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Introduction To Tunnelling

This document provides an introduction to tunnelling and underground construction. It discusses reasons for constructing tunnels, including urbanization, infrastructure demands, and environmental issues. India is one of the fastest growing markets for tunnel construction, with many road, rail, metro, and hydropower projects. The document outlines basic tunnel construction concepts, methods for understanding ground conditions, common tunnelling techniques, design considerations for soft ground and rock, and factors to consider for technique selection. It also addresses topics like ground improvement, safety, and construction monitoring.

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Sandeep Nirmal
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14 views

Introduction To Tunnelling

This document provides an introduction to tunnelling and underground construction. It discusses reasons for constructing tunnels, including urbanization, infrastructure demands, and environmental issues. India is one of the fastest growing markets for tunnel construction, with many road, rail, metro, and hydropower projects. The document outlines basic tunnel construction concepts, methods for understanding ground conditions, common tunnelling techniques, design considerations for soft ground and rock, and factors to consider for technique selection. It also addresses topics like ground improvement, safety, and construction monitoring.

Uploaded by

Sandeep Nirmal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction toTunnelling and

Underground Space

Sandeep Singh Nirmal


10th May 2016
Contents

• Why go underground?
• India and tunnelling
• Basic concepts of tunnelling
• Understanding the ground
• Methods of tunnelling
• Design in soft ground and rock
• How to select an appropriate tunnelling technique?
• Ground improvement techniques
• Safety in tunnelling
• Monitoring the construction process
Why go underground?
Why go underground?
Why go underground?
Why go underground?

• Increased urbanisation in developing countries


• Cities with insufficient shelter
• Insufficient Infrastructure and services
• Overcrowded transportation systems
• Inadequate water supplies
• Inadequate sanitation
• Increasing pollution
Why go underground?
Why go underground?

Before

After
Why go underground?

Before After
India and Tunnelling

• Fastest growing markets for tunnel construction, after


China
• Road and rail tunnels
• Metro systems
• High speed rail
• Smart cities
• Hydropower
• Water supply and sewerage
India and Tunnelling – Road Tunnels

Chenani- Nashri Tunnel – 9 Km

Banihal-Qazigund road tunnel – 8.45 Km

Tunnels on Mumbai- Pune Expressway


India and Tunnelling – Rail Tunnels

Series of tunnels in Konkan railway Pir Panjal Railway tunnel –


11.2 Kms

Tunnels on Tupul-
Imphal Section –
tunnel is 10.75 Km
long
India and Tunnelling – Metro Systems
India and Tunnelling – high speed rail
India and Tunnelling – smart cities
India and Tunnelling – hydropower

• Tapovan-Vishnugad plant, Chamoli district,


Uttaranchal – 11.3 Km tunnel
• Teesta Hydro Electro Power Project Stage, Sikkim-
powerhouse cavern, two 16m diameter x 60m high
surge shafts, two 570m long tailrace tunnels and two
6.5km long headrace tunnels.
• Rampur project, River Satluj, Himachal Pradesh
India and Tunnelling – water
supply

• Alimineti Madhava Reddy


(AMR) project
• to bring water from the
existing Srisailam Reservoir
to the dry arid plains of the
Nalgonda District of Andhra
Pradesh
• 43.5km tunnel that is to be
driven from each portal
towards a mid-alignment
junction by two 10m
diameter double shield
Robbins TBMs.
Very basic concept of tunneling

• Know the ground by ground investigation


• Dig the ground and support face from collapse
• Limit surface settlements and face loss
• Continuous monitoring
Understanding the ground

• Ground investigation – taking cores, performing tests,


finding soil parameters
• Ground – lining interaction diagram

• typical longitudinal settlement profile


Tunnelling methods

• Open Face Construction methods


• Timber Headings
• Open face with linings (SGI, steel, iron etc.)
• Partial face boring machine (road header)
• Tunnelling shields
• With partial face excavation
• With full face excavation (TBMs)
• Drill and Blast technique
• NATM / SCL
• Cut and Cover methods
• Immersed tube tunnelling
• Jack box tunnelling
• Pipe jacking and micro-tunnelling
• Horizontal direction drilling
TBM (Tunnel boring machine)
Station shields
Hard rock – art of tunnelling
Shafts
Designing tunnels

Design in soft grounds


• Mair and Taylor’s paper
• Curtis - Muir Wood discussion
• Using Finite Element Analysis (e.g. Plaxis 3D)

Rock
• Q- System
• RQD (Rock Quality Designation) system
• RMR (Rock Mass Rating) system
• Hoek’s Geological Strength index (GSI)
• Rock science software
How to select a appropriate technique

• Geometry, length, profile


• Ground Conditions
• Environmental Constraints
• Can ground improvement techniques be applied
• Cost and Time
• Functional Performance
• Sustainability
• Safety of the workers and third parties
Ground improvement techniques

• Dewatering
• Compressed Air
• Permeation grouting
• Jet grouting
• Soil Mixing
• Freezing
Safety

• Working at heights
• Body vibrations
• Noise
• Dust
• Hazardous substances
• Fire risk
• Air quality monitoring
• Safe ingress and egress
Monitoring

• Air Quality
• Convergence in tunnel lining
• Surface settlements
• Quality of products used in construction
• Reading face to observe soil profile
• Accidents on site
Thank You

Questions?

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