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14 April Assignment Intro Ling, Bagus Deva

The document discusses several key linguistic concepts: 1. It distinguishes between phonology, the study of sound patterns in a language, and phonemes, the minimal distinctive sounds in a language. Phonemes have allophones that are phonetic variants governed by rules. 2. It explains minimal pairs, which are pairs of words that differ in only one phoneme, and how they are used to identify phonemes in a language. 3. It discusses features like nasality and voicing that can be distinctive for phonemes in some languages but not in others like English, where their distribution is governed by rules.

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22 views

14 April Assignment Intro Ling, Bagus Deva

The document discusses several key linguistic concepts: 1. It distinguishes between phonology, the study of sound patterns in a language, and phonemes, the minimal distinctive sounds in a language. Phonemes have allophones that are phonetic variants governed by rules. 2. It explains minimal pairs, which are pairs of words that differ in only one phoneme, and how they are used to identify phonemes in a language. 3. It discusses features like nasality and voicing that can be distinctive for phonemes in some languages but not in others like English, where their distribution is governed by rules.

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Bagus Deva (F)
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UNIVERSITY OF WIJAYA PUTRA

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

Name : Bagus Deva Novian Putra


NPM : 19071018

1. What are the difference between Phonology and phonemes?

Phonology: the study of the sound patterns of human language; the kind of knowledge that
speakers have about the sound patterns of their particular language.Speech sounds as physical
entities may be infinitely varied, but when they function as elements of the language as
phonological units, they are highly constrained.

The phonological units of language: phonemes: distinctive sounds, can contrast


meanings:fine/vine, chunk/junk, rib/rid, beat/boot etc.

Each one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a phoneme.


When we learn to use alphabetic writing, we are actually using the concept of the phoneme as
the single stable sound type which is represented by a single written symbol.

2. Mention the particular languages!

Minimal pairs: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound
segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs.
Function: finding the phonemes of a certain language.

Accidental gaps: possible but non-occurring words. Obey all the phonological rules of the
language - include native phonemes in a permitted order - but have no meaning.

Distinctive features: seal-zeal: when two words are exactly alike phonetically except for one
feature, the phonetic difference is distinctive (or phonemic, it distinguishes one phoneme from
another), since this difference alone accounts for the difference in meaning. (Contrastive
distribution)

Exercise: What are the distinctive features in the following minimal pairs? bat-mat, rack-rock,
see-zee

Features that do not contrast: bean-bead, roam-robe. Nasalized vowels only occur in
English syllables before nasal consonants.(Complementary distribution between nasal and oral
vowels in English)

Free variation
Nasality: distinctive for English consonants, non-distinctive for English vowels. Nasality of
vowels is predictable by a rule: Nasalize a vowel or a diphthong (vowel+glide) when it occurs
before a word-final or syllable-final nasal consonant. no one-to-one correspondence between
phonetic segments and phonemes in a language.

phone: a phonetic unit

phoneme: a more abstract unit. We must know the phonological rules of the language to
know how to pronounce a phoneme. In different contexts a phoneme may be realized
differently.

/phoneme/ - [phone]

The different phones that represent, or are derived from one phoneme are called the
allophones of that phoneme. An allophone is a predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme, the
choice of the allophone is rule-governed (unconscious knowledge). If a feature is predictable, it
is redundant, depends on other segments of the word.(Nasality of vowels can be distinctive in
other languages. Akan (Ghana): ka ‘bite’- kã ‘speak’)

3. Explain the meaning:

a. phoneme: a more abstract unit. We must know the phonological rules of the language to
know how to pronounce a phoneme. In different contexts a phoneme may be realized
differently.

/phoneme/ - [phone]

b. phonology the study of the sound patterns of human language; the kind of knowledge that
speakers have about the sound patterns of their particular language.Speech sounds as physical
entities may be infinitely varied, but when they function as elements of the language as
phonological units, they are highly constrained.

c. phonetics Phones are phonetic units and appear in square brackets.

4. What are the distinctive features in the following minimal pairs? [bat-mat, rack-rock, see-
zee]?

when two words are exactly alike phonetically except for onefeature, the phonetic difference is
distinctive (or phonemic, it distinguishes one phoneme from another), since this difference
alone accounts for the difference in meaning. (Contrastive distribution)
5. What are the difference nasals and voiced?

Nasality: distinctive for English consonants, non-distinctive for English vowels.Nasality of vowels
is predictable by a rule: Nasalize a vowel or a diphthong (vowel+glide) when it occurs before a
word-final or syllable-final nasal consonant. no one-to-one correspondence between phonetic
segments and phonemes in a language.When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from
the lungs repeatedly pushes
themapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthis way are described
as voiced.

6. How to differ between Prosodic Phonology and Suprasegmentals?

Prosodic/suprasegmental/autosegmental features: refer to units larger than the segment, such


as the syllable, word or phrase: pitch/tone, melody/intonation, stress.

7. What are the difference between vocal, consonant and vibration?

vocal is a word that produces sound. Consonant is a word that produces a sound too but with
vibration. Vibration is a vibrate that we can feel on our throat.

8. How to identify of Sequence of phonemes?

Sequence of phonemes: constraints! [blik], *[bkil].No more than three consonants at the
beginning of the word: /s/+/p,t,k/+/l,r,w,y/Constraints on syllable structure: instruct, explicit

Exercise: Consider the following English and Thai data. Decide whether aspiration is distinctive
in these languages or not.

English:

pill [phɪl], spill [spɪl], tar [thar], star [star], till, still, car, scar, people

Tahi:

[paa] forest, [phaa] to split, [tam] to pound, [tham] to do

9. Describe the phonetics for /black/, /pack/, /pick/, /stick/, and /blanket/!

[blak] [pak] [pɪk] [stɪk] [ˈ


blaŋkɪt]
10. Mention four other in minimal pairs in English!

fan–van, bet–bat, site–side. “ pat “ and “ bat “

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