Marion Miller “Structure and Dynamics”
15. Denbigh, “The principle of Chemical Equilibrium”
16. B.H.Mahan, “Elementry Chemical Thermodynamics”
17. E-F Caldin, “An Introduction of Chemical Thermodynamic”
18. Sample Glass Tone “Introduction of Electrochemistry”
19. Bokris and K.N. ready “Electrochemistry”
20. Milner “electrochemistry”
rd
21. Reinhold 3 Ed., “The Physical Chemistry of electrolytic Solution”
22. H.S Harned and B.B. Owen “The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solution”

FOR PRACTICALS :
1. Crocleford H.D. H.W.Biard, F.W.Getzen & K.W. Nowell, “Laboratory Maual of physical
chemistry” 2nd Ed., John Wiley Sons London.
2. Das R.C. and B.Behera, “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Tata McGraw Hill
publishing Company Limited.
3. Levitt B.P., “Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry” 9th Ed., Longman Group Limited.

PAPER B : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. Periodicity
Modern periodic table;Similarities and differences in first row elements, their diagonal and
vertical relationship with other elements ; Electrongativity of elements (Pauling and Mulliken
scales) ; Polarizability and polarizing power of ions ; periodicity in the properties of transition
and inner transition elements.
2. Theories of Chemical Bonding:
Nature and types of chemical bonding ; Modern concept of valence bond theory (VTB),
molecular orbital theory (MOT) and their applications to homo and hetero di-and polyatomic
inorganic molecules, explaining the conventional and modified MO diagrams; Valence shell
electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), explaining the shapes of inorganic molecules (i.e.AB2,
AB3. AB2E, AB4, AB3E, AB2E2, AB5, AB4E, AB3E2, AB2E3, AB6, AB5E, AB4E2) and
directed valence theory (Hybridization),
Metallic bonds (detailed Concept).

3. Acid-Base Concept:
General concept of acids and bases. Detail of \Lewis concept f acids and bases,soft and hard
acid-base (SHAB) concept and its applications. Relative strength of acids and bases based on
Pk values. Reactions of acids and bases relationship between redox reactions and acid base
reactions, Indicators and theory of indicators.

4. Chemistry of D-Block Elements:

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Electronic configuration and oxidation states of transition elements Metallurgy of chromium,

nickel and cooper. Theories of coordination compounds, valence bond theory (VBT), Molecular
orbital theory (MOT) and crystal field theory (CFT) for tetrahedral and octahedral complexes.
Nomenclature and Isomerism in coordeination compounds. Chelates, Application compounds.

5. Nuclear Chemistry:
Phenomena of radioactivity ; Natural radioactivity Radioactive,disintegration series, rate of
disintegration and half like period, Mass defect and binding energy, nuclear stability ;
measurement of nuclear radiation, Wilson could chamber and Geiger-Muller counter, Carbon
dating ; Artificial radioactivity and nuclear transformations, Nclear reactions (Fission and
fusion), Uses of radioactive isotopes ; Biological effect of nuclear radiation.

6. Solvent Extraction and Chromatographic Techniques:

Basis of solvent extraction process; Distribution law and distribution co-efficient; Simple of
extraction, double extraction and multiple extraction systems; Applications of solvent extraction
in chemistry and industry: Basic principles of chromatographic techniques; c Classifications of
chromatographic techniques on the basis of Mobile and stationary phases; Introduction to
column and thin layer chromatography.

7. Evaluation of Analytical Data and Essentials of Chemical Analysis :

Some fundamental concepts like mole, activity and activity co-efficient; Concepts of mean,
median, accuracy, precision, significant figures; Standard deviation; Relative standard
deviation. Law of mass action and its applications; Precipitation and solubility product; common
ion effect; Co-precipitation; Fractional precipitation.

8. Spectroscopy:
Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter: Nature of different transitions possible
in atoms and molecules; Electronic, vibrational, rotational and other possible transitions by
absorption of radiation by molecules and atoms, Development of spectroscopic analytical
techniques employing various transition. Classification of spectroscopic techniques on the
basis of type of radiation, pehomenon occurring and the nature of the matter. Basic
introduction to atomic and molecular spectroscopic techniques including flame emission,
spectrophotometry, UV and IR spectroscopy.

9. Chemistry Industries:
Glass, Soda ash and Soap.

PAPER B: PRACTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTY

PREPARATIONS
1. Ferric Alum
2. Potassiun Thiosulfate
3. Sodium Thiosulfate
4. Amm. Copper (II) Sulphate

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Separation & Identification of mixture of four radicals (cations and anious) by
semimicro analysis technique.

ARGENTOMETRY
MOHR’S METHOD
1. Determine the % age purity of NaCl (Rock Salt)
2. Determine the amount of NaCl in the commercial sample of soda ash.

VOLHARD’S METHOD
1. Determination of %age purity of HCL.
2. Determination of silver in the given sample, using KSCN or NH4 SCN.

IODMETRY
1. Determination of iodide and KI in the gives sample solution.
2. Standardization of Na2S2O3.5H2O solution.
3. Determination of amount/dm3 of Cu2 + and CuSO4. 5H2O using Na2S2O3 and KI.
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4. Determination of no. of water molecules (x) in CuSO4. xH2O iodometrically.

REDOX TITRATIONS (By using both internal and external indicators)

1. Determination of amount/dm3 of FeSO4.7H2O with K2Cr2O7.
2. Determination of %age purity of K2Cr2O7 by using standard solution of Moher’s salt.
3. Determination of no. of water molecules (x) in FeSO4. xH2O using K2Cr2O7.
4. Determination of Ca2+ by KmHO4.
5. Determination of %age of Iron in Ferric Alum (NA4)2SO4. Fe2(SO4)3. 24H2O using
K2Cr2O7.

COMPLEXOMETRY
1. Standardization of EDTA solution by magnesium/zinc sulfate solution.
2. Fine out the amount of Ca2+ in the given sample of marble (lime stone).
3. Determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the sample by using EDTA.

Recommended Books
1. Cotton, F, Albert, Goeffrey Wilkison and Paul L. Gaus, “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”,
John, Wiley & Sons Inc, 3rd Edition (1995).
2. Lee, J.D., “Modem Inorganic Chemistry”, Champan & Hall, 5th Edition (1996).
3. Jolly, Willium, L, “Modern Inorganic Chemistry”, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition (1991).
4. Shriver, D.F., P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, “Inorganic Chemisty”, Oxford, 2nd
Edition (1996).
5. Sharp, A.G. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Longman, 3rd Edition (1992).
6. Rayner Canham, Eeiof., “Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry” & Co. (1995).
7. Jefferey, G.H., j. bassett, J. Mendham and R.C. Denney, “Vogel’s text book of
Quantative Chemical Analysis”, 5th Education, Benjamin Cummings (1989).
8. Vogel, “A.I.A. Text Book of Macro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis”,
Longman Green & Co. (1995).
9. Skoog, D.A., D.M. West and F.J. Holler, “Analytical Chemistry”, 6th Edition, Saunders
College Publications, (1994).
10. Javed Iqbal, Amin, “Theory and Practice of Chromatography”, Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad, (2002).

PAPER C : ORGANIC CHMISTRY

1. Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistr
Hybridization of orbitals of carbon atoms in alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes.
Hybridization of orbitals of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms in various functional groups,
Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; Conjugation and hyperconjugation;
Resonance, rules of resonance, reasons energy, resonance bybrid, factor effecting the
resonance; Inductive effect, applications of inductive effect and resonance on various
properties of organic compounds; Steric effect of and its applications, Hydrogen bonding
and its effects on various properties organic compounds, Tautomerism.

2. Nomenclature or Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, bicycyloalkanes, spiro alkanes,
Monofunctional and polyfunctional derivatives; Heterocyclic compounds; Polysubstituted
benzenes; Polycyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and
there derivatives; Heterocyclic compounds.

3. Hydrocarbons
a) Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Preparation of alkanes from alkyl halides, coupling of alkyl halide and alkylboranes,
reduction of carbonyl compounds, Kolbe’s electrosynthesis, Corey-house-synthesis,
hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes.
Reactions of alkanes with halogens, their mechanism and comparison of reactivities of
halogens; combustion, isomerization, nitration and sulfonation. Preparations of
cycloalkanes by Freud synthesis, Hydrogenation of cycle alkenes;, Structure and stability
of cycloalkanes; Reaction of cycloalkanes.

b) Alkenes and Alkynes

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Preparation of alkenes from elimination reaction of alkyl halides and alcohols;

Mechanism and orientation of elimination; Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides with
mechanism: Pyrolytic eliminations.
Reactions of alkene; relative stability and reactivity; Addition of halogens, additions of
halogen acids and the rules governing these reactions, hydration reactions, oxidation
reactions including epoxidation and hydroxylation, polymerization; Semon-Smith and
Diels-Alder reactions.
Preparation of alkynes by carbide process, dehydrohalogenation of dihalides and
alkylation of terminal alkynes.
Reactions of alkynes: addition reactions with mechanisms, hydration reactions,
oxidation, reduction, hydroboration, formation of metal acetylides, polymerization (linear
and closed chain).

c) Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Structure of benzene, Resonance energy of benzene, Aromaticity, criteria for
aromaticity, Evidences of aomaticity; Natural sources of aromatic hydrocarbons:
Preparation of aromatic hydrocarbons by different methods.
Reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons; electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, i.e.
nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts reaction and its limitations, sulfonation; orientation
and reactivity of substituted benzenes;

Nuacleophilic aromatic substitution reactions; reaction such as addition, hydrogenation,,

Birch reduction, and oxidation reactions of side chains.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like naphthalene, anthracence and phenantharene,
their resonance structures and relative stabilities; Synthesis of naphthalene; Electrophilic
substitution reactions of naphthalene; Oxidation and reduction reactions; Brief
description of orientation and reactivity of naphthalenes.

4. Isomerism
Conformational isomerism: Conformational analysis of ethane, n-butane, cyclohexane,
mono-and di-substituted cyclohexanes.

Optical isomerism: Optical activity, chirality and optical activity; enantiomers,

diastreomers; racemates and their resolution: D, L and R, S conventions; Optical
Isomerism in cyclohexanes, biphenyls and allenes.

Geometrical Isomerism: Cis and trans isomers; E-Z convetion; Determination of

configuration of the isomers; Inter-conversion of geometrical isomers; Geometrical
isomerism in cyclic compounds.

5. Alkyl halides.
Preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols and carboxylic acids;
Chemical reactions; Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2
mechanism, effects of the nature of substrate, attacking nuclophilic, leaving group and the
nature of solvent. Elimination reactions, E1 and E2 mechanisms, orientation of elimination
(Hoffmann and Sytzeff rules).
Grignard Reagents; synthesis, structure, and reactions with active hydrogen compounds,
carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, and acid halides and CO2;
Reactions with nitriles, ethylene oxide, sulphur and oxygen.

nd
6. Chemistry of Hydroxyl Group containing Compounds 2 Ethers

Alcohol: Physical properties; Preparation of alcohols by the reduction of carbonyl

compound; Reactions of alcohol with metals, organic and inorganic acids, Oxidation of
alcohols; Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; Preparation of
diols, triols and their important reaction and uses.
Phenols: Physical properties; Synthesis of phenols; Reactions of phenols such as
acylation, Fridel-Crafts reaction, nitration, sulfonation, carbonation, formylation and diazo
coupling.

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Ethers: Physical properties; Preparation of ethers from alcohols alkyl halides and alkenes;
Reactions of ethers; Brief introduction of crown ethers and polyethers.

7. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds

Preparation of aldehydes and ketones by pyrolysis of calcium salts of acids, acylation of
alkenes and arenes reduction of acid halides and nitriles.

Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones, Structure and reactivity of carbonyl group;
Comparison of the reactivity of aldelydes and ketones; Nucleophilic additions of water,
alcohols, ammonia and its derivatives, hydrogen cyanide, bisulfite, reduction and oxidation
reactions; Aldol condensation and related reactions; Cannizaro’s reactions; Witting
reaction; Oxidation reactions, Chemical tests of aldehydes and ketones.

8. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Physical properties of carboxylic acids; Effects of different parameters on the acid
strengths of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Chemical properties, like salt
formation nucleophilic acyl substitution, reduction of carboxylic acids, decarbonylation,
Hunsdicker reaction, Kochi reaction, substitution at
9. Chemistry of Amines and Hetrocyclics

Preparations of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by alkylation of HN3; Gabriel

synthesis; Reductive amination; Reduction of amides, nitriles and the nitro compounds.
Physical properties of amines, Basicity of amines and effects of different parameters
on basic strength of amines; Reactions of amines such as a salt formation, alkylation
(including exhaustive methylation and Hofman degradation), acylation and sulfonation;
Reaction with nitrous acid, Formation of isonitriles. Synthesis and application of
arenediazonium salts, Synthesis and applications of quaternary ammonium salts.
Synthesis of pyrrole and its derivatives from acetylene, succinimide and furan, Paal
Knorr synthesis. Knorr pyrrole synthesis and Hantzsch synthesis. Basicity of pyrrole, its
aromatic character and stability. Reaction of pyrrole i.e. salt formation, reduction,
electophilic substitution reaction and polymerization.

Synthesis of pyridine from acetylene, pentamethylenediamine and Hantzsch synthesis.

Basicity of pyridine, its aromatic character and stability. Reactions of pyridine with acid as a
nucleophilic reagent, electrophylic substitution reactions, nucleophilic substitution
reactions, reduction and oxidation. Comparison o reactivity of pyridine and benzene.

PAPER C: PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTY

1. Compound Analysis
Identification of organic compounds containing only one functional group with special
emphasis on compounds containing following functional groups.
-COOH,-OH, C=O,-NH2, and –CONH2.

2. Preparation of Organic Compounds

1. Filtration
2. Simple and fractional distillation
3. Solvent extraction
4. Sublimation
5. Re-crystallization
6. Column Chromatography

3. Estimations (volumetric)
1. Determination of molecular weight of a carboxylic acid.
2. Estimation of amide group and glucose.

Recommended Books

1. C.K. Ingold, “Structure and mechanism in organic chemisrty”, C.B.S.

2. I.L. Finar. “Organic Chemistry”. Vol. I. Pearson Education, L.P.E.
3. I.L. Finar. “Organic Chemistry”. Vol. II. 5th Education, L.P.E.

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4. Jerry March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry. Reaction, Mechanism and Structure”, 5th
Edition Wiley Inter Science.
5. Morison and Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.
6. Seyhan N. Ege, “Organic Chemistry Structure and Reactivity”, 3rd Edition. The
University of Michigan, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers & Distributors (Regd.).
7. Thomas H. Lowry, Kathleen Schueller Richardon “Mechanism and Theory in Organic
Chemistry”, 3rd Edition, Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
8. Alder, Baker, Brown, “Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Wiley Publishers.
9. Atkins Carey ‘Organic Chemistry’ A brief Course, 2nd Edition.
10. Peter Sykes, “A guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education , Singapore.
11. Carruthers, “Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis”, Cambridge low Priced Edition,
Cambridge.
12. Harris, Wamser, “Fundamentals of Organic Reaction Mechanism”, Wiley Publishers.
13. G. Malcolm, Dyson, “A Manual of Organic Chemistry”, Vol. I.
14. Canat Blat, “The Chemistry of Organic Compound”, 5th Edition.
15. R. Panico, W.H. Powell, Jean-Calude Richer, “A guide to UPAC Nomenclature of
Organic Compounds”, Blackwell Sci. Publication, 1993.
16. J.G. Traynham, “Organic Nomenclature, A Programmed Introduction”, Prentice Hall.
Inc. 1997.
17. R.C. Chan and O.C. Dermer, “Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature”, 5th Edition,
Butterworths, Inc. 1979.
18. M.B. Smith and J. March “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
19. R.O. Norman and J.M. Coxon, “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, 3rd Edition, Chapman
and Hall, 2001.
20. G. Solomons and Craig Fryhle, “Organic Chemistry”, 7th Edition, John Willey and Sons,
2000.
21. John McMurry. “Organic Chemistry”, 5th Edition, Brooks, 2000,.
22. M. Younas, “A Text-book of Organic Chemistry”, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
23. Noller, “Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry”.
24. Robberts, “Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry”.
25. Younas. M., “Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
26. Rehman, A., “Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Karwan Book House, Lahore.”

For Practicals
1. K.M. Ibne Raza, M.A Rehman, Abdur Rehman, “Organic Chemistry”. Karwan Book
House, Lahore.
2. B.S. Furniss, “Vogel’s E.B of Practical Organic Chemistry”, Addison Wesly Longman,
Inc 1989.
3. Frederick George Mann and Saunder, “Practical Organic Chemistry”, The English
Language Book Society, 1960.
4. Daniel R. Palleras, “Experimental Organic Chemistry”, John Willey & Sons, Inc., 2000.”
5. James A. Moore, “Experimental methods in Organic Chemistry”, Holt Saunders Inc.,
1983.
6. R.L. Shriner, R.C. Fusion, D.V. Curtin and T.C. Morrill. “The systematic identification of
th
organic compounds, 6 ed. John Willey & Sons, 1979.”

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