AMBO UNIVERSITY

College of Natural and Computational Science

Department of Chemistry (MSc)

Research Proposal for Research Methodology and Scientific Writing (Chem.

594)

1rst year Students of 2015 E.C

PREPARED BY:
No Name of Students ID.No
1 Debelo Chimdesa Terfa PGE/70083/15
2
3
4
5
INSTRUCTOR: Dr. LEMESSA B.M

June, 2023
Ambo, Ethiopia
REVIEW PAPER SUBMITTED TO AMBO UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF NATURAL
SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY IN FULFILLMENT REQUIREMENT
OF MASTER OF SCIENCES IN CHEMISTRY (MSC)

REVIEW ON SYNYHESIS OF NANOPARTICELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN

AGRICULTURE AND WATER TREATMENT

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. LEMESSA B.M

I
ACKNOWLEGMENT

First, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to our Instructor Dr. Lemessa B. for his
efforts to shape us. In addition, we would give great full thanks for his proper and appreciable
advising throughout all activities of the study of research methodology and scientific writing
(Chem. 594) and Lastly we would like to thank our classmate heart fully for their support in all
my educational activities and their help to do this research in proper way and also for the advice
they give for me to study and for all my life activity, especial thank for my mammy and
appreciating father.

II
TABLE CONTENT
TABLE CONTENT.......................................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................VI
List of Abbreviation and acronym...............................................................................................VII
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................2
1.1. Background of study.............................................................................................................2
1.2. Statement of Problem............................................................................................................4
1.3 Objective of the study............................................................................................................4
1.3.1. General Objective...........................................................................................................4
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................4
1.4. Significance of the Review...................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................5
LITERATUTRE REVIWES...........................................................................................................5
2.1. General syntheses of Nano particles and it application in water treatments.........................5
2.2. Methods of Treatments’ using Nanoparticles.......................................................................6
2.2.1. Adsorption:.....................................................................................................................6
2.2.2. Nano membranes:...........................................................................................................6
2.2.3. Nano structured catalytic membranes:...........................................................................7
2.2.4. Bioactive nano particle’s;...............................................................................................7
2.2.5 Bio mimetic membrane for water treatment....................................................................7
2.2.6 Nano catalysts..................................................................................................................8
2.3. Nano materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment..........................................................8
2.3.1. Zero-Valent Metal nano particle’s.................................................................................8
2.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs).......................................................8
2.3.3 Iron Nano particles..........................................................................................................8
2.4. Application of Nanoparticles..............................................................................................11
2.4.1. Application of nanoparticles in waste water treatment................................................11
2.5 Bio Nanotechnology and Agricultural Development...........................................................11
2.6. Nano-pesticides...................................................................................................................11

III
 2.7 Nano-fertilizers....................................................................................................................12
2.8 Nano-technologies in food industry.....................................................................................12
3 WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN……………………………………………..16

3.2 Budget needed for the study----------------------------------------------------------------17

REFERENCE................................................................................................................................18

IV
ABSTRACT
Nano particle’s describe materials of which the structural components are sized (in at least one
dimension) between 1 and 100nm. Due to the nanoscale size of nanomaterial, their properties,
such as mechanical, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, are significantly different from
conventional materials. The past decades, nanomaterial has been under active research and
development and has been successfully applied in many fields, such as catalysis, medicine,
sensing, and biology. In particular, the application of nanomaterial in water and wastewater
treatment has drawn wide attention. Role of water is for vitality for life on earth. Water is
recognized as source of evolution from origin to degree of civilization. Since it is an essential
resource its treatment becomes a necessity for day to day life. Several methods have been used
for treatment of water so far some of which are very successful. In recent past development of
silver and gold Nano particles and their application in treatment of waste water is becoming a
major area of research. It is mainly applicable to the removal of three major contaminants like
pesticides, heavy metals and microorganism.

V
List of Abbreviation and acronym
NPs Nano particles

RO Reverse osmosis

TFC Thin film composite

HRT High-resolution transition electron micrograph

XRD X-ray diffraction

ED Energy dispersive spectroscopy

. PCB Poly chloride biphenyls

.NPs Nano particles

.CA Carbon Acetates

VI
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of study

In last few decades nanotechnology has delivered extensive research with emergence in
Engineering, Biotechnology, Food-technology, Medical sciences and Agriculture. It also forming
impact on all forms of life with significant advances owing to wide range of applications in the
field of electronics, optical fibers, sensors, semi-conductors, automobiles, Nano-fabrics, bio-
medical, catalysts, agriculture, cosmetics, packaging, bio-engineering, medicines, drug delivery,
and other areas [1-4]. The arena of nanotechnology is modestly too vast and too rapidly changing
to cover exhaustively. In 1959 the concept of nanotechnology was first begun; when Richard
Feynman conveyed a visionary and prophetic speech. On a meeting of the American Physical
Society, where he speculated on the possibility and potential of Nano sized materials [5]. When a
bulk material is divided into small size particles with one or more dimensions in the nanometer
range or even smaller, the individual particles exhibit unexpected properties which are different
from those of the bulk material.

Water is the largest part of essential substances for all existence on earth and a source of
evolution of human civilization. Water is known as universal solvent and it easily dissolves other
substances. During rain showers, surface water and flowing water various substances gases
microorganisms are added into water which makes it contaminated. The world running in 21st
century is facing a major problem and a challenge as water contamination. Contaminated water
contains unwanted substances and it adversely affects the quality and makes it unsuitable for use.
Water resources become contaminated from various sources such as residential areas,
commercial, industrial practices, agricultural practices etc. Parameters of wastewater vary widely
and depend upon the source from which it is generated. Commonly they are pathogenic and non-
pathogenic microorganisms, organic or inorganic. If waste water is disposed untreated these
constituents create a great threat to living beings and the environment.[6]
A variety of physical, chemical and biological treatment processes are used for wastewater
treatment. Nanotechnology has a great potential in enhancing water and wastewater treatment as
it offers potential advantages like low cost, reuse and highly efficient in removing and recovering
the pollutants[7].

1
Recently application of nanotechnology is increasing in water and wastewater treatment. Nano
materials are typically defined as materials smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension1. At
nanoscale, materials possess some new size-dependent properties such as large surface to volume
ratio, reactivity, rapid dissolution and adsorption which are different from the bulk material.
These properties are used for treatment of water efficiently environment and sanitation A
promising application of nanotechnology is in water purification.[8]
What is more, the mobility of nonmaterial in solution is high [9]. Heavy metals [10], organic
pollutants [11], inorganic anions [12], and bacteria [13] have been reported to be successfully
removed by various kinds of Nano particles.

At present, the most extensively studied Nano material for water and waste water treatment
mainly include zero-valet metal Nanoparticles, metal oxides.

2
1.2. Statement of Problem
A Nano particle is a particle, which is between 1 and 1000 nanometers in size and has a great
potential to be used in wastewater treatment. Its unique characteristic of having high surface area
can be used efficiently for removing toxic metal ions water contamination is one of the major
problems which the world is facing today. Water contamination not only effect environment and
human health, but it has also impacts on economic and social costs. This paper tries to answer
the following questions

1. What is different method of synthesis of Nanoparticles and application in water treatments?

2. What is its importance in order to remove impurity in water treatment?

3. What is the use nanotechnology in agriculture?

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1. General Objective

 To review methods of synthesis the Nanopartciles and forward the application in agriculture
and water treatment.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To review the different methods to synthesis Nanopartciles
 To review the applications of Nanopartciles in water treatment
 To review bio-nanotechnology and agriculture

3
1.4. Significance of the Review
The study may have the following importance

 It enable the concerned bodies with information in which importance of removal of Nano
particles and their application in water treatments
 to aware different application of Nanoparticles and to select the preference among those
technique

4
5
2. LITERATUTRE REVIWES
2.1. General syntheses of Nano particles and it application in water treatments

Water is the largest part of essential substances for all existence on earth and a source of
evolution of human civilization. Water is known as universal solvent and it easily dissolves other
substances. During rain showers, surface water and flowing water various substances gases
microorganisms are added into water which makes it contaminated [14]. The world running in
21st century is facing a major problem and a challenge as water contamination [15].
Contaminated water contains unwanted substances and it adversely affects the quality and makes
it unsuitable for use. Water resources become contaminated from various sources such as
residential areas, commercial, industrial practices, agricultural practices etc. Parameters of
wastewater vary widely and depend upon the source from which it is generated. Commonly they
are pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, organic or inorganic. If waste water is
disposed untreated, these constituents create a great threat to living beings and the environment.
A variety of physical, chemical and biological treatment processes are used for wastewater
treatment. Nanotechnology has a great potential in enhancing water and wastewater. And waste
water treatment. Non materials are typically defined as materials smaller than 100 nm in at least
one dimension1. At Nano scale, materials possess some new size-dependent properties such as
large surface to volume ratio, reactivity [16].

6
2.2. Methods of Treatments’ using Nanoparticles

2.2.1. Adsorption:
Adsorption is commonly employed as a polishing step to remove organic and inorganic
contaminants in water and wastewater treatment. The surface area or active sites, the lack of
selectivity, and the adsorption kinetics usually limit efficiency of conventional adsorbents. Nano-
adsorbents offer significant improvement with their extremely high specific surface area and
associated sorption sites, short intraparticle diffusion distance, and tunable pore size and surface
chemistry. Use of nonmaterial in treatment of waste water is applicable in various forms like
catalytic, absorptive, catalytic membrane, bioactive Nano particles, biogenetic membrane,
polymeric and Nano composite membrane, thin film composite etc. Various organic chemicals
are absorbed more efficiently by using carbon Nano tubes (CNT) than activated carbon .Organic
compounds which have carboxylic, hydroxyl, amide functional groups also form hydrogen bond
with the graphitic CNT surface which donates electrons.CNT have high adsorption competence
for metal ions12-14 and therefore are a good alternative for activated carbon[17]

Nano scale metal oxides like iron oxides like ferrous oxide, TiO2, Al2O3 are effective, low cost
adsorbents for heavy metals Android nuclosides15-17. Dendrites [polymeric nonmaterial] are
capable of removing both organics and heavy metals18. Nan adsorbents are used as powder,
beads or porous granules loaded with Nano adsorbents’ [18].

2.2.2. Nano membranes:

Membranes with Nano fibers can remove micro-size particles from aqueous phase with a high
elimination rate without considerable fouling19. Such membranes are used as pretreatment
method used proceeding to ultra-filtration or reverse osmosis. Large number of studies on
membrane nanotechnology has focused on creating multifunction membrane by adding
nonmaterial into polymeric or inorganic membranes known as Nano composite membranes. The
addition of metal oxide Nanopartciles including alumina20, silica21, zeolite22 and TiO22 [15].

nonmaterial such as Nano silver is doped or surface grafted on polymeric membranes to inhibit
bacterial attachment and bio film formation 24, 25 on the membrane surface It also as inactivates
viruses26 and can reduce membrane bio-fouling Development of Thin film Nano material

7
membrane mainly focuses on incorporating nonmaterial into the active layer of thin film
composite [TFC] membranes via doping in the casting solutions or surface modification. The
effect of Nanopartciles on Membrane permeability and selectivity depends on the sort,
dimension, and quantity of Nanopartciles added. Many biological inspired membranes are highly
selective and permeable [19].

2.2.3. Nanostructure catalytic membranes:

Nanostructure catalytic membranes have more than a few advantages like they have
homogeneous catalytic sites, require less contact time ,multiple ordered reactions can occur and
they can be easily scaled for commercial purpose .To inactivate microorganisms and
decompose organic pollutants nanostructures TiO2 membranes and films are used31. With the
advancement in nanotechnology several novel nanostructures catalytic membranes has been
synthesized. These have with increased foul resistance, higher selectivity and higher rate of
decomposition [20].

2.2.4. Bioactive Nano particle’s;

Silver Nano particles can be biosynthesized extracellular by bacteria Bacillus cereus which is
having very high antibacterial potential. This strain was exposed to different concentrations of
silver salt [AgNO3] and studied with the help of various analytical instruments like High
Resolution Transmission Electron Micrograph [HRTEM], X-ray diffraction [XRD] and Energy
Dispersive spectroscopy [EDS] Parkas et al.33 found in Nanopartciles and Cellulose acetate
[CA] fibers embedded Ag Nanoparticles effective against bacteria both positive and negative and
spores as well. With the rapid increase in nanotechnology approaches for the detection of
microbial pathogens is continuingly adding to the microbial and pathogen detection as well as in
diagnostic [21].

2.2.5 Biomimetic membrane for water treatment

The invention uses self-assembly and atomic layer deposition tuned nonporous which generally
gives high flux desalination. The membranes remove impurities like salt and others from water
with applied pressure powered by electrical energy. The nonporous bio mimetic design enables
high salt rejection and faster water flow at lower driving pressures generally used is around 5.5

8
bars. The process basically uses reverse osmosis principle with doubled efficiency due to its low
pressure requirement.[22]

2.2.6 Nano catalysts

Nano catalysts are also widely used in water treatment as it increases the catalytic activity at the
surface due its special characteristics of having higher surface area with shape dependent
properties .It enhances the reactivity and degradation of contaminants. The commonly used
catalytic Nano particles are semiconductor materials, zero-valence metal and bimetallic Nano
particles for degradation of environmental contaminants such as PCBs (polychlorinated
biphenyls), azo dyes, halogenated aliphatic, organo chlorine pesticides, halogenated herbicides,
and nitro aromatic [23]

2.3. Nano materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment.

2.3.1. Zero-Valent Metal Nano particle’s

Zero valent is having zero valency. and zero valent metal Nano particles is transport of organic
contaminants down the soil profile constitutes a serious threat to the quality of ground water.
Zero-valentmetals are considered innocuous biotic agents capable of mediating decontamination
processes in terrestrial systems

A zero valentmetal emulsion is used to dehalogenase solvents, such as pooled dense non-aqueous
phase liquids.Including trichloroethylene. The zero valentmetal emulsion contains zero-
valentmetal particles, a surfactant, oil and water.

2.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Are highly toxic to microorganisms and thus have strong antibacterial effects against a wider
range of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi [24]. As a good antimicrobial
agent, silver [18]

2.3.3 Iron Nano particles.

In recent years, various zero-valet metal Nanoparticles, such as Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni, in water
pollution treatment have drawn wide research interest. The standard reduction potentials Fe, Al,

9
Ni, and Zn are listed inTable1.Duetotheextremely high reductive ability, Nano zero-valent a list
thermodynamically unstable in the presence of water, which favors the formation of
oxides/hydroxides on the surface, impeding (completely) the transfer of electrons from the metal
surface to the contaminants [24].Compared with Fe, Ni has a less negative standard reduction
potential, indicating a lower reducing ability. With a moderate standard reduction potential,
nano-zero-valet Fe or Zn holds good potential to act as reducing agents relative to many redox-
labile contaminants [24].

Despite a weaker reduction ability,Fe possesses many prominent advantages over Zn for
applications in water pollution treatment, including excellent adsorption properties, precipitation
and oxidation (in the presence of dissolved oxygen),and low cost .Therefore, zero valet iron
Nanoparticles have been the most extensively studied zero-valet metal Nanoparticles. As a result
of the extremely small size and thus large specific surface area, Zn (VI) possesses good
adsorption properties and strong reducing ability [24]. These characteristics contribute most to its
excellent performance in their removal of contaminants. Under anaerobic conditions, as shown in
(1)(2), Fe, can be oxidized by H2O or H + and generates Fe+2,Cr (VI) [22]. What is more, Zn(VI)
can degrade and oxidize a variety of organic compounds in the presence of dissolved oxygen
(DO) since Zn(VI) transfers two electrons to O2 to produce H2O2[22].The resultant H2O2 can be
reduced to H2O by Zn(VI.)Moreover, the combination of H2O2 and Fe+2 (known as Fenton
reaction) can generate hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) which have strong oxidizing ability towards wide
range of organic compounds With the effects of adsorption, reduction, precipitation, and
oxidation (in the presence of DO), Zn (VI) has been successfully applied in the removal of a
large range of contaminants, including halogenated organic compounds [24]

Lisification Doping with other metals is supposed to enhance the reactivity of Zn (VI) [24]. Both
surface coating and conjugation with supports can prevent aggregation and enhance the
dispersibility of Zn (VI)

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2.4. Application of Nanopartciles.

2.4.1. Application of Nanopartciles in waste water treatment

Table 1.Summary of application of Nanopartciles in waste water treatment

Type of pollutants remove Reference of types nanoparticles

No Types of Nanopartciles
1 Carbon nano tubes Organic contaminant [17]
2 Nano Scale metal Oxide Heavy metal rhedionuclotide [18]
3 Nano catalyst PCB, Azodyes, Pesticides [23]
4 Nano Structured catalytic Decomposition of organic [20]
pollutant inactivation of micro
organisms

5 Bioactive Nanopartciles Removal of Bacteria, fungi [21]

6 Biomimetic membranes Removing Salt [22]

2.5 Bio Nanotechnology and Agricultural Development

Bio-Nanotechnology and Agricultural Development Bio-nanotechnology takes a prominent part
in agriculture through control of nutrients [25] as well as it can also participate in improved plant
disease resistance, detect the mycotoxins in food, monitoring of water quality and pesticides for
sustainable development of crops [25]. In the agriculture and food technology relevant
applications of controlled delivery systems, nanotubes, fullerenes and biosensors, etc.

2.6. Nano-pesticides
Presently, apart from the current synthetic pesticides in the market, bio-pesticides occupy an
unique position in controlling target diseases of pests and insect origin. An innovative
technology in the field of bio-pesticides is the employment of engineered nano materials or bio-
nanotechnology. It is well known that insects and pests are the predominant destroyer in the
agricultural and also in its products. Nano-pesticides may have key role in the control of pests
and insect and host pathogens due to its properties like enhanced solubility, specificity,
permeability and stability [25]. Thus, synthesis of nontoxic, eco-friendly and promising nano-

11
pesticide delivery systems for increasing agriculture production is mandatory; On the other hand,
helps in reducing the destructive environmental impacts to ecosystem [25]. Metal Nanopartciles
exhibit good anti-pathogenic, antibacterial, and anti-fungal activities

2.7 Nano-fertilizers
In past few years nano-fertilizers are spontaneously accessible in the market, but particularly the
agricultural fertilizers are still not synthesized. Nano-fertilizers may contain zinc, silica, iron and
titanium dioxide, gold nano-rods, core shell QDs, etc. [26]. Studies on the uptake and toxicity of
several metal oxide nano particles were carried out regularly in the currently to improve crops
production). The carbon nano tubes and nano particles of silver, zinc oxide, etc. can be really
helpful in remediating the plant growth by ensuring that the nutrients are utilized optimally by
the plants [26]. However, its success depends on a lot of factors like the susceptibility of plants
species and other parameters including the concentration, composition, size and chemical
properties of nano materials. As well as, ion beam microscopy, Raman chemical imaging
spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and co focal laser scanning microscopy confirm
nano particles uptake and intracellular fate. Size, degree of aggregation and zeta potential of the
metal oxide NPs are studied in the presence of proteins and cell media [27]

2.8 Nano-technologies in food industry.

Ability and enhanced properties of nanoparticles [27]. Nanoscale biomaterials can take part in
pathogen detection, as well as helps in nanoscale purification systems for improved food quality.
Some important aspects covered such as nano-additives [27], intelligent packaging, control and
nutraceuticals delivery [27], Constituents in eatables while improvement in foodstuffs at the
nanoscale due to anti-pathogenic Nano-coding of plastics and paper materials [27] and nano-
encapsulation and target delivery [27]. Currently, some nutrients primarily vitamins are
encapsulated and targeted into the bloodstream. Some foods and drinks were exhilarated with
Nanopartciles without affecting the taste or appearance. Nanopartciles emulsions are being used
in ice cream and spreads of this nano-emulsion can improve the texture and uniformity of the ice
cream [28]. Development of smart food packaging materials that can give information regarding
packed foodstuffs is still challenge for researchers. In recent times, some packaging materials
integrated with “nano-sensors” to detect the oxidation process in food. In such packaging
materials when the oxidation occurs in the foodstuffs, nano-sensors indicate the color change and

12
inform about the contamination of the foodstuffs like milk and meat [28]. In precise,
Nanopartciles have broad-spectrum anti pathogenic properties against different pathogens
causative agents of food borne illness. The antimicrobial mechanism of action of NPs is typically
considered as of few prototypes such as oxidative stress and cell damage, metal ion release, or
non-oxidative mechanisms. This property of metal Nanopartciles is very helpful in increasing the
shelf-life of foodstuffs. Nanopartciles have been effectively entrenched in the packaging
materials for making food storage, thus minimizing pathogenic growth on stored foodstuffs.
Therefore, the nanotechnology is a forward-looking process and acts as an agricultural
biosecurity Nano particle is great potential to be used in waste water treatment. Its unique
characteristic of having high surface area can be used efficiently for removing toxic metal ions
There are different methods of water treatment’s catalytic, absorptive, catalytic membrane,
bioactive Nanoparticles, biogenetic membrane, polymeric and Nano composite membrane, thin
film composite etc. Moreover, their applications in water and wastewater treatment were
discussed in detail. Considering the current speed of development and application,
Nanomaterials look extremely promising for water and wastewater treatment.

However, further studies are still needed to address the challenges of Nanomaterials. Up to now,
only a few kinds of Nanomaterials have emerged commercially. Since low production cost is
crucial to ensure their wide spread applications in water and wastewater treatment, reviews was
devoted to improving the economic efficiency of Nanomaterials. Besides, with increasingly
extensive applications of Nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment, there are growing
concerns on their potential toxicity to the environment and human health. Available information
in the literature has revealed that several Nanomaterials may have adverse effects on the
environment and human health [29]. Nevertheless, standards for assessing the toxicity of
Nanomaterials are relatively insufficient at present. Hence, comprehensive evaluation of the
toxicity of Nanomaterials is in urgent need to ensure their real applications. What is more, the
evaluation and comparison of the performance of various Nanomaterials in water and wastewater
treatment are still short of uniform or recognized standards. It is difficult to compare the
performances of different Nanomaterials owing.
 New eco-friendly and safety delivery systems for carrying special foodstuffs, plant
nutrients etc. These systems also can have pharmaceutical application potentials.

13
 The sensors-based bio-nanotechnology have effective role in insect and pest control; as
well as food industry.
 The enhanced properties of nonmaterial’s such as size, structures, surface chemistry, dose
delivery, exposure time to environment, immune response, accumulation in eco-system,

14
15
3. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Activity Months that activities to be done,

2019

June July August Septem

ber

1 Topic selection X

2 Advisor contact X

3 Topic approval X

4 Gathering information X

5 Writing proposal X X

6 Proposal submission X

7 Incorporating proposal X
comment

8 Research writing X

9 Incorporating research X

10 Submission of the final X

paper

11 Presentation x

16
3.2 Budget needed for the study
No Item Quantit Unit Unit in prices ETB Total prices ETB
y

1 Pen 4 Pieces 4 16

2 Pencil 2 Pieces 1 2

3 Ruler 1 Pieces 5 5

4 Paper 1 Ream 100 100

5 Binder 1 Pieces 25 25

6 Photocopy 20-30 Page 0.50 30

7 Flash 1 _ 160 160

8 Secretary 1 _ 150 150

Tota 488
l

17
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